Deck 4: Perceiving Persons

Question 1

Willis and Todorov (2006)showed college students photos of strangers' faces and found that

A)participants were unable to rate the personality of the individuals in the photos when they only saw the faces for less than one second.
B)even when they saw the photos for less than one second,participants' ratings of the faces were highly correlated with the ratings of others who looked at the faces without time limits.
C)participants who only saw the faces for less than one second rated the faces as possessing more negative traits than others who were allowed to look at the faces for as long as they wanted to.
D)the longer it took participants to rate each face,the more accurate their ratings were.

Answer 1

even when they saw the photos for less than one second,participants' ratings of the faces were highly correlated with the ratings of others who looked at the faces without time limits.

Question 2

Research on perception of complex action,such as athletic activity,indicates that compared to people who break the event up into gross units,those who break the event up into fine units tend to

A)remember more details about the event.
B)lose sight of the big-picture outcome of the event.
C)rely more on the expectations of others in evaluating the event.
D)enjoy their observation of the event more.

Answer 2

remember more details about the event.

Question 3

Based on the research of Todorov and others (2008),which facial expression will be perceived as most trustworthy?

A)U-shaped mouth with raised eyebrows
B)U-shaped mouth with eyebrows forming a V
C)mouth curled down with raised eyebrows
D)mouth curled down with eyebrows forming a V

Answer 3

U-shaped mouth with raised eyebrows

Question 4

All of the following could be categorized as sources of "raw data" for a study of social perception except

A)a person's physical appearance.
B)knowledge of what situation a person is in.
C)a person's behavior.
D)accounts given by others about a person.

Question 5

Scripts are often culture-specific.This means that

A)there is a great deal of agreement about the order of events across cultures.
B)the ability to execute the script is related to experience.
C)the more general the script,the greater cross-cultural consistency it has.
D)the same behaviors may be perceived very differently in different cultures.

Question 6

Behavior that reveals a person's feelings without words,using facial expressions,body language,and vocal cues,is called

A)scripted behavior.
B)fine-unit behavior.
C)perceptually salient behavior.
D)nonverbal behavior.

Question 7

The general term for the processes by which people come to understand one another is social______________.

A)perception
B)cognition
C)influence
D)attribution

Question 8

As social perceivers,people's impressions of others are

A)formed only after knowing the person for a considerable period of time.
B)uninfluenced by superficial attributes of a person.
C)formed at first encounter and completely unchangeable.
D)influenced by the physical appearance of a person.

Question 9

Research by Gray and colleagues (2007)has indicated two dimensions on which people "perceive minds." These dimensions are referred to as

A)depth and breadth.
B)morality and rationality.
C)agency and experience.
D)contextual and focal.

Question 10

Which statement about mind perception is most accurate?

A)It only occurs to perception of humans.
B)It occurs for perception of inanimate objects only.
C)The more humanlike the target object,the more likely we are to attribute to it qualities of mind.
D)The less humanlike the target object,the more likely we are to attribute to it qualities of mind.

Question 11

The study of social perception addresses all of the following except

A)how people explain and analyze the behavior of others.
B)how people form coherent impressions of others.
C)the strategies people use to create a positive self-image.
D)the way that expectations can distort reality.

Question 12

Todd has a "baby face," and Martin has features that are traditionally considered more mature.They are both being interviewed for the same position in a bank.What is the most probable outcome?

A)Because of his more mature features,Martin will be recommended for the position.
B)Todd will be recommended for the position because baby-faced individuals are perceived as more honest.
C)Todd will be recommended for the position because baby-faced individuals are judged as more qualified for employment than mature-faced individuals.
D)Their facial features will not impact the hiring decision,and the more qualified candidate will get the job.

Question 13

Hassin and Trope's (2000)study of physiognomy found that participants assigned traits to others based on their

A)hair style.
B)facial features.
C)perceived age.
D)perceived race.

Question 14

Fritz is a social psychologist who specializes in studying the processes of social perception.Given this interest,Fritz is least likely to specialize in which research question?

A)How do employers infer traits and abilities about job candidates based on observing their behavior in a job interview?
B)How do police officers and customs agents make judgments concerning how truthful or deceptive particular individuals are?
C)How are consumers influenced in their choices by the packaging and positioning of different products?
D)How does the performance of athletes vary as a function of their coach's expectations about their ability and potential?

