Deck 15: The Self: What You Know About You

Question 1

The self acts as an information-processing filter in all of the following ways EXCEPT by

A) restraining impulses to focus on long-term goals.
B) guiding us toward important information relevant to ourselves.
C) organizing the information relevant to ourselves.
D) distorting self-knowledge to maintain a positive self-image.

Answer 1

A

Question 2

A person who knows that he is hostile and aloof is said to have ________ knowledge.

A) procedural
B) episodic
C) implicit
D) declarative

Answer 2

D

Question 3

Gloria is at a job interview and is asked to tell the interviewer a little about herself. Gloria says that she is friendly, hardworking, and reliable. What self is she describing?

A) the I
B) the ego
C) the me
D) the id

Answer 3

C

Question 4

According to the text, which of the following is the MOST difficult to assess using conventional scientific investigation?

A) the I
B) implicit selves
C) the me
D) explicit selves

Question 5

According to William James, the ________ does the thinking and sensing, whereas the ________ is the object of thoughts about the self.

A) I; me
B) me; I
C) independent self; interdependent self
D) interdependent self; independent self

Question 6

Everything you think you know about your traits and abilities resides in the

A) procedural self.
B) self-esteem structure.
C) I self.
D) declarative self.

Question 7

What is a key difference between the declarative self and the procedural self?

A) Declarative self contains information about who we are, whereas the procedural self contains information about what you do.
B) Declarative self contains information about who we are friends with, whereas the procedural self contains information about our occupation.
C) Declarative self contains information about actions, whereas the procedural self contains information about your thoughts and feelings.
D) Declarative self contains information about where we're going, whereas the procedural self contains information about why we're going there.

Question 8

The overall opinion of the self is called

A) the procedural self.
B) self-esteem.
C) self-concept.
D) self-schema.

Question 9

A person who habitually avoids social interaction but is unaware of his shyness is said to have ________ knowledge about the self.

A) procedural
B) episodic
C) semantic
D) declarative

Question 10

Self-knowledge can be divided into ________ knowledge and ________ knowledge.

A) procedural; episodic
B) procedural; declarative
C) procedural; semantic
D) declarative; explicit

Question 11

________ is NOT one of the key functions of the self.

A) Facilitating self-regulation
B) Serving as an information-processing filter
C) Facilitating basic and reflexive responses to environmental contingences
D) Fulfilling identity functions

Question 12

What emotions are thought to occur when a stranger harms aspects of your me self?

A) anger and distress
B) shame and guilt
C) sadness and anxiety
D) fear and terror

Question 13

What does the author mean when he says the me is the epistemological self?

A) The me can be manipulated and changed.
B) The me is logical and rational.
C) The me is an object that can be described.
D) The me is a subjective entity.

Question 14

What state government set up a task force to enhance the self-esteem of its residents?

A) Texas
B) Massachusetts
C) California
D) Oregon

Question 15

According to the text, self-esteem is part of the ________ self.

A) procedural
B) declarative
C) I
D) ought

Question 16

The declarative self consists of an overall opinion on our ________ and our ________.

A) relational self; actual self
B) implicit self; relational self
C) worthiness; traits and abilities
D) actual self; self-schema

Question 17

Procedural self-knowledge does NOT include

A) social skills.
B) styles of relating to others.
C) unconscious self-knowledge.
D) explicit self-knowledge.

Question 18

William James believed that our ________ self includes our ________.

A) I; possessions
B) I; personality traits only
C) me; possessions
D) me; personality traits only

Question 19

What "selves" are two aspects of procedural self-knowledge?

A) relational and implicit
B) rational and explicit
C) collectivist and individualist
D) I and me

Question 20

Which of the following is NOT associated with low self-esteem?

A) depression
B) suicide
C) loneliness
D) fearlessness about death

Question 21

Individuals who are responsible or shy are sometimes said to be experts in these particular traits. A cognitive personality psychologist in this tradition would describe these so-called experts as individuals who

A) are schematic for these attributes.
B) have episodic memories consistent with these traits.
C) have possible selves aligned with these traits.
D) have self-discrepancies related to these traits.

Question 22

According to the ________ theory of self-esteem, low self-esteem might serve as a warning signal for rejection.

A) detection
B) sociometer
C) threatened egotism
D) rejection sensitivity

Question 23

The ________ effect describes the enhancement of long-term memory that comes from relating information to the self.

