Deck 17: Neurodevelopmental Disorders

Question 1

Learning disabilities are divided into three broad categories.One of these is known as Autistic Spectrum Disorders and an example of this is:

A)ADHD
B)Savant Syndrome
C)Dyslexia
D)Mental Retardation

Answer 1

Savant Syndrome

Question 2

Learning disabilities are divided into three broad categories.One of these is known as Intellectual Disability and an example of this is:

A)Dyslexia
B)ADHD
C)Autistic spectrum disorders
D)None of the above

Answer 2

None of the above

Question 3

According to Shaywitz,Shaywitz,and Fletcher & Escobar,1990),this gender difference in reading disorder may be due to which of the following factors?

A)Higher referral rates in males because they may be more disruptive than girls in learning environments
B)Girls may at least partially offset their reading difficulties by enjoying reading more than boys
C)Girls may have more effective coping strategies than boys for dealing with reading difficulties
D)All of the above

Answer 3

All of the above

Question 4

Treatment of communication disorders is normally the domain of speech therapists and related disciplines,and a range of successful treatment programmes and equipment are available for disabilities such as phonological disorder and stuttering.For example,hand-held equipment can provide which of the following?

A)Altered auditory feedback (AAF)
B)Significant auditory feedback (SAF)
C)Magnified auditory feedback (MAF)
D)Actual auditory feedback (AAF)

Question 5

According to DSM-5,what percentage of school-age children may be diagnosed with developmental dyscalculia?

A)1--2%
B)2-3%
C)3-4%
D)4-5%

Question 6

What term in the DSM-5 replaces the DSM-IV-TR term of Mental Retardation?

A)Autism Spectrum Disorders
B)Specific Learning Disorder
C)Intellectual Disability
D)Echolalia

Question 7

Disorder of written expression is commonly found in combination with reading disorder,and is given which of the following labels?

A)Dyslexia
B)Dyspraxia
C)Dyscalculia
D)All of the above

Question 8

Learning disabilities are divided into three broad categories.One of these categories is known as Specific Learning Disability and an example of this is:

A)Dyslexia
B)Down Syndrome
C)ADHD
D)Autistic spectrum disorders

Question 9

In 1950,who reported that more than 80% of children with dyslexia also had other family members with the disability?

A)Baron-Cohen
B)Sally Ann
C)Hallgren
D)DeFries

Question 10

Deficits in which of the following brain areas have been associated with problems in relating written letters to corresponding sounds?

A)Cerebellum
B)Corpus callosum
C)Temporo-parietal areas
D)Limbic system

Question 11

Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)studies of the brains of young children with dyslexia indicate that they show significantly less activation in a number of left hemisphere sites when reading than do non-impaired children.These areas include which of the following?

A)Inferior frontal gyri
B)Superior temporal gyri
C)Middle-temporal-middle occipital gyri
D)All of the above

Question 12

According to DeFries,Fulker & BaBuda (1987),around _____ of school age children have specific developmental reading problems.

A)3 to 17.5%
B)1 to 14%
C)4 to 22.5%
D)2 to 15.5%

Question 13

The main feature of mathematics disorder is that mathematical or arithmetical ability falls significantly short of that expected for the child's chronological age,IQ,and educational history.Individual skills that may be impaired in mathematical disorder are which of the following

A)Understanding or naming mathematical terms
B)Decoding problems into mathematical terms
C)Recognising and reading numerical symbols or arithmetical signs
D)All of the above

Question 14

Dyscalculia appears to be a specific but chronic condition,in which sufferers may perform better than average on measures of IQ,vocabulary and working memory,but still perform significantly poorly on tests of mathematical ability (Landerl,Bevan & Butterworth,2004).The disorder appears to be the result of specific disabilities in basic number processing,and can take which of the following basic forms?