Question 15

In research by Pryor and Merluzzi (1985),the script for a first date

A)was more easily recalled by participants with extensive dating experience.
B)varied widely by gender,but only when participants relatively experienced.
C)varied widely by sexual orientation.
D)was similar across cultures.

Question 16

The process by which people attribute humanlike mental states to various animate and inanimate objects,including other people,is called

A)belief perseverance.
B)social perception.
C)nonverbal behavior.
D)mind perception.

Question 17

Consider the typical script that exists for a first date.When Pryor and Merluzzi (1985)questioned college students,they found that the most familiar first step in this script was that

A)two or more couples meet at a common place.
B)the female arrives.
C)dating companions meet at a common place.
D)the male arrives.

Question 18

While traveling around the world,Teun shows various people pictures of men and women from his hometown who are smiling and frowning,and he asks these people to infer what emotions the individuals in the pictures are experiencing.According to the research on perceptions of primary emotions,Teun should find that

A)perceptions of the emotions vary widely as a function of the people's culture.
B)perceptions of the emotions are relatively consistent across most cultures.
C)little can be inferred about the emotions unless the behaviors of the individuals in the pictures are also described.
D)little is inferred about the emotions unless the situational contexts of the individuals in the pictures are also described.

Question 19

Andrew tends to view the behavior of others in gross units,whereas Angela tends to break others' behavior down into fine units.Angela is more likely than Andrew to

A)pay more attention to the behavior.
B)detect more meaningful actions.
C)remember more details about the behavior.
D)form a more positive impression of an actor.

Question 20

Sam Gosling's book (2008)describes how social perceivers form impressions based on

A)the schools that others go to.
B)what they have previously heard.
C)physical attributes.
D)people's "stuff."

Question 21

Charice's boyfriend is late for their date.Charice believes this is because he is thoughtless and self-centered.Charice is making a(n)______________attribution.

A)personal
B)situational
C)external
D)counterfactual

Question 22

A target's "gaze disengagement" tends to lead perceivers to

A)believe that a target is overly confident.
B)rate a target as more physically attractive.
C)have difficulty forming an accurate impression of a target.
D)form a negative impression of a target.

Question 23

The purpose of an emoticon is to

A)provide nonverbal cues in written media forms.
B)promote humor in e-mail exchanges.
C)make reading e-mail more interesting.
D)enhance the emotional reaction of the recipient of the e-mail.

Question 24

Which part of the brain is activated when we sniff a disgusting odor as well as when we watch others sniffing the disgusting odor?

A)amygdala
B)insula
C)hippocampus
D)hypothalamus

Question 25

Which assertion is supported by research on deception?

A)People are more accurate at detecting deception if they focus on facial expressions rather than voice cues.
B)Police officers and FBI agents are better at detecting deception than most other people.
C)People tend to have an accurate sense of their lie-detecting abilities.
D)People are more accurate at detecting deception if they focus on body movements rather than facial expressions.

Question 26

The "anger superiority effect" in social perception refers to the finding that people are quicker to

A)look away from an angry face in a crowd than a neutral face.
B)look away from an angry face in a crowd than a happy face.
C)spot an angry face in a crowd than a neutral or happy face.
D)identify anger in the faces of people from other cultures

Question 27

One of the reasons that we are not very successful at detecting deception is because we

A)focus too much attention on nonverbal cues and not enough on verbal cues.
B)fail to attend to the nonverbal cues that actually signal deception.
C)are motivated to believe that others are telling the truth.
D)need to be able to detect deception in order to gain evolutionary advantage.

Question 28

What do psychologists mean when they describe a judgment of another person as based on "thin slices?"

A)The judgment was thoroughly researched.
B)The judgment was based on a very limited behavior sample.
C)The judgment is probably inaccurate.
D)The judgment was based on a very rich behavior sample.

Question 29

Which emotion is not considered to be a primary emotion?

A)sadness
B)fear
C)anger
D)embarrassment

Question 30

Cross-cultural research on perception of emotion,such as that conducted by Elfenbein and Ambady (2002),indicates that

A)people are uniformly good at perceiving the emotional states of others based on nonverbal cues,regardless of whether perceivers and targets are from the same culture.
B)people are fairly successful at perceiving the emotional states of individuals from other cultures,but we are better at judging emotions of individuals from our own culture.
C)people are actually better at perceiving the emotional states of individuals from other cultures because they are not distracted by language use and other verbal cues.
D)language comprehension plays a central role in the evaluation of emotion.

