Deck 5: Stereotypes, Prejudice, and Discrimination

Question 1

Bonnie feels very negatively toward lawyers.Whenever she meets a person who is a lawyer,she immediately feels______________a strong dislike for them the moment she finds out what they do for a living.This is an example of

A)prejudice.
B)discrimination.
C)social categorization.
D)a stereotype.

Answer 1

prejudice.

Question 2

Samantha thinks that all social psychology professors are intelligent,attractive,and fabulously good dancers.This is______________an example of

A)prejudice.
B)discrimination.
C)social categorization.
D)a stereotype.

Answer 2

a stereotype.

Question 3

Racism that operates unconsciously and unintentionally______________is called______________racism.

A)modern
B)implicit
C)benevolent
D)ambivalent

Answer 3

implicit

Question 4

Which of the following is not an indicator of discrimination?

A)believing that baby-faced men are harmless
B)declining to allow a girl into an auto repair course in high school
C)signing a petition to keep a minority group out of the neighborhood
D)hiring a thin candidate rather than an obese one with the same credentials

Question 5

Prejudice and discrimination based on a person's racial background,or institutional and cultural practices that promote the domination of one racial group over another,are most accurately termed

A)racism.
B)implicit racism.
C)modern racism.
D)ambivalent racism.

Question 6

When teachers were asked how they would respond to misbehavior in their class,Okonofua and Eberhardt (2015)found that a second incidence of behavior elicited stronger responses from teachers if the student was

A)black.
B)male.
C)female.
D)diagnosed with a learning disability.

Question 7

Dr.Charles does not feel that African American students are as academically qualified as other students.He does not give them as much of his attention,is less willing to make appointments to give them help,and spends less time reading and making comments on their papers.Dr.Charles is engaging in______________toward his African American students.

A)subgrouping
B)prejudice
C)stereotyping
D)discrimination

Question 8

The concept that concerns the ambivalence between one's sincere,fair-minded attitudes and beliefs,and their largely unconscious and unrealized prejudicial feelings and beliefs,is called______________racism.

A)modern
B)aversive
C)explicit
D)implicit

Question 9

Bridgette thinks short people are lazy,and Barbara refuses to let short people join her book club.Bridgette is exhibiting______________,whereas Barbara is exhibiting______________.

A)discrimination;prejudice
B)stereotyping;discrimination
C)prejudice;stereotyping
D)prejudice;discrimination

Question 10

Consider the Implicit Association Test in which people are asked to categorize words as well as Caucasian/African- American names.If you were to design a similar measure to assess implicit associations related to age,and more specifically,implicit negative beliefs about older people,which pattern of results might your IAT produce to indicate such ageism?

A)Participants report that they like younger-sounding names (e.g. ,Dylan,Carter)more than older-sounding names (e.g. ,Gladys,Sydney).
B)Participants take longer to pair positive words with older-sounding names and negative words with younger- sounding names than vice versa.
C)Participants primed with words related to old age (e.g. ,"Florida," "Bingo," "wheelchair")internalize stereotypes regarding the elderly and demonstrate slower reaction times to the categorization tasks.
D)Participants are quicker to recognize and categorize photos of young faces than photos of older faces.

Question 11

A meta stereotype refers to a

A)person's thoughts about the stereotypes out group members might hold about their own group.
B)person's thoughts about the acceptability of a stereotype that applies to a large number of out groups.
C)stereotype that is positive in nature.
D)stereotype that is widely held.

Question 12

Although he does not intend to behave in a racist manner,Mark says to his Korean-American classmate during a study session,"You speak such good English".This seeming compliment best illustrates the idea of

A)micro aggressions.
B)stigmatization.
C)objectification.
D)explicit discrimination.

Question 13

A form of prejudice that surfaces in subtle ways when it is safe,socially acceptable,and easy to rationalize is called

A)modern racism.
B)relative deprivation.
C)illusory correlation.
D)reverse discrimination.