A)A deficit in the memorizing and retrieval of arithmetic facts
B)Developmentally immature strategies for solving arithmetic problems
C)Impaired visuo-spatial skills resulting in errors in aligning numbers or placing decimal points
D)All of the above

Question 15

Mathematical disorder is also known as:

A)Dyspraxia
B)Dyscalculia
C)Dyslexia
D)Dysphasia

Question 16

Specific Learning Disorder is characterised by performance on standardised tests being significantly below that expected for which of the following?

A)Chronological age
B)IQ
C)Schooling experience
D)All of the above

Question 17

A number of studies have also implicated pre-natal factors in the aetiology of dyscalculia.According to O'Malley & Nanson (2002),which of the following are not considered to be one of these?

A)Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD)
B)Pre-natal smoking
C)Pre-natal diet
D)All of the above

Question 18

Between ________ of those diagnosed with specific developmental reading problems are likely to be boys.

A)Between 20-40%
B)Between 30-50%
C)Between 40-60%
D)Between 60-80%

Question 19

Significantly below average intellectual functioning in Intellectual Disorder is characterised by an IQ of ________.

A)70 or below
B)60 or below
C)50 or below
D)40 or below

Question 20

Research on the aetiology of dyslexia has recently converged on the view that reading disabilities in dyslexia are caused primarily by difficulties in differentiating the elements of speech (phonemes)and associating these sounds with the letters in a written word (Shaywitz,2003).This is known as the:

A)Morphological theory of dyslexia
B)Phonological theory of dyslexia
C)Specific theory of dyslexia
D)Graphological theory of dyslexia

Question 21

What factors are important to consider in the diagnosis of intellectual disability?

A)Cultural relevance of IQ scores
B)Community standards of independence
C)Cultural standards of social responsibility
D)All of the above

Question 22

Down Syndrome can be identified pre-natally in high-risk parents by using a procedure which involves extracting and analysing the pregnant mother's amniotic fluid.This is now a routine procedure for pregnant mothers that is carried out after how many weeks of pregnancy?

A)6
B)15
C)24
D)20

Question 23

A UK study looking specifically at the prevalence of IQ scores below 70 suggests a prevalence rate of _______ in school children aged 13-15 years.

A)1-5%
B)5-10%
C)10-15%
D)15-20%

Question 24

Down syndrome risk is related to the age of the mother.For women aged 40 years the risk is:

A)1%
B)3%
C)4%
D)5%

Question 25

DSM-5 allows Intellectual Disability to be specified according to severity.Rather than being 'impaired',an individual may instead be socially ________.

A)Backward
B)Limited
C)Immature
D)Lacking

Question 26

Down Syndrome has a prevalence rate of?

A)0)18%
B)1)2%
C)1)5%
D)0)15%

Question 27

The majority of individuals with Down Syndrome have moderate to severe intellectual impairment with a measurable IQ usually between:

A)35-55
B)45-50
C)55-60
D)25-35

Question 28

The American Association of Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities has taken an alternative approach to categorising intellectual and adaptive impairments.Instead,they have focused on which of the following?

A)Acknowledging that an individual has both strengths and limitations
B)Acknowledging that grandparents should embrace a large support role
C)Acknowledging that diet influences developmental outcomes
D)All of the above

Question 29

Chromosomal disorders account for around ______ of all diagnosed cases of intellectual disability.

A)5-10%
B)10-15%
C)25-30%
D)45-50%

Question 30

Down syndrome risk is related to the age of the mother.For women aged 20-24 years the risk is:

A)0)07%
B)0)09%
C)0)03%
D)0)05%

Question 31

Down Syndrome can be identified pre-natally in high-risk parents by using a procedure known as:

A)Amnioprolaxis
B)Amniophalaxi
C)Amniocentesis
D)Amniocalesis

Question 32

Down syndrome risk is related to the age of the mother.For women aged over 45 years the risk is:

A)4%
B)5%
C)6%
D)7%

Question 33

A successful set of techniques used to address stuttering is known as:

A)Purposeful speech
B)Practical speech
C)Prolonged speech
D)Delayed speech

Question 34

Down Syndrome was first described by British doctor Langdon Down in 1866.However,it was not until 1959 that French geneticist Jerome Lejeune first reported that individuals with Down Syndrome almost always possess an extra chromosome in which pair?