A) self-enhancement
B) self-consistency
C) self-justification
D) self-reference

Question 24

Mary has just been in a terrible car accident and has lost all memory of the previous year. According to case study research, Mary's self-view will MOST likely

A) remain intact and unaffected by her memory loss.
B) change significantly after losing her memory.
C) change only in how she interacts with others.
D) appear to be unchanged but will inevitably change when new memories become more salient.

Question 25

Sam is schematic for agreeableness. When he is asked to make judgments about whether he is friendly, kind, and modest, he will

A) take far longer to answer than someone who is aschematic for this trait.
B) answer more quickly than someone who is aschematic for this trait.
C) answer at about the same speed as someone who is aschematic for this trait.
D) become emotionally distressed at the question prompts.

Question 26

According to the text, on average, ________ have higher self-esteem than ________.

A) noncollege students; college students
B) men; women
C) adults; children
D) teachers; students

Question 27

Self-schemas can be useful for acquiring information, but they can also

A) prevent someone from becoming an expert in that relevant domain.
B) limit a person's worldview or boundaries of their self-image.
C) change a person's sense of self if they forget the relevant information about themselves.
D) cause inconsistent behaviors.

Question 28

What is likely to happen if every morning a person low in self-esteem repeats self-affirmations such as "Every day, in every way, I am getting better and better"?

A) The individual will start to report feeling worse.
B) The individual will start to report increased self-esteem.
C) Nothing will happen, as these interventions do little to change self-esteem.
D) The individual will become slightly more aggressive.

Question 29

The example given in the textbook on gender differences in self-esteem illustrates which of the following?

A) how improving research practices can influence results
B) how self-identity can change over time
C) how society can sometimes influence your self-worth
D) how easily self-knowledge can be manipulated

Question 30

Providing individuals with ________ seems to be the best way to raise self-esteem.

A) a series of self-affirmations to repeat each day
B) harsh criticism to inoculate them against insults
C) unconditional positive feedback
D) opportunities for success

Question 31

Jack's friends don't think he is very smart; however, Jack considers himself to be quite intelligent. Jack would most likely be considered high in

A) self-insight.
B) self-enhancement.
C) sociometry.
D) self-justification.

Question 32

According to the text, which of the following statements correctly describes the relationship between our self-view and our memories of ourselves?

A) There is no relationship between our memories and our self-view.
B) Our memories are shaped by how others view our personality.
C) Our self-view of our personality exists independently of our memories of specific things we've done.
D) Our self-view of our personality is dependent on our memories of ourselves.

Question 33

Long-term memory is

A) permanent memory storage.
B) limited to procedural knowledge only.
C) limited to an average of seven bits of information.
D) memory storage for around five years.

Question 34

According to the text, what does S data capture?

A) what the self-schema contains
B) other people's imposed impressions
C) procedural knowledge
D) long-term memories

Question 35

In the context of self-knowledge, what is the take home message of the Socrates quote, "know thyself"?

A) The most important aspect of self-knowledge is whether your opinion is good or bad.
B) The most salient of all goals is obtaining high self-esteem.
C) The most salient of all goals is personality continuity.
D) The most important aspect of self-knowledge is the degree to which it is accurate.

Question 36

One potential explanation for the gender differences in self-esteem found in the United States is that women are comparing themselves to ________ rather than ________.

A) men; each other
B) each other; men
C) their past selves; how they will feel in the future
D) how they will feel in the future; their past selves

Question 37

Perhaps surprisingly, gender differences in self-esteem are largest in

A) older adults.
B) younger adults.
C) developing nations.
D) the United States and other Western countries.

Question 38

Which methods are appropriate for identifying self-schema?

A) S data only
B) B data only
C) S data and I data
D) S data and B data

Question 39

Self-enhancement occurs when an individual has too ________ self-________.

A) much; esteem
B) little; esteem
C) much; insight
D) little; insight

Question 40

What is the name of the cognitive structure that contains the declarative self?

A) self-determination center
B) I self
C) self-schema
D) self-esteem

Question 41

Repeating the items on a grocery list such as "cheese, bread, soda, canned soup, salad dressing, and paper napkins" over and over again in your mind is an example of what process?

A) rehearsal
B) elongation
C) elaboration
D) reverberation

Question 42

Coaches often try to make their athletes believe they have the talent to succeed. What self-related concept are the coaches trying to improve?