Question 14

Negative feelings directed at others strictly because of their membership in a certain group is called

A)discrimination.
B)prejudice.
C)a stereotype.
D)the in group homogeneity effect.

Question 15

Jane is from race X,and Jean is from race Y.Which scenario best demonstrates modern racism?

A)Jane yells racial slurs and spits on Jean who is a stranger.
B)Jane and Jean work together.Jane thinks Jean is not doing her share of the work.For this,Jane gives Jean a more negative evaluation than is deserved.
C)Jane and Jean are on the same athletic team.The social norm of the team is for everyone to be friendly and personable to one another.Jane never talks to Jean.
D)Jane is interviewing Jean as a pianist for her club.Jane is looking for a piano player who will play jazz.Jean plays classical music.Jane doesn't hire Jean for the job.

Question 16

Stereotypes differ from prejudice and discrimination in that stereotypes concern

A)positive feelings about a social group.
B)negative feelings about a social group.
C)beliefs or associations about a social group.
D)negative behavior directed at members of a social group.

Question 17

Prejudice and discrimination based on a person's gender,or institutional and cultural practices that promote the domination of one gender (typically men)over another,are most accurately termed

A)sexism.
B)implicit sexism.
C)hostile sexism.
D)ambivalent sexism.

Question 18

Implicit racism is correlated with______________for interactions with a minority group member.

A)reduced eye contact
B)increased eye contact
C)increased warmth
D)better communication

Question 19

Research indicates that white individuals' concern about appearing prejudiced during interracial interactions can

A)lead them to try to avoid such interactions altogether.
B)lead them to sit closer to African-American conversation partners in the effort to make a good impression.
C)lead them to go out of their way to demonstrate how often they think about and notice race-related issues.
D)attempt to adopt the behaviors they perceive as being associated with a non-dominant culture.

Question 20

The ABCs of social psychology are affect,behavior,and cognition.Place three major concepts in this ABC order by considering whether they correspond to affect,behavior,or cognition.

A)stereotyping,prejudice,and discrimination
B)prejudice,discrimination,and stereotyping
C)discrimination,prejudice,and stereotyping
D)stereotyping,discrimination,and prejudice

Question 21

A stereotype exists in many cultures that men are better than women at math.Ramie is about to take a diagnostic achievement test in math.According to research on stereotype threat,under which condition is Ramie most likely to perform poorly on the test?

A)Ramie does not believe that the test is an accurate measure of math ability.
B)Ramie is asked to indicate her sex at the beginning of the test.
C)Ramie does not include math as an important part of her identity.
D)Ramie is unaware of the cultural stereotype concerning sex and math

Question 22

In a study by Phelan and colleagues (2008),participants read about male and female candidates for a managerial position.Compared to comparable male candidates,female candidates who emphasized their independence and leadership ability were rated as

A)lower in competence and in social skills.
B)lower in competence but higher in social skills.
C)higher in competence but lower in social skills.
D)higher in both competence and social skills.

Question 23

A study by Goff,Steele,and Davies (2008)found that white male students sat farther away from black students than from other white students,but only when

A)the professor of the class was white.
B)the professor of the class was black.
C)they had not been previously acquainted with either the white or black classmates.
D)they thought the discussions would involve racially sensitive topics.

Question 24

Being persistently stereotyped,perceived as deviant,and devalued in society because of membership in a particular social group or because of a particular characteristic is the definition of being

A)sublimated.
B)ambivalent.
C)threatened.
D)stigmatized.

Question 25

Social categorization is advantageous because it

A)leads to more accurate social perception.
B)encourages us to take longer to make judgments about others.
C)frees up cognitive resources.
D)is generally based on realistic assumptions.

Question 26

Research by Album,et al.(2008)indicates that when it comes to norms regarding the acknowledgment of race

A)the older white children get,the more comfortable they are discussing race.
B)8- and 9-year-old children are more concerned about political correctness than 10- and 11-year-olds.
C)it is not until early adulthood that people start to develop concerns about race-related norms.
D)unlike younger children,older children are sometimes willing to sacrifice task performance for the goal of avoiding uncomfortable race-related conversation.