A)Pair 22
B)Pair 23
C)Pair 21
D)Pair 24

Question 35

Intellectual disabilities are defined primarily by which of the following criteria?

A)Significantly below average intellectual functioning
B)Impairments in adaptive functioning generally
C)These deficits should be manifest before the age of 18-years
D)All of the above

Question 36

Another important chromosomal abnormality that causes intellectual disability is known as fragile X syndrome.This is where the X chromosome appears to show physical weaknesses and may be bent or broken.Fragile X syndrome occurs in approximately what percentage of all births?

A)1)5-2.5%
B)3)05-4.07
C)7)4-8.6
D)0)08-0.04%

Question 37

Down Syndrome can be identified pre-natally in high-risk parents by using a procedure which involves extracting and analysing the pregnant mother's amniotic fluid.This is recommended in the UK and US for mothers over what age?

A)25
B)35
C)45
D)50

Question 38

Which of the following is an impairment known to be associated with fragile X syndrome?

A)Language impairment
B)Behavioural problems
C)Moderate levels of intellectual disability
D)All of the above

Question 39

Mild or moderate intellectual disability tends to occur more frequently in which of the following groups?

A)Lower socioeconomic groups
B)Ethic minority groups
C)Urban areas
D)All of the above

Question 40

In the UK,the Special Education Needs & Disability Act of 2001 extended the rights of individuals with intellectual disabilities to be educated in mainstream schools.What are schools required to draw up to facilitate the inclusion of pupils with intellectual disabilities and to make reasonable adjustments so that they are not disadvantaged?

A)Inclusion strategies
B)Accessibility strategies
C)Facilitation strategies
D)Availability strategies

Question 41

A further significant cause of intellectual disability is maternal drug use during pregnancy.For instance,US studies indicate that what percent of pregnant women drink alcohol?

A)9)8%
B)30%
C)24.7%
D)49%

Question 42

A further significant cause of intellectual disability is maternal drug use during pregnancy.For instance,US studies indicate that what percent of pregnant women smoke tobacco?

A)5%
B)18%
C)30%
D)2%

Question 43

In utero transmission of HIV can be reduced if the mother is given which of the following?

A)Antibiotics
B)Blood transfusion
C)Amniocentesis
D)Antiretroviral drugs

Question 44

During their early developmental years,young children will often be involved in accidents,and these can often be severe enough to cause irreversible physical damage and intellectual impairment.However,some of the injuries that cause intellectual disability in children may not be genuine accidents but may be the result of physical abuse by others.A retrospective study of head injuries in children aged between 1 and 6 years of age estimated that what percentage of cases could be defined as accidents?

A)75%
B)45%
C)81%
D)65%

Question 45

Tay-Sachs disease is also a metabolic disorder caused by a recessive gene (often found in children of Eastern European Jewish ancestry).The defective gene results in an absence of the enzyme?

A)Phenylalanine
B)Meanlinine
C)Hexosominidase A
D)Ketonalin

Question 46

If a mother contracts rubella during the first 10 weeks of pregnancy,there is almost a 90% chance that the baby will develop congenital rubella syndrome (CRS),resulting in which of the following?

A)Abortion
B)Miscarriage
C)Stillbirth
D)All of the above

Question 47

In Phenylketonuria (PKU),phenylalanine and phenylpyruvic acid builds up in the body and irreparably damage the brain and central nervous system by preventing:

A)Development of dendritic pathways
B)Development of synaptic clefts
C)Effective myelination of neurons
D)Development of axon terminals

Question 48

Children suffering Foetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS)will usually have which of the following?

A)Lower birth weight
B)Lower IQ
C)Motor impairments
D)All of the above

Question 49

In the UK,Phenylketonuria (PKU)has an incidence of around 1 in 10,000 live births (NSPKU,2004),and it is estimated that how many people may be carriers of the recessive gene responsible for PKU?