Question 31

A group of theories that describe how people explain the causes of behavior is known as

A)attribution theory.
B)correspondent inference theory.
C)information integration theory.
D)the just-world model.

Question 32

Based on Ekman and O'Sullivan's (1991)research,who would be the most likely to accurately detect when another individual was lying?

A)a local police investigator
B)a trial judge
C)a psychiatrist
D)a U.S.Secret Service agent

Question 33

Cross-cultural differences in the perception of nonverbal behavior are least prevalent in which of the following types______________of judgments?

A)evaluations of emotions and facial features
B)interpretations of head-nodding and hand signals
C)preference for personal space
D)inferences drawn regarding eye contact

Question 34

The importance of nonverbal behavior to social perception can be seen by the fact that e-mail messages

A)are often misinterpreted,especially when the writer is trying to be funny or sarcastic.
B)have a stronger emotional impact on those who read them than do voicemail messages.
C)are typically substantially longer and more richly detailed than text messages.
D)are the preferred means of communication among younger but not older Americans.

Question 35

What is the adaptive significance of being able to identify the emotion of disgust in others' faces?

A)It motivates us to draw near to the target and promotes affiliation.
B)It helps us to avoid food poisoning.
C)It keeps us from experiencing rejection,which is damaging to the immune system.
D)It helps us to locate food sources.

Question 36

Bella is a teacher who suspects that a student is trying to deceive her.Under which of the following conditions does Bella have the best chance of being accurate in her attempts to detect whether or not the student is lying?

A)Bella reads a written transcript of the student's story.
B)Bella sees a silent video of the student's face as the student tells the story.
C)Bella reads a written transcript of the student's story and sees a silent video of the student's face as the student tells the story.
D)Bella asks the student to recount her story in reverse chronological order.

Question 37

A meta-analysis conducted by Elfenbein and Ambady (2002)found that the emotion that is most accurately perceived by people all over the world based on facial expressions is

A)sadness.
B)happiness.
C)anger.
D)embarrassment.

Question 38

Which research finding is most consistent with Darwin's hypothesis that the ability to interpret emotion from facial expressions has survival value?

A)People are quicker to recognize angry faces than happy faces.
B)People are better able to interpret emotions from video than still pictures.
C)People are able to identify six primary emotions.
D)People sometimes infer emotions from situations rather than facial expressions.

Question 39

Jerry makes frequent eye contact with the person to whom he is talking.This is most likely to elicit a(n)

A)impression that Jerry is domineering and likes power.
B)impression that Jerry is insecure and needy.
C)positive or negative emotion based on the kind of eye contact that Jerry uses.
D)positive or negative emotion depending on whether Jerry is talking to a male or female.

Question 40

Deception is most likely to be detected by attending to which channel of communication?

A)spoken words
B)body posture
C)voice pitch
D)facial expression

Question 41

Kelley's theory of attribution suggests that,in trying to discern personal characteristics from behavioral evidence,people

A)behave like scientists and engage in informal experiments.
B)use cognitive heuristics improperly.
C)usually attribute behavior to both personal and situational factors.
D)fail to adequately consider consensus information.

Question 42

Which reflects the primary question underlying the correspondent inference theory?

A)Do attributions correspond with pre-existing beliefs?
B)Does an individual's beliefs correspond with that individual's behavior?
C)Does an observer infer that an actor's behavior is consistent with the actor's personality?
D)Does an observer infer that an actor's behavior is consistent with that of the observer?

Question 43

The system that social perceivers rely on first is

A)intuitive and automatic.
B)rational and controlled.
C)effortful and intuitive.
D)slow and easy.

Question 44

In Kahneman's (2011)work on judgment and decision making,System 1 is to______________as System 2 is to______________.

A)easy;controlled
B)controlled;easy
C)accurate;inaccurate
D)inaccurate;accurate

Question 45

Jorge watches his friend Nina interacting with others and makes a situational attribution for her behavior.Jorge believes that

A)Nina's behavior is best explained by the circumstances surrounding the encounter.
B)Nina's way of relating to people stems from particular characteristics of her personality.
C)Nina is not acting the way other people would act in the same situation.
D)Nina's actions are not consistent with the social norms governing that particular situation.