Question 27

Tilcsik (2011)sent pairs of resumes in response to 1,800 job postings.The resumes were nearly identical,except that one mentioned that the job candidate volunteered for a gay campus organization.The results of this study showed______________ that

A)the two resumes were equally likely to receive interview invitations.
B)the resume with gay campus organization experience was 15 percent less likely to receive an interview invitation.
C)the resume with gay campus organization experience was 40 percent less likely to receive an interview invitation.
D)the resume with the gay campus organization experience was 15 percent more likely to receive an interview invitation.

Question 28

Lo Sass and colleagues (2011)studied pay disquiet between men and women and found that new female physicians in New York state averaged about______________less pay than their male counterparts.

A)$4,000
B)$11,000
C)$17,000
D)$24,000

Question 29

Affectionate feelings toward women based on the belief that women need protection are referred to as sexism.

A)ambivalent
B)patronizing
C)benevolent
D)hostile

Question 30

Which experimental procedure would a researcher investigating stereotype threat be least likely to use?

A)having women complete a math test
B)having non-English-speaking students complete a verbal skills test in English
C)having African Americans complete an athletic task
D)having individuals with a history of mental illness complete a logical reasoning task

Question 31

Gender stereotypes are prescriptive.This means that gender stereotypes

A)identify what men and women should be like.
B)predict when men and women are likely to behave in stereotype-consistent ways.
C)are more accurate than other kinds of stereotypes.
D)are less influenced by cultural standards than other stereotypes.

Question 32

Stankiewicz and Roselle______________(2008)found that about______________of advertisements depicting women featured them as sex objects.

A)one-quarter
B)half
C)two-thirds
D)three-quarters

Question 33

Research on stereotype threat suggests that underperformance by African Americans in academic settings may be due to

A)a fear of confirming negative stereotypes of African Americans.
B)an overemphasis on super ordinate goals in instruction.
C)receiving negative feedback based on racist motives.
D)the desegregation that tends to occur even in so-called integrated schools.

Question 34

Which statement describes an essential requirement for stereotype threat to occur?

A)The individual in question must be a member of a minority group.
B)The individual in question must be aware of negative stereotypes about his or her group.
C)The individual in question must have below-average ability for the task in question.
D)The individual in question must regularly participate in activities that draw racial disapproval from others.

Question 35

Stigmatized targets are at increased risk for

A)short-term mental health problems.
B)long-term mental health problems.
C)short-term physical health problems.
D)long-term physical and mental health problems.

Question 36

According to research by Crocker and colleagues (1991),black students who received positive interpersonal______________ feedback from a white student experienced______________if there was suspicion that the feedback had been received due to race.

A)an increase in level of anger
B)no change in self-esteem
C)a reduction in self-esteem
D)an increase in self-esteem

Question 37

Social categorization leads people to

A)perceive group members more accurately.
B)perceive others as individuals rather than group members.
C)overestimate differences between groups.
D)overestimate differences within groups.

Question 38

Ambivalent sexism consists of______________elements.

A)two
B)three
C)four
D)five

Question 39

In their study of sexism in 19 different countries,Glick et al.(2000)found that countries with the greatest degree of political and economic inequality exhibited

A)the highest levels of both hostile and benevolent sexism.
B)the lowest levels of both hostile and benevolent sexism.
C)high levels of hostile sexism but low levels of benevolent sexism.
D)low levels of hostile sexism but high levels of benevolent sexism.

Question 40

Negative and resentful feelings directed at women's abilities,values,and ability to challenge the power of men are referred to as______________sexism.

A)ambivalent
B)modern
C)benevolent
D)hostile

Question 41

All of the following result from social categorization except an

A)overestimation of differences between groups.
B)underestimation of differences within groups.
C)increased confidence that differences between groups are biologically based.
D)increased tendency to notice behaviors inconsistent with group stereotypes.