A)1 in 700
B)1 in 70
C)1 in 7
D)1 in 7000

Question 50

Metabolic disorders occur when the body's ability to produce or break down chemicals is impaired.There are many different types of metabolic disorders and many can affect intellectual ability.Such disorders are often caused by genetic factors,and may be carried by:

A)A dominant gene
B)A recessive gene
C)An X chromosome
D)A Y chromosome

Question 51

What percentage of babies born live will have congenital rubella syndrome (CRS)causing heart disease,deafness and intellectual impairment?

A)20%
B)40%
C)10%
D)70%

Question 52

A further significant cause of intellectual disability is maternal drug use during pregnancy.For instance,US studies indicate that what percent of pregnant women use illegal drugs?

A)11.8%
B)4%
C)20%
D)2%

Question 53

Phenylketonuria (PKU)is caused by a deficiency in which of the following liver enzymes?

A)Phenylalanine 4- hydroxylase
B)Meanlinine 5- hydroxylase
C)Ketonaline 2- hydroxylase
D)Prolactin 3- hydroxylase

Question 54

One type of risk in developmental disabilities involves disorders acquired during prenatal development.These are known as:

A)Congenital disorders
B)Cognitive disorders
C)Genetic disorders
D)Pre-natal disorders

Question 55

Maternal HIV infection has become an important cause of intellectual disability.If the mother is not being treated for HIV during pregnancy there is a likelihood that the infection will be passed on to the foetus.The infection can also be passed on through breastfeeding.There is then a _____ chance that the newborn child will develop moderate to severe intellectual disabilities.

A)10%
B)70%
C)25%
D)50%

Question 56

The main neurological birth syndrome caused by anoxia is:

A)Cerebral palsy
B)Down Syndrome
C)Fragile X syndrome
D)Cerebral vascular accident

Question 57

Mineral and vitamin deficiencies caused by maternal malnutrition during pregnancy can also result in which of the following?

A)Intellectual disability
B)Problems with physical development
C)Problems with behavioural development
D)All of the above

Question 58

An example of a peri-natal cause of intellectual disability when there is a significant period without oxygen occurring during or immediately after delivery is known as:

A)Pronoxia
B)Anoxia
C)Anaphylaxia
D)Dysnoxia

Question 59

Around a third of individuals with fragile X syndrome will exhibit symptoms of which other disorder?

A)Dyscalculia
B)Autism spectrum disorder
C)Dyslexia
D)Savant syndrome

Question 60

Use of both cocaine and crack cocaine by a pregnant mother can lead to babies being physically addicted to the drug before birth.These babies are known as:

A)Cocaine kids
B)Crack babies
C)Charlie children
D)Snow babies

Question 61

Policy on the development and education of individuals with intellectual disabilities has changed significantly over the past 20-30 years.Many countries have introduced which procedures that extend the rights of individuals with intellectual disabilities to be educated according to their needs in mainstream schools?

A)Accessibility strategies
B)Disability strategies
C)Strategic strategies
D)Procedural strategies

Question 62

Most forms of intellectual disability impose limitations on the sufferer's ability to function fully and actively in society.This means that - depending on the severity of the disability - the individual will need support to cope with many of the rigours of everyday living.Approaches to helping those with intellectual disabilities are based on the principle of:

A)Inclusion
B)Accessibility
C)Segregation
D)Community

Question 63

One form of child abuse that is known to cause intellectual disability is known as:

A)Abused child syndrome
B)Battered baby syndrome
C)Shaken baby syndrome
D)Damaged infant syndrome

Question 64

Even in Westernised societies aware of the risks associated with exposure to lead,the prevalence of lead poisoning in children aged 1-2 years is still as high as:

A)10%
B)1%
C)5%
D)15%

Question 65

Some disorders are characterised by serious abnormalities in the developmental process.Those that fall under the heading of autistic spectrum disorder are usually associated with a range impairments and delays,including which of the following?