Question 46

Colin and Erin are waiting to meet with their caterer so that they can discuss the menu for their wedding.The______________caterer is 30 minutes late and still hasn't arrived.Colin suggests that the caterer is probably delayed because of traffic.Erin suggests that the caterer is probably disorganized and unreliable.Colin is making a(n)______________attribution,whereas Erin is making a(n)______________attribution.

A)dispositional;situational
B)situational;personal
C)expected;unexpected
D)correspondent;dispositional

Question 47

Sophia voted for Barack Obama in the 2008 U.S.Presidential election.She believes that approximately 90 percent______________of college students also voted for Obama,when in reality that number is much lower.Sophia's overestimation is consistent with the

A)false-consensus effect.
B)confirmation bias.
C)self-fulfilling prophecy.
D)representativeness heuristic.

Question 48

In Jones and Davis's (1965)correspondent inference theory,observers trying to infer whether a particular behavior corresponds to an enduring personal characteristic of the actor would ask all of the following questions except which question?

A)Did the behavior violate any social norms?
B)What were the consequences of the behavior?
C)What is the actor's perception of the behavior?
D)Did the actor freely choose to perform the behavior?

Question 49

Carol is asked to rate her husband in terms of how helpful he is with the household chores.Because she cannot think of a single instance of helpful behavior,she gives him a very low rating.Carol relied on______________to make her judgment.

A)counterfactual thinking
B)the base-rate fallacy
C)the availability heuristic
D)a confirmation bias

Question 50

According to correspondent inference theory,correspondent inferences are most likely to occur when a person's behavior is

A)not freely chosen,expected,and results in many desirable outcomes.
B)freely chosen,expected,and results in few desirable outcomes.
C)freely chosen,unexpected,and results in many desirable outcomes.
D)freely chosen,unexpected,and results in few desirable outcomes.

Question 51

Everyone you know seems to love the TV show The Apprentice.You're a huge fan of reality TV as well,as you never miss an episode of The Amazing Race,American Idol,or Project Runway.But every time you watch The Apprentice,you have the same reaction: you hate it with a passion.According to Kelley's (1967)covariation theory of attribution,your dislike of this show would be

A)high in consensus,low in distinctiveness,and high in consistency.
B)low in consensus,high in distinctiveness,and high in consistency.
C)high in consensus,high in distinctiveness,and low in consistency.
D)low in consensus,low in distinctiveness,and low in consistency.

Question 52

Lindy is trying to decide whether or not Marisa's behavior is dispositional.If Lindy relies on correspondent inference theory,she would consider all of the following factors except

A)whether Marisa freely chose the behavior.
B)whether Marisa knew she was being observed during the behavior.
C)if Marisa's behavior was expected given the situation.
D)the intended consequences of Marisa's behavior.

Question 53

Which statement describes one of the ways in which your text describes social perceivers as differing?

A)Individuals vary in the degree to which they believe behavior is caused by fixed versus malleable characteristics.
B)People differ in the extent to which they have positive or negative personality characteristics.
C)There are differences in whether people are or are not motivated to make accurate perceptions of others.
D)People differ in their willingness to consider cultural variations that impact how others should be assessed.

Question 54

You are asked what percentage of psychology majors at your school is female.If you answer this question by thinking of how many female psychology majors come to mind quickly,you are relying on the

A)hindsight bias.
B)fundamental attribution error.
C)availability heuristic.
D)false-consensus bias.

Question 55

Estimates of the probability that an event will happen based on the ease with which instances of the event can be brought to mind reflect the

A)base-rate fallacy.
B)fundamental attribution error.
C)two-step attribution process.
D)availability heuristic.

Question 56

According to correspondent inference theory,in which of the following situations would a personal attribution be most appropriate?

A)Serena,a professor,helps students during her office hours.
B)Sally,a naval officer,salutes when her commanding officer enters the room.
C)Sam,a wealthy athlete,is ordered by the court to attend a drug rehabilitation program.
D)Steve,a world-renowned playboy,joins a monastery and takes a vow of celibacy.

Question 57

According to the covariation principle,a situational attribution is most likely to result when consistency is______________,consensus is______________,and distinctiveness is______________.

A)low;low;low
B)low;high;high
C)high;low;low
D)high;high;high

Question 58

The base-rate fallacy reflects

A)a failure to use consensus information.
B)a failure to use consistency information.
C)the actor-observer effect.
D)an excessive reliance on situational attributions.