Question 42

Arnold is not a cheerleader and doesn't know any cheerleaders personally,but when he sees them at the football games,they are always smiling.Arnold is likely to

A)think about specific cheerleaders rather than the group stereotype.
B)notice the ways in which each cheerleader is unique.
C)be able to distinguish cheerleaders from one another only if they are smiling.
D)think that all cheerleaders are happy.

Question 43

A shared goal that can be achieved only through cooperation among individuals or groups is said to be

A)subordinate.
B)super ordinate.
C)competitive.
D)passive.

Question 44

System-justifying beliefs are

A)more likely to be held by groups in power.
B)rarely if ever found in collectivist cultures.
C)associated with decreased levels of ingroup/outgroup bias.
D)more common among women than men in most cultures.

Question 45

Which goal is an example of a super ordinate goal?

A)a girl trying to set a new school record for running the mile who is cheered by competitors
B)two friends playing tennis against each other
C)a man trying to pick up a woman at a bar
D)athletes who normally compete against each who are now on the same relay team

Question 46

Ingroup members are believed to display the outgroup homogeneity effect because

A)both groups always compete for shared resources.
B)they lack familiarity with members of the outgroup.
C)they lack sufficient information to judge the variability of their own group.
D)they usually encounter the most typical members of the outgroup.

Question 47

The tendency to perceive members of an out group as less variable,or more similar to one another,than members of the in group,is called the

A)minimal group effect.
B)out group homogeneity effect.
C)in group homogeneity effect.
D)contrast effect.

Question 48

Individuals with a strong social dominance orientation are least likely to

A)prefer to live in a racially and socially equal society.
B)strongly identify with their ingroup.
C)want their ingroup to be of higher status than other groups.
D)endorse government policies that oppress outgroups.

Question 49

When Nazi propaganda depicted Jewish individuals as "disease spreading rats," it was an attempt to solidify prejudice and hatred against that group through the use of

A)dehumanizing.
B)stereotype threat.
C)confirmatory biases.
D)the ingroup homogeneity effect.

Question 50

Charles is a Red Sox fan who does not think highly of Yankees fans.Which statement that Charles made in the past week is most consistent with the concept of out group homogeneity?

A)"Obnoxious,rude,and prone to throwing batteries… if you've seen one Yankees fan,you've seen them all."
B)"I knew one Yankees fan who wasn't bad,but his wife was a Red Sox fan,so he doesn't count."
C)"The thing about Yankees fans is that some of them just jump on the bandwagon and root for their team through good times and bad times."
D)"My two favorite teams are the Red Sox and anyone who's playing against the Yankees."

Question 51

Being asked to think about one's mortality tends to

A)decrease ingroup bias.
B)increase ingroup bias.
C)have no impact on ingroup bias.
D)promote intergroup harmony.

Question 52

The belief that "they're all the same" best epitomizes the

A)minimal group effect.
B)out group homogeneity effect.
C)in group homogeneity effect.
D)contrast effect.

Question 53

Which part of the brain is likely to show greater activation when you see an unfamiliar person who is described as a member of your ingroup as opposed to being a member of an outgroup?

A)the orbit frontal cortex
B)the corpus call sum
C)the ventral tegmentum
D)the dorsolateral insular

Question 54

Research findings regarding dehumanization indicate that

A)people tend to process out group faces in a manner similar to their processing of nonhuman objects.
B)dehumanization of out groups is typically associated with reactions of greater empathy.
C)only members of the racial majority tend to be aware of cultural associations between racial minority group members and particular animal characteristics.
D)it has occurred in every culture in every time era in recorded history.

Question 55

Buffy is a member of a sorority.She considers the stereotypes about her sorority to be gross overgeneralizations,but claims that the stereotypes about other sororities seem to have a kernel of truth.Buffy's thinking best illustrates

A)the out group homogeneity effect.
B)realistic conflict.
C)reverse discrimination.
D)social-role theory.

