Deck 2: Cognitive Neuroscience and Cognitive Science

Question 1

When there is a disruption of one mental process (but not others)due to brain damage,this is called a __________.

A)association
B)dissociation
C)partonomy
D)finding

Answer 1

B

Question 2

A neuron's myelin (if it has any)is produced by __________.

A)the axon
B)dendrites
C)other neurons
D)glial cells

Answer 2

D

Question 3

The region where neurotransmitters cross from one neuron to another is called the __________.

A)dendrite
B)axon
C)neurotransmitter
D)synapse

Answer 3

D

Question 4

Neurologically,a dissociation is when __________.

A)one component of mental functioning is disrupted,but others are not
B)the activities of the mind can be separated from those of the body
C)different neural processes operate separately
D)neuroimaging can be isolated from neurophysiology

Question 5

__________ is the cell that is specialized for receiving and transmitting a neural impulse.

A)Synapse
B)Myelin
C)Neuron
D)Node

Question 6

The synapsing of a give neuron with many other neurons is called __________.

A)multiplicity
B)magnification
C)divergence
D)diffusion

Question 7

Typical neurons in the cortex synapse with how many other neurons?

A)1-6
B)1,000,000-2,000,000
C)100-15,000
D)20-30

Question 8

The typical size of a synapse is __________.

A)100-200 millimeters
B)100-200 angstroms
C)5-10 picoleptors
D)25-35 picoleptors

Question 9

Neuronal action potentials follow __________.

A)temporal markers
B)the all or none principle
C)in sequence
D)an encoding stage

Question 10

How many neurons does a typical person have in his or her brain?

A)millions
B)trillions
C)thousands
D)billions

Question 11

What are the basic building blocks of the nervous system?

A)neurotransmitters
B)neurons
C)dendrites
D)action potentials

Question 12

A __________ is NOT a type of cell.

A)synapse
B)receptor
C)effector
D)interneuron

Question 13

Unmyelinated neurons correspond to __________.

A)dark matter
B)dark energy
C)gray matter
D)white matter

Question 14

A neuron has a resting potential of __________.

A)- 70 mV
B)0 mV
C)+ 30 mV
D)+ 170 mV

Question 15

How many neural connections exist in each person's brain?

A)billions
B)thousands
C)millions
D)trillions

Question 16

If one patient has a neurological disruption of mental process A but not mental process B,and another patient has a neurological disruption of mental process B,but not mental process A,this is called __________.

A)a double blind study
B)transcranial activity
C)a double dissociation
D)morphological distinction

Question 17

When an action potential moves down a neuron,the action potential is said to be __________.

A)transmitted
B)propagated
C)activated
D)motivated

Question 18

What is it called when a neuron fires?

A)synapsing
B)excitation
C)inhibition
D)an action potential

Question 19

What kinds of neurons are most commonly found in the brain?

A)sensor neurons
B)motor neurons
C)dissociation neurons
D)interneurons

Question 20

Information comes into a neuron through the __________.

A)axon
B)dendrites
C)myelin sheath
D)nodes of Ranvier

Question 21

The subcortical structure important for memory is the __________.

A)thalamus
B)corpus callosum
C)hippocampus
D)hypothalamus

Question 22

The subcortical structure important for emotion is the __________.

A)amygdala
B)corpus callosum
C)hippocampus
D)hypothalamus

Question 23

What is the name of chemicals that accentuate or diminish the effects of neurotransmitters?

A)neuromodulators
B)magnifiers
C)diminishers
D)proto-neurotransmitters

Question 24

The structure known as the "gateway to the cortex" is the __________.

A)thalamus
B)brainstem
C)hippocampus
D)fissure of Rolando

Question 25

Which of the following is NOT a lobe of the brain?

A)lateral
B)parietal
C)temporal
D)occipital

Question 26

The primary bridge across which messages pass between the left and right halves of the cortex is the __________.

A)thalamus
B)corpus callosum
C)hippocampus
D)hypothalamus

Question 27

The part of the brain responsible for governing functions such as digestion,heartbeat,and breathing is the __________.

A)cerebellum
B)parietal lobe
C)corpus callosum
D)brainstem

Question 28

Which memory formation process is for the temporary retention of information?