A) the feared self
B) self-references
C) self-discrepancies
D) self-efficacy

Question 43

According to self-discrepancy theory, what emotion arises from discrepancies between ideal and actual selves?

A) fear
B) anxiety
C) depression
D) hostility

Question 44

The ________ self is NOT one of the self-relevant schemas that are part of self-discrepancy theory.

A) rejected
B) actual
C) ideal
D) ought

Question 45

Imagine that you are trying to teach a classroom of personality students how to better remember the material for an exam. What would likely be the best recommendation that you could make?

A) Do your best to relate the material to something that is personally relevant.
B) Avoid making the material personally relevant to avoid self-related cognitive biases.
C) Make flash cards and repeat the material three times before going to sleep.
D) Highlight relevant passages and do your best to rehearse those passages.

Question 46

________ is the basis behind the idea that our opinions about our capabilities set the limits of what we will attempt.

A) Self-esteem
B) Self-schema
C) Self-efficacy
D) Self-reference

Question 47

Leah is depressed. There is likely a discrepancy between her ________ self and her ________ self.

A) ideal; relational
B) ought; real
C) real; ideal
D) ought; ideal

Question 48

A study in China showed that information about one's ________ is remembered as well as information about the self.

A) coworkers
B) enemies
C) mother and father
D) romantic partners

Question 49

According to the textbook, diverse representation in the media is important for encouraging participation in college classes or other pursuits. This is because seeing someone else similar to you succeed increases your own self-

A) esteem.
B) efficacy.
C) reference.
D) construal.

Question 50

According to the text, what are possible selves?

A) our various levels on each of the Big Five personality traits
B) the ways in which our identity shifts from childhood to adulthood
C) the various social roles we hold
D) the images we construct of the other ways we might be

Question 51

According to previous research, the ________ the processing of information received, the more likely it will be transferred to long-term memory (LTM).

A) shorter and more simple
B) longer and more complex
C) harder and more stressful
D) easier and more enjoyable

Question 52

Which of the following is NOT a motivating need someone has when reporting their desired future selves?

A) self-esteem
B) competence
C) meaning
D) discipline

Question 53

The self-reference effect explains why personally meaningful memories tend to be

A) from childhood.
B) with other people.
C) personally relevant.
D) in learning situations.

Question 54

According to the self-discrepancy theory, individuals have ________ kind(s) of desired self(ves).

A) two
B) three
C) one
D) many different

Question 55

Which of the following is the best way to get information into long-term memory?

A) rehearsal
B) elongation
C) elaboration
D) reverberation

Question 56

The desire to maintain the same identity over time is the desire for ________ of the self.

A) continuity
B) strength
C) reliability
D) flexibility

Question 57

The clarity of self-concept ________ between young adulthood and middle age and ________ during old age.

A) increases; decreases
B) decreases; increases
C) stays the same; increases
D) decreases; stays the same

Question 58

Cory is studying for his psychology exam. According to research on long-term memory, what would be an effective way for Cory to retain the material?

A) rewrite all of his notes
B) think about how it relates to his life
C) visualize his professor teaching the material
D) repeat the material aloud over and over again

Question 59

Self-efficacy is an important part of our self-concept because it

A) dictates our actual abilities.
B) sets the limits of what we will attempt.
C) influences our implicit self-knowledge.
D) influences how we see others.

Question 60

According to self-discrepancy theory, what emotion arises from discrepancies between ought and actual selves?

A) depression
B) anxiety
C) frustration
D) hostility

Question 61

The working of the procedural self is usually hard to describe because it is

A) conscious.
B) unconscious.
C) learned.
D) innate.

Question 62

According to the relational self-schema, which of the following would best predict how you will behave around your parents as an adult?

A) how you behave around your friends
B) how you behave around strangers
C) how you behave around a significant other
D) how you behaved around your parents as a child

Question 63

Match the declarative and procedural selves with the definition associated with that term.

-Self-esteem

A)Your view of what you should do
B)Your view of self that is outside your conscious awareness
C)Our ideas about ourselves organized into a coherent system
D)A continuously changing self based on the people you are with and the environmental circumstances you are in
E)Acting in a way that is in accordance with your personality traits
F)Our ideas about our characteristics and capabilities
G)Your overall opinion about whether you are good or bad
H)The images we have or can construct of the other ways we might be
I)The self-schema based on past experiences that direct how we relate to one another
J)Your views about what you could be doing

Question 64

According to the text, what is the best way to change procedural knowledge that dictates a pattern of fear and avoidance in social situations?