Question 56

According to the stereotype content model,migrant farm workers who move to an area with a shortage of farming jobs would likely be viewed as

A)high in warmth and low in competence.
B)low in warmth and high in competence.
C)low in warmth and low in competence.
D)high in warmth and high in competence.

Question 57

Hugenberg and Corneille (2009)exposed participants to the faces of unfamiliar people who were of the same race as the participants but who were either ingroup (attending the same university)or outgroup (attending a rival university)members.They found that,compared to faces of outgroup members,faces of ingroup members were processed more

A)slowly.
B)holistically.
C)sequentially.
D)reluctantly.

Question 58

The stereotype content model groups stereotypes along the two dimensions of

A)intelligence and morality.
B)competence and warmth.
C)directness and indirectness.
D)dehumanization and impulsivity.

Question 59

Groups with which an individual feels a sense of membership,belonging,and identity are called______________ ,and groups with which an individual does not feel a sense of membership,belonging,or identity are called______________.

A)in groups;out groups
B)social categories;group biases
C)implicit categories;explicit categories
D)self-groups;social-groups

Question 60

Which factor does not contribute to the outgroup homogeneity effect?

A)Ingroup members have little information concerning outgroup members.
B)Ingroup members are unlikely to have frequent contact with outgroup members.
C)Ingroup members accurately perceive the lack of diversity within the outgroup.
D)Ingroup members interact with a non-representative sample of outgroup members.

Question 61

Research using minimal groups has demonstrated that

A)competition for limited resources is necessary for ingroup favoritism.
B)in group favoritism will not occur in trivial laboratory groups.
C)in group cohesion is necessary to produce ingroup favoritism.
D)mere categorization is sufficient to produce ingroup favoritism.

Question 62

Michigan and Ohio State are rival universities.Students at the two schools only interact when the athletic teams they play for compete against each other.Sheriff's Robbers Cave experiment suggests that the students will

A)limit their competition to the playing field and behave cooperatively off the field.
B)only change their negative stereotypes once they have interacted on the playing field.
C)develop positive views of one another and behave in a friendly manner.
D)develop negative views of one another and behave in a hostile manner.

Question 63

Fein and Spencer (1997)conducted a study in which participants evaluated a job applicant whom they believed to be either Jewish or non-Jewish.Which statement about this study is false?

A)Participants were more likely to discriminate against the Jewish applicant when they had previously been given negative feedback about their own abilities.
B)Participants who were able to avoid discriminating against the Jewish applicant demonstrated the biggest boost to their own self-esteem.
C)The study was conducted on a campus where negative stereotypes about Jewish women were pervasive.
D)Their results provide supporting evidence for one of the basic predictions of social identity theory.

Question 64

The Jets and the Sharks are two groups of local youths who regularly-and belligerently-compete against each other.The Robbers Cave experiment would suggest that one way of healing the rift between these groups is to

A)allow the youths to date each other.
B)encourage them to "air" their differences.
C)have them work together on a goal that requires cooperative efforts.
D)have each group note the good qualities of the other group.

Question 65

According to social identity theory,people display ingroup favoritism

A)as a way of displacing negative feelings toward the outgroup.
B)as a means of increasing self-esteem.
C)because they expect to be treated unfairly by outgroup members.
D)because intergroup competition demands it.

Question 66

Which statement concerning the relationship between competition and prejudice is false?

A)Imagined competition can lead to prejudice just as much as actual competition.
B)The perception that one is not doing as well as out group members is sufficient to produce prejudice.
C)Prejudice can result from competitive threat to the in group as well as the individual.
D)Super ordinate goals help diffuse conflict between children,but not adults.

Question 67

Some border-town residents dislike illegal immigrants because they fear that the immigrants will take jobs away from them.These feelings can best be explained by

A)social-role theory.
B)social identity theory.
C)social categorization theory.
D)realistic conflict theory.

