Deck 3: Ethical Principles and Values

Question 1

Fundamental to the principle of justice is an effort to treat people who have similar needs in a similar or identical manner. All patients who seek treatment for the prevention of periodontal disease should receive the same level of care and attention from the dental hygienist regardless of personal or social characteristics.

A) Both statements are true.
B) Both statements are false.
C) The first statement is true, the second statement is false.
D) The first statement is false, the second statement is true.

Answer 1

Both statements are true.

Question 2

Charitable service meets the needs of those who cannot access dental care for economic reasons, because many dental hygienists and dentists recognize their obligation to serve society.

A) Both the statement and reason are correct and related.
B) Both the statement and reason are correct but NOT related.
C) The statement is correct, but the reason is NOT.
D) The statement is NOT correct, but the reason is correct.
E) NEITHER the statement NOR the reason is correct.

Answer 2

The statement is NOT correct, but the reason is correct.

Question 3

Normative ethical principles are linked to commonly expected behaviors, because they are based on shared standards of thinking and behaving.

A) Both the statement and reason are correct and related.
B) Both the statement and reason are correct but NOT related.
C) The statement is correct, but the reason is NOT.
D) The statement is NOT correct, but the reason is correct.
E) NEITHER the statement NOR the reason is correct.

Answer 3

Both the statement and reason are correct and related.

Question 4

The provision of dental care is applied equally in the United States. People who present for treatment are granted access based on their dental needs.

A) Both statements are true.
B) Both statements are false.
C) The first statement is true, the second statement is false.
D) The first statement is false, the second statement is true.

Question 5

Which of the following principles is self-determination and the ability to be self-governing and self-directing?

A) Beneficence
B) Autonomy
C) Justice
D) Paternalism
E) Veracity

Question 6

A health care provider may not always be able to avoid harm, because causing some degree of harm when that harm will lead to a greater good may be necessary.

A) Both the statement and reason are correct and related.
B) Both the statement and reason are correct but NOT related.
C) The statement is correct, but the reason is NOT.
D) The statement is NOT correct, but the reason is correct.
E) NEITHER the statement NOR the reason is correct.

Question 7

Which of the following principles is concerned with providing individuals or groups with what is owed, due, or deserved?

A) Nonmaleficence
B) Beneficence
C) Autonomy
D) Justice

Question 8

All of the following statements are true; however, which one takes precedence over the rest?

A) One ought not to inflict harm.
B) One ought to prevent harm.
C) One ought to remove harm.
D) One ought to do or promote good.

Question 9

A practitioner must provide the treatment chosen by a patient even if he or she does not agree with it, because the patient has a right to choose based on the principle of autonomy.

A) Both the statement and reason are correct and related.
B) Both the statement and reason are correct but NOT related.
C) The statement is correct, but the reason is NOT.
D) The statement is NOT correct, but the reason is correct.
E) NEITHER the statement NOR the reason is correct.

Question 10

Nonmaleficence is concerned with doing no harm to a patient. Beneficence requires that existing harm be removed.

A) Both statements are true.
B) Both statements are false.
C) The first statement is true, the second statement is false.
D) The first statement is false, the second statement is true.

Question 11

Which of the following means that the health care professional acts as a parent and makes decisions for the patient?

A) Veracity
B) Informed consent
C) Paternalism
D) Confidentiality

Question 12

The application of patient autonomy is based upon which of the following theories of ethical thinking?

A) Virtue ethics
B) Consequentialism
C) Nonconsequentialism

Question 13

An ethical dilemma occurs when one or more ethical principles

A) are in conflict.
B) are involved.
C) are additive with one another.
D) cancel each other out.

Question 14

Dental hygienists are required to maintain their level of knowledge and skill through participation in which of the following?

A) Graduation from an accredited institution where dental hygiene is taught
B) Appropriate continuing education programs
C) Using standardized operating procedures
D) Using top quality rather than inferior quality materials

Question 15

Which of the following ethical values and concepts is thought to be in the most conflict with autonomy?

A) Paternalism
B) Veracity
C) Informed consent
D) Confidentiality

Question 16

The principle that the first obligation of a health care provider is to do no harm is known as which of the following?

A) Integrity
B) Justice
C) Beneficence
D) Nonmaleficence

Question 17

Which of the following refers to the most basic, historic principle of nonmaleficence rather than beneficence?