A)Language deficits
B)Emotional disturbances
C)Self injurious behaviour patterns
D)All of the above

Question 66

Examination of the effect of the shift from institutionalised living to living in the community reports improvement of which of the following areas?

A)Improved self-care
B)Fewer angry outbursts
C)Increased self esteem
D)All of the above

Question 67

In the UK,the Government's strategy for individuals with special educational needs (SEN)involves:

A)Mainstream schools providing the skills and specialist support necessary to meet the needs of all pupils
B)The provision of special schools providing education for children with the most severe and complex needs
C)Schools working together with local health services to support the educational inclusion of all children from their local community
D)All of the above

Question 68

Young children with autistic spectrum disorder may exhibit which of the following?

A)Disinterest in their surroundings
B)Withdraw from company
C)Difficulty learning new skills
D)All of the above

Question 69

Children born to teenage mothers are at increased risk of which of the following?

A)Behavioural difficulties
B)Educational underachievement
C)Problematic parent-child interactions
D)All of the above

Question 70

Inappropriate,life-threatening or challenging behaviours may be inadvertently maintained by reinforcement from others in the environment.In these cases,what process can be carried out in order to help identify the factors maintaining the behaviour?

A)Statistical analysis
B)Behavioural analysis
C)Functional analysis
D)Procedural analysis

Question 71

The evidence of autistic spectrum disorder can be apparent in children as young as:

A)1 year
B)2 years
C)3 years
D)4 years

Question 72

Supported employment settings which provide employment tailored to the individuals own needs are available for individuals with which of the following

A)Intellectual disabilities
B)Physical disabilities
C)Emotional disabilities
D)Psychiatric disorders

Question 73

During early development children may also be exposed to toxins which can cause neurological damage resulting in intellectual impairment.One such toxin is lead.Children exposed to high levels of lead have been found to exhibit deficits in IQ scores of up to how many points?

A)20
B)30
C)10
D)5

Question 74

It has been argued that lack of stimulation can have a direct effect on the early physical development of the brain.How might this happen?

A)Hormones preventing effective brain development might be secreted
B)The skull may not grow enough to accommodate the growing brain
C)Appropriate levels of neurotransmitter may not be achieved
D)All of the above

Question 75

The quality of life of people with intellectual disabilities can be improved significantly with the help of basic training procedures that will equip them with a range of skills depending on their level of disability.Behavioural techniques that adopt basic principles of operant and classical conditioning are used extensively in these contexts,and the application of learning theory to training in these areas is also known as:

A)Applied behaviour analysis
B)Applied cognitive approaches
C)Applied treatment analysis
D)Cognitive behavioural therapy

Question 76

Rett's Disorder,Childhood Disintegrative Disorder and Asperger's Syndrome have been combined in DSM-5 into a single dimensional diagnostic category called __________ disorder.

A)Autistic spectrum
B)Communication
C)Developmental
D)Learning

Question 77

Which of the following are examples of prevention strategies?

A)Genetic counselling
B)Alcohol reduction counselling
C)Genetic analysis
D)All of the above

Question 78

Employment opportunities are being made increasingly available to individuals with intellectual disabilities.Many are conscientious and valued workers employed in which of the normal work environments.Others with more specific needs may need to pursue employment within which of the following:

A)Sheltered accommodation
B)Sheltered workshops
C)Special workshops
D)Special accommodation

Question 79

Social deprivation and poverty are also inextricably linked to other risk factors for intellectual disability,including which of the following?

A)Poor infant diet
B)Exposure to toxins
C)Maternal drug-taking
D)All of the above

Question 80

Studies have shown that teenage mothers are significantly more likely to punish their children than praise them,and are significantly less sensitive to their children's needs than older mothers.As a result,children born to teenage mothers are at increased risk of which of the following?

A)Behavioural difficulties
B)Cognitive disadvantage
C)Educational under-achievement
D)All of the above