Question 59

According to the covariation principle,a personal attribution is most likely to result when consistency is______________,consensus is______________,and distinctiveness is______________.

A)low;low;low
B)low;high;high
C)high;low;low
D)high;high;high

Question 60

When______________is low,it is difficult for the perceiver to attribute behavior to either the person or the stimulus;instead,the best that can be said is that the behavior was caused by transient circumstances.

A)consensus
B)distinctiveness
C)expectedness
D)consistency

Question 61

The study by Balcetis and Dunning (2006)in which participants thought that they were taking part in a taste-testing experiment showed that people

A)tend to see what they want to see.
B)prefer orange juice to greenish drink.
C)have perceptions that are objective analyses of the facts.
D)are unlikely to make self-serving attributions.

Question 62

Based on research on counterfactual thinking,in which scenario is Jamal most likely to wonder what life might have been like had he been richer?

A)Financially,Jamal is in the upper-middle class.His parents were slightly wealthier.
B)Financially,Jamal is in the upper-middle class.His parents were lower-middle class.
C)Financially,Jamal is in the working class.His parents were also working class.
D)Financially,Jamal is in the middle class.His parents were extremely rich.

Question 63

According to Medvec and Savitsky's (1997)research on counterfactual thinking among Olympic medalists,which of the following is true?

A)Bronze and silver medalists are equally likely to think "What if I had won the gold?"
B)Silver medalists are happier with their standing than bronze medalists,because silver medalists think about how they could have done worse and received the bronze.
C)Silver medalists are less happy with their standing than bronze medalists,because silver medalists think about how they could have done better and won the gold.
D)Bronze medalists are more envious of silver medalists than of gold medalists.

Question 64

LeBron is eating at a restaurant on a first date when his date spills spaghetti all over his lap.Which of conclusion would LeBron be most likely to draw if he commits the fundamental attribution error?

A)His date gets nervous on first dates.
B)His date is a slob.
C)His date is even more attractive than he originally thought.
D)His date is even less attractive than he originally thought.

Question 65

The fundamental attribution error is the tendency to attribute

A)one's own behavior to personal factors rather than to the situation.
B)one's own behavior to the situation rather than to personal factors.
C)another person's behavior to personal factors rather than to the situation.
D)another person's behavior to situational factors rather than to personal factors.

Question 66

Research examining the role of culture in the attribution process has found that

A)children reared in Western cultures are more likely to make the fundamental attribution error than those reared in Eastern cultures.
B)children reared in Western cultures are less likely to make the fundamental attribution error than those reared in Eastern cultures.
C)adults in Western cultures are more likely to make the fundamental attribution error than those in Eastern cultures.
D)adults in Western cultures are less likely to make the fundamental attribution error than those in Eastern cultures.

Question 67

Vito finished first in the school spelling bee,Fabrizio finished second,and Luigi finished third.The first-place winner______________gets a cash prize and the opportunity to compete at the regional spelling bee,but the others get nothing.Which of the following is most likely to occur?

A)Fabrizio will engage in more counterfactual thinking than Luigi.
B)Luigi will engage in more counterfactual thinking than Fabrizio.
C)Fabrizio and Luigi will engage in counterfactual thinking to about the same extent,but more so than Vito.
D)Fabrizio and Luigi will engage in counterfactual thinking to about the same extent,but less so than Vito.

Question 68

Research using bicultural participants,such as China-born students attending college in the U.S. ,indicates that

A)attributional style is dictated by the culture in which one is born and does not vary much due to cultural influences later in life.
B)at some point such individuals completely abandon the attributional tendencies of their nation of origin and replace them with the tendencies of their new country of residence
C)people can simultaneously hold differing cultural worldviews,either of which can influence attributional tendencies depending on the situation.
D)attributional style is dictated by the culture in which one lives,unless that person is spending time with family members from their culture of origin.

Question 69

According to the two-step model of the attribution process,people make an

A)automatic first step of weighing situational and personal attributions equally,and then an effortful second step of considering the initial inference.
B)automatic first step of making a personal attribution,and then an effortful second step of considering situational factors.
C)effortful first step of weighing situational and personal attributions equally,and then an automatic second step of making a dispositional inference.
D)automatic first step of making a situational attribution,and then an effortful second step of considering personal factors.