A) One ought to do or promote good.
B) One ought to prevent harm.
C) One ought to remove harm.
D) One ought not to inflict harm.

Question 18

The promotion of good for the public can be difficult, because good is defined according to differing values and belief systems.

A) Both the statement and reason are correct and related.
B) Both the statement and reason are correct but NOT related.
C) The statement is correct, but the reason is NOT.
D) The statement is NOT correct, but the reason is correct.
E) NEITHER the statement NOR the reason is correct.

Question 19

Which of the following terms is used to describe the allocation of resources in large social systems?

A) Autonomy
B) Distributive justice
C) Prima facie duty
D) Primum non nocere

Question 20

Each of the following is one of the main normative principles in health care EXCEPT one. Which one is the EXCEPTION?

A) Nonmaleficence
B) Beneficence
C) Autonomy
D) Justice
E) Veracity

Question 21

Which of the following principles is found in the American Dental Hygiene Association code but not in the American Dental Association code?

A) Beneficence
B) Nonmaleficence
C) Veracity
D) Societal trust

Question 22

What percentage of Americans will be 65 years of age or older by the year 2030?

A) 10
B) 20
C) 30
D) 40

Question 23

The dental hygienist who suspects child abuse should place the welfare of the child over the autonomy of the parent. The stronger duty in this instance is the good of the child, not the right of the parent.

A) Both statements are true.
B) Both statements are false.
C) The first statement is true, the second statement is false.
D) The first statement is false, the second statement is true.

Question 24

It is illegal for a dentist to report suspected child abuse to authorities because it is a violation of confidentiality.

A) Both the statement and reason are correct and related.
B) Both the statement and reason are correct but NOT related.
C) The statement is correct, but the reason is NOT.
D) The statement is NOT correct, but the reason is correct.
E) NEITHER the statement NOR the reason is correct.

Question 25

Each of the following circumstances requires informed consent prior to treatment EXCEPT one. Which one is the EXCEPTION?

A) A patient who is a child
B) A patient mentally disabled person
C) A patient with a language barrier
D) A patient whose life is in danger

Question 26

Veracity is being honest and telling the truth. Honesty on the part of patient and clinician allows the patient to use his or her autonomy to make decisions in his or her own best interest.

A) Both statements are true.
B) Both statements are false.
C) The first statement is true, the second statement is false.
D) The first statement is false, the second statement is true.

Question 27

The term used to describe a person's ability to understand his or her health care conditions, treatment options, and ability to make his or her own decisions is

A) judgment.
B) free will.
C) capacity.
D) cognition.

Question 28

Educating the patient about the balance of benefits and risks of treatment often creates a conflict between autonomy and

A) paternalism.
B) justice.
C) beneficence.
D) veracity.

Question 29

Which of the following fundamental principles of the American Dental Hygiene Association is a characteristic that states that if two or more people consider the same action or trait in the same situation, the same conclusion would be drawn?

A) Community
B) Complementarity
C) Responsibility
D) Universality
E) Ethics

Question 30

The right of the patient to assess all the information provided by the professional yet still make a choice that is not the one most valued by the professional is known as

A) cognitive dissonance.
B) informed refusal.
C) a fork in the road.
D) independent thinking.

Question 31

Benevolent deception is supported by most codes of ethics because benevolent deception is in the tradition of the Hippocratic Oath.

A) Both the statement and reason are correct and related.
B) Both the statement and reason are correct but NOT related.
C) The statement is correct, but the reason is NOT.
D) The statement is NOT correct, but the reason is correct.
E) NEITHER the statement NOR the reason is correct.

Question 32

Paternalism was more prevalent in health care in the past because the health care provider had superior knowledge and skills and because the patient expected the health care provider to make decisions in the best interest of the patient.

A) Both the statement and reason are correct and related.
B) Both the statement and reason are correct but NOT related.
C) The statement is correct, but the reason is NOT.
D) The statement is NOT correct, but the reason is correct.
E) NEITHER the statement NOR the reason is correct.

Question 33

Which of the following is the recommended method of assuring that a patient has the capacity to make an informed consent?

A) Using language at the sixth-grade level
B) Providing written instructions
C) Speaking very slowly while looking directly at the patient
D) Reaching out to the family, primary care physician, or surrogate decision maker

Question 34

Which of the following values and concepts is related to respect for persons and involves the patient exercising his or her autonomy in providing information to the professional?

A) Veracity
B) Capacity
C) Confidentiality
D) Paternalism