A)consolidation
B)long-term potentiation
C)reconsolidation
D)short-term potentiation

Question 29

What is acetylcholine an important neurotransmitter for?

A)creating new neurons
B)memory enhancement
C)slowing the spread of neural activity
D)mammals

Question 30

The amygdala is important for __________.

A)memory
B)emotion
C)vision
D)hearing

Question 31

Which type of memory process is most likely disrupted by a blow to the head?

A)consolidation
B)long-term potentiation
C)reconsolidation
D)short-term potentiation

Question 32

What is the name of the process that creates durable memories?

A)long-term potentiation
B)neural plasticity
C)pruning
D)consolidation

Question 33

Memory consolidation in the nervous system is aided by __________.

A)activity
B)sleep
C)inhibition
D)stem cells

Question 34

The hippocampus is important for __________.

A)memory
B)emotion
C)vision
D)hearing

Question 35

Which of the following is NOT a lobe of the cortex?

A)frontal
B)parietal
C)occipital
D)amygdala

Question 36

What of the following is an excitatory neurotransmitter that is important for memory formation?

A)dendrition
B)magnesium
C)glutamate
D)GABA

Question 37

How long is long-term potentiation (LTP)?

A)angstroms
B)millimeters
C)days
D)years

Question 38

The top layer of the brain,responsible for higher-level mental processes,is __________.

A)neocortex
B)brainstem
C)corpus callosum
D)parietal lobe

Question 39

What of the following is an inhibitory neurotransmitter that is important for memory formation?

A)carbon
B)magnesium
C)glutamate
D)GABA

Question 40

What process does long-term potentiation (LTP)reflect?

A)the creation of new AMPA receptors
B)the creation of new NMDA receptors
C)the expansion of axon terminals
D)the high loading of neurotransmitters

Question 41

Mirror neurons are active when __________.

A)a person performs an action
B)a person watches another person doing an action
C)a person plans a movement
D)all of the above

Question 42

The __________ is the part of the brain responsible for processing touch information from throughout the body.

A)occipital lobe
B)cerebellum
C)sensory cortex
D)motor cortex

Question 43

One form of surgical intervention to combat severe epilepsy is __________.

A)appendectomy
B)severing the corpus callosum
C)hemispherectomy
D)frontal lobotomy

Question 44

Cerebral lateralization is the idea that __________.

A)different functions depend more on one hemisphere than the other in the brain
B)brain states tend to drive people toward one political opinion or the other
C)there is more cerebral activity on the sides of the brain than in the middle
D)the brain has two halves

Question 45

Visual information about where something is located is processed by the __________ pathway.

A)medial
B)posterior
C)forsal
D)ventral

Question 46

The specialization of function between the left and right hemispheres is known as __________.

A)dissociation
B)corpus callosum
C)hemispheric specialization
D)hemispatial neglect

Question 47

The __________ is the part of the brain responsible for processing voluntary movement information for throughout the body.

A)occipital lobe
B)cerebellum
C)sensory cortex
D)motor cortex

Question 48

What is an emergent property?

A)an activity that occurs only when it is allowed to emerge
B)a newly developing skill
C)a property that emerges when several smaller units work together
D)a newly developing feature

Question 49

The ventral pathway in vision is responsible for processing __________ information.

A)"where"
B)"what"
C)"who"
D)"when"

Question 50

Contralateral connections refer to __________.

A)the idea that the body is represented in an inverted form in the brain
B)the ways in which one hemisphere of the brain is largely hooked up to the same side of the body
C)signals crossing from one half of the brain to the other over the corpus callosum
D)two theories that are in opposition to one another

Question 51

Sperry (1964)examined patients who had their corpus callosum severed.He was interested in investigating __________.

A)cerebral lateralization
B)animus
C)basic functions (e.g.,breathing,heart rate,temperature regulation)
D)Penfield stimulation

Question 52

What is the name of the numbering system used to identify different locations in the cortex?

A)Brodmann's areas
B)The American Cortical Numeration (ACN)
C)Freud's index
D)Catalog of Cortical Areas

Question 53

Which lobe of the cortex is most important for memory?