Question 70

Research suggests that people seem to commit the fundamental attribution error

A)only if they use the availability heuristic to make attributions.
B)only if they are unaware of the actor's feelings about the particular behavior.
C)even when they attempt to explain their own behavior.
D)even when they are aware of the situational constraints of the behavior.

Question 71

Suppose an experiment was conducted where people were asked to watch a political debate between two candidates that had been previously judged by political pundits to have been a tie.Half of the participants saw a videotape of the debate where the camera focused on candidate A.The other half of the participants saw a videotape of the debate where the camera focused on candidate B.It is likely that

A)the majority of the participants declared the debate a tie.
B)both groups saw candidate A as victorious.
C)the group that viewed candidate A thought she was victorious,whereas the group that viewed candidate B thought he was victorious.
D)the group that viewed candidate A thought candidate B was victorious,whereas the group that viewed candidate B thought candidate A was victorious.

Question 72

In the Jones and Harris (1967)study,participants read essays presumably written by another student that had either been assigned or chose to write in support of a particular position.Which statement is consistent with the findings of this study?

A)Participants were more likely to infer the student's attitude from the essay if they believed it was a chosen topic rather than assigned.
B)Participants were more likely to infer the student's attitude from the essay if they believed it was an assigned topic rather than chosen.
C)Participants were more likely to infer the student's attitude from the essay if it agreed with their own.
D)Participants did not infer the student's attitude from the essay at all if it was an assigned topic.

Question 73

Participants in one study rated fictional food additives that were more difficult to pronounce as more hazardous to health.These results demonstrate that people

A)tend to fear things that sound unfamiliar.
B)prefer to eat things that they have heard of.
C)underestimate their own fears and anxieties.
D)are unlikely to eat something that they can't pronounce.

Question 74

The "Quiz Show" study by Ross and colleagues (1977)found that in judging the general knowledge of the contestant and questioner,

A)observers fell victim to the fundamental attribution error,but the questioner and contestant did not.
B)participants did not fall victim to the fundamental attribution error because they knew that the quiz show roles were assigned at random.
C)observers and even contestants fell victim to the fundamental attribution error.
D)men were more likely to commit the fundamental attribution error than women.

Question 75

You hear Tiger Woods doing a radio commercial for Buick.Even though you know that Woods did not write the commercial himself,was paid to provide the voice-over for the commercial,and probably does not drive a Buick in real life,you still think that at some level,Woods must think highly of Buicks.This is an example of the

A)actor-observer effect.
B)false-consensus bias.
C)availability heuristic
D)fundamental attribution error.

Question 76

Britney wonders if she would have been happier had she married Justin instead of Kevin.This illustrates

A)counterfactual thinking.
B)the fundamental attribution error.
C)the availability heuristic.
D)false-consensus bias.

Question 77

Stephon knows someone whose brother received a very lucrative contract to play professional basketball for the National Basketball Association (NBA).With this success story in mind,he ignores the statistics that indicate a very low probability that anyone will make it to the NBA and overestimates his own chances of making it.This scenario best illustrates

A)the covariation principle.
B)the base-rate fallacy.
C)non-correspondent inferences.
D)the actor-observer effect.

Question 78

According to Gilbert's two-step model of social perception,distraction should make the fundamental attribution error more likely to happen because it

A)discourages personal attributions,but has little effect on situational attributions.
B)inhibits perceivers from using distinctiveness information,but allows them to take consistency information into account.
C)does not interfere with the automatic process of making personal attributions,but does interfere with the more difficult process of making adjustments for situational factors.
D)changes the interrelationship between the figure and the background in social perception.

Question 79

Miller (1984)examined the attributions of American and Asian Indian participants and found that

A)no cultural differences emerged with young children,but among adults,Americans were more likely to make personal attributions,and Indians were more likely to make situational attributions.
B)no cultural differences emerged with young children,but among adults,Americans were more likely to make situational attributions,and Indians were more likely to make personal attributions.
C)among young children,Americans were more likely to make personal attributions,and Indians were more likely to make situational attributions;no cultural differences emerged with adult participants.
D)among young children,Americans were more likely to make situational attributions,and Indians were more likely to make personal attributions;no cultural differences emerged with adult participants.

Question 80

The tendency to mentally undo events or to ask "What if…?" is called

A)the base-rate fallacy.
B)attribution.
C)counterfactual thinking.
D)the fundamental attribution error.