A) Avoid social situations in the future until symptoms decrease.
B) Acquire more positive social experiences to outweigh the negative experiences.
C) Practice social situations alone to gain confidence.
D) Read a book about social interactions to learn more information.

Question 65

Research using the Implicit Association Test (IAT) has found that people's awareness of their own shyness is ________ conscious.

A) partially
B) not at all
C) completely
D) independent of their

Question 66

What is actually measured by the Implicit Association Test (IAT)?

A) heart rate
B) blood pressure
C) visual tracking
D) reaction time

Question 67

According to the discussion of self-discrepancy theory, the root of depression is ________, whereas the root of anxiety is ________.

A) disappointment; fear
B) anger; fear
C) anger; frustration
D) disappointment; anger

Question 68

What term refers to self-schemas based on our past experiences that direct how we relate to the important people in our lives?

A) relational self-schema
B) self-in-relationship schema
C) interdependence self-schema
D) interdependent self-schema

Question 69

Albert Bandura criticized theories involving multiple selves on what grounds?

A) Existing theories have not identified a representative range of selves.
B) Once you start fractionating the self, there is no clear place to stop.
C) The concept of a self is unnecessary because we should concentrate on observable behavior.
D) There is no good way to measure the self.

Question 70

According to the text, which of the following is an outcome of having greater alignment between your current self and your future self?

A) a lack of ability for foresight or planning
B) an increase in self-control
C) a greater connection between your conscious and unconscious selves
D) a greater disconnect between your future self and your past self

Question 71

What is a key difference between the ideal self and the ought self?

A) Your ideal self is your view of who you should be friends with, and your ought self is your view of what your occupation is.
B) Your ideal self is your view of the meaning of life, and your ought self is your view of your role in it.
C) Your ideal self is your view of your ideal moral self, and your ought self is your view of your potential in life.
D) Your ideal self is your view of what you could do and your ought self is your view of what you should do.

Question 72

What is a common criticism of the working self-concept?

A) A coherent sense of self is generally viewed as a hallmark of mental health.
B) Self and informant ratings of personality are generally very similar.
C) Constant fluctuation in one's identity signifies a high ability to adapt to different situations.
D) People do not generally change who they are from situation to situation.

Question 73

Katie is anxious. There is likely a discrepancy between her ________ self and her ________ self.

A) ideal; ought
B) relational; real
C) real; ideal
D) ought; real

Question 74

According to the textbook, the ought self resembles Jeffrey Gray's ________ system, whereas the ideal self resembles Gray's ________ system.

A) Go; Stop
B) neuroticism; conscientiousness
C) conscientiousness; neuroticism
D) Stop; Go

Question 75

Results of Implicit Association Test (IAT) studies indicate that our attitudes and feelings

A) influence our behavior without us knowing why.
B) are sometimes incorrect indications of how we will behave.
C) change depending on the situation.
D) determine our behavior more consistently than our personality.

Question 76

According to the text, one study found the ________ measures of neuroticism and extraversion predicted behavior better than ________ measures of these traits.

A) self-report; implicit
B) implicit; self-report
C) IAT; implicit
D) IAT; reaction time

Question 77

According to the examples given in the text, the Implicit Association Test (IAT) has been used to study all of the following EXCEPT

A) personality traits.
B) life goals.
C) self-esteem.
D) shyness.

Question 78

According to research described in the text, how is narcissism related to implicit and explicit attitudes?

A) Narcissism might be more evident in those whose implicit self-esteem is low relative to their declarative self-esteem.
B) Narcissism occurs when implicit and declarative self-esteem are both low.
C) Narcissism is unrelated to implicit self-esteem but strongly related to declarative self-esteem.
D) Narcissism is strongly related to implicit self-esteem but unrelated to declarative self-esteem.

Question 79

Dr. Morse is a psychologist whose current patient wants to become less introverted and more confident. According to what we know about procedural knowledge, what is the first thing Dr. Morse should do to help his patient?

A) motivate his patient to go to a party and talk to a minimum of five people
B) provide feedback on how his patient is doing in his or her ongoing efforts
C) instruct his patient to practice mindfulness and truly accept his or her introversion
D) allow his patient to talk freely about his or her social issues

Question 80

The best way to change procedural knowledge of the self is by

A) practicing and feedback.
B) introspection.
C) watching others.
D) transferring knowledge from the declarative self.