Question 68

Zone just learned that she did not get into the college of her choice.She comes upon Alec,a resident of a nearby neighborhood and one that most outsiders find distasteful.It is likely that the news Zone just received will cause her______________to judge Alec more______________,making her feel______________about herself.

A)positively;worse
B)negatively;worse
C)positively;better
D)negatively;better

Question 69

The Robbers Cave experiment demonstrated that

A)ingroup favoritism is inevitable.
B)group categorization is automatic.
C)prejudice is a function of social class.
D)prejudice can result from intergroup competition.

Question 70

Which statement best epitomizes the role of socialization in explaining stereotypes?

A)Larry tends to sort objects into groups rather than thinking of each item as unique,and he does the same thing when perceiving other people.
B)Cheryl relies on stereotypes because it saves her cognitive effort and energy.
C)Jeff thinks that all Italians are loud and easily excited because he has heard his father describe them in this manner.
D)Susie responds to threats to her self-esteem by stereotyping other groups to make herself feel better.

Question 71

A junior high coach decides to separate his basketball players into an A team and a B team.These two teams regularly play each other and compete for rewards,such as time at the drinking fountain and use of the new basketballs.The Robbers Cave experiment would suggest that the coach's new arrangement is likely to

A)promote team unity.
B)lead to animosity between the A team and the B team.
C)encourage the development of leadership skills.
D)lead to less vigorous practices.

Question 72

Realistic conflict theory proposes that

A)conflict between groups is a function of interpersonal hostility.
B)intergroup hostility arises from competition among groups for scarce but valued resources.
C)intergroup conflict is largely a function of how realistically groups view one another.
D)realistic groups do not have to worry about intergroup conflict.

Question 73

Minimal groups are groups

A)consisting of only two people.
B)that occupy low-status positions in society.
C)based on trivial distinctions of minor importance.
D)with a long history of competition and antagonism.

Question 74

One conclusion that can be drawn from the Robbers Cave study is that

A)propaganda is not a particularly effective means of eliminating group conflict.
B)imaginary competition does not lead to group conflict.
C)the best way to reduce intergroup conflict is simply to bring group members together
D)young boys exhibit greater aggressive tendencies than young girls.

Question 75

Cross-cultural research______________indicates that people______________from______________collectivist cultures are______________likely to boost their self-esteem through enhancing their ingroups and______________likely to draw sharp distinctions between ingroup and outgroup members than are people from individualist cultures.

A)more;more
B)more;less
C)less;more
D)less;less

Question 76

The results of the Robbers Cave experiment can be extrapolated to suggest that prejudice between groups can be increased when the groups are placed in a situation where

A)they compete against one another.
B)appropriate ways of interacting are unclear.
C)the groups communicate with one another.
D)groups must jointly carry out multiple tasks.

Question 77

James is not satisfied with his $5 million annual salary because he feels that other basketball All-Stars are paid far more money.James' dissatisfaction is most likely the result of

A)realistic conflict theory.
B)in group favoritism.
C)out group homogeneity.
D)relative deprivation.

Question 78

Which of the following best exemplifies realistic conflict theory?

A)the conflict over land ownership between Arabs and Israelis in the Middle East
B)the conflict between Protestants and the Catholics in Ireland due to religious differences
C)the conflict between Democrats and Republicans regarding U.S.political ideology
D)the conflict over whether abortion should be legal or illegal

Question 79

Socio cultural factors that influence stereotyping include all of the following except

A)the effects of priming.
B)popular images of groups in the media.
C)one's peers.
D)social roles.

Question 80

Which of the following is not predicted by social identity theory?

A)Self-esteem is derived from positive ingroup associations.
B)Threats to self-esteem tend to decrease ingroup favoritism.
C)Expressions of ingroup favoritism tend to increase self-esteem.
D)Self-esteem is increased to the extent that the ingroup is perceived as better than the outgroup.