A)frontal
B)parietal
C)occipital
D)temporal

Question 54

What does a CT scan use x-rays to measure?

A)brain structure
B)blood flow
C)electrical activity
D)personality characteristics

Question 55

Visual information about what something is gets processed by the __________ pathway.

A)medial
B)posterior
C)dorsal
D)ventral

Question 56

Penfield is famous for his work on __________.

A)color vision
B)sensory-motor reflex arc
C)basic functions (breathing,heart rate,temperature regulation)
D)direct stimulation

Question 57

The receptive and control centers for one side of the body are in the opposite hemisphere of the brain.This is referred to as __________.

A)double dissociation
B)corpus callosum
C)hemispheric specialization
D)contralaterality

Question 58

The dorsal pathway in vision is responsible for processing __________ information.

A)"where"
B)"what"
C)"who"
D)"when"

Question 59

Which lobe of the cortex is most important for vision?

A)frontal
B)parietal
C)occipital
D)temporal

Question 60

What is a process that occurs when several smaller units work together?

A)mirror neurons
B)emergent property
C)embodied cognition
D)cortical stimulation

Question 61

Which of the following does NOT use electrical charges to measure neural activity?

A)single cell recordings
B)MRI scan
C)ERP recordings
D)TMS

Question 62

Which neuroimaging technique uses blood flow to measure neural activity?

A)PET scan
B)MRI scan
C)ERP recording
D)TMS

Question 63

Which neuroimaging technique uses electrical activity to measure neural activity?

A)CT scan
B)MRI scan
C)ERP recordings
D)special populations

Question 64

Which neuroimaging technique provides good "when" information but not very good "where" information?

A)ERP
B)CT scan
C)fMRI
D)the Penfield technique

Question 65

What is transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)used for?

A)altering brain structure
B)changing blood flow levels
C)altering electrical activity
D)reducing neurogenesis

Question 66

Which neuroimaging technique uses radioactive isotopes to measure blood flow in the brain?

A)CT scan
B)MRI scan
C)fMRI scan
D)PET scan

Question 67

Which neuroimaging technique uses magnetic fields to measure brain structure?

A)CT scan
B)MRI scan
C)fMRI scan
D)PET scan

Question 68

Which of the following techniques would NOT provide information about brain structure?

A)CT scan
B)ERP recordings
C)Neurosurgery
D)MRI scan

Question 69

Which neuroimaging technique uses magnetic fields to disrupt normal electrical activity in the brain?

A)CT scan
B)MRI scan
C)ERP recordings
D)TMS

Question 70

Which neuroimaging technique uses blood flow to measure neural activity?

A)MRI scan
B)fMRI scan
C)ERP recording
D)TMS

Question 71

What is the name of the signal from an fMRI recording that indicates level of brain activity?

A)BOLD
B)N400
C)neural spike
D)brain waves

Question 72

Which neuroimaging technique uses electrical charges to measure neural activity?

A)CT scan
B)MRI scan
C)fMRI scan
D)single cell recordings

Question 73

Which neuroimaging technique uses magnetic fields to measure blood flow in the brain?

A)CT scan
B)MRI scan
C)fMRI scan
D)PET scan

Question 74

What does a single cell recording measure?

A)brain structure
B)blood flow
C)electrical activity
D)personality characteristics

Question 75

What do event-related potentials (ERPs)measure?

A)brain structure
B)blood flow
C)electrical activity
D)neurogenesis

Question 76

What does an MRI scan use magnetic fields to measure?

A)brain structure
B)blood flow
C)electrical activity
D)personality characteristics

Question 77

Which of the following does NOT use metabolic charges to measure neural activity?

A)PET scan
B)MRI scan
C)ERP recording
D)none of the above

Question 78

Which technique uses brain damage to make inferences about neural activity?

A)direct stimulation
B)lesioning
C)PET scans
D)neuroreduplication

Question 79

Which part of an ERP recording indicates surprise,incongruence,or unexpectedness?

A)P600
B)N400
C)all of it
D)none of it: ERPs record baseline activity only.

Question 80

Which neuroimaging technique uses x-rays to measure brain structure?

A)CT scan
B)MRI scan
C)fMRI scan
D)PET scan