Deck 8: Using Knowledge in the Real World

Question 1

Which of the flowing is retained in memory for the longest period of time?

A)situation model
B)propositional encoding
C)surface form
D)textbase

Answer 1

A

Question 2

What happens to the fan effect if a set of facts can be integrated into a common situation model?

A)It is inverted.
B)nothing
C)It is increased.
D)It is reduced.

Answer 2

D

Question 3

What is a proposition in memory?

A)a possibility
B)a suggestion
C)the network of interconnected facts
D)a simple idea unit

Answer 3

D

Question 4

Which of these "sins of memory" is not like the others?

A)persistence
B)transience
C)blocking
D)absentmindedness

Question 5

Which of the following is NOT one of Schacter's "seven sins of memory"?

A)persistence
B)reconstruction
C)transience
D)suggestibility

Question 6

An example of "blocking" in memory is __________.

A)Stanford vs.Cal State
B)TOT
C)normalization
D)misattribution

Question 7

What is the rate of forgetting of information at the textbase level?

A)less than both the surface form and situation model
B)more than both the surface form and situation model
C)more than the surface form,less than the situation model
D)more than the situation model,less than the surface form

Question 8

What is the fan effect?

A)the finding that memory is better for fans of a topic
B)an increase in retrieval time with an increase in the number of newly learned associations with a concept
C)an increase in memory performance when there is a fan on to drown out ambient noise
D)an change in the loss of memories as a function of the orthographic neighborhood

Question 9

__________ is remembering to do something in the future.

A)Persistent memory
B)Prospective memory
C)Transient memory
D)Constructive memory

Question 10

Kintsch & Bates (1977)gave a surprise recognition test to students two or five days after a classroom lecture.Which was NOT true?

A)Verbatim memory was worse at five days than at two days.
B)Students were better at rejecting jokes not told than rejecting jokes that were told.
C)Memory details were better than general statements.
D)Ones were remembered better than twos.

Question 11

Which is NOT one of Schacter's "seven sins of memory"?

A)transfer
B)transience
C)blocking
D)suggestibility

Question 12

Sachs (1967)investigated memory by using passages of meaningful text.After a delay of 80 syllables in the passage,a multiple choice recognition task for a preceding sentence produced __________.

A)almost perfect recognition
B)chance recognition across superficial and deep structural changes
C)chance recognition if meaning held constant
D)very high levels of accuracy for discriminating the original sentence

Question 13

Someone tells you about an event she experienced.Later,you try to remember just what was said.According to research,such as that by Sachs (1967),you are most likely to recall __________.

A)the general gist of what was said,but not the exact wording
B)what was told to you verbatim
C)a lot of errors,apart from what actually happened
D)your desire to tell other people about the event

Question 14

Which is NOT a "sin of omission" (Schacter,1999)?

A)misattribution
B)suggestibility
C)bias
D)absentmindedness

Question 15

What is the best way to characterize the research concerning the fan effect?

A)It is too inconsistent.
B)It reveals the ways in which concepts are organized and retrieved from memory.
C)There is no consistent way that everyone processes information.
D)The more you know,the faster you can remember.

Question 16

Which is a way of representing propositions?

A)RBC
B)node plus pathway
C)propositional prototyping
D)fuzzy boundaries

Question 17

__________ is an increase in response time with an increase in the number of newly learned associations with a concept.

A)Priming
B)Flashbulb memory
C)Von Restorff effect
D)Fan effect

Question 18

Which of these is not one of the "sins of commission" of human memory?

A)suggestibility
B)bias
C)blocking
D)misattribution

Question 19

The smallest unit of knowledge that can stand as an assertion is a __________.

A)phoneme
B)proposition
C)morpheme
D)mnemonic

Question 20

What is a piece of evidence that our memory for simple ideas is influenced by the structure of the world?

A)People do not remember information based on mental scripts.
B)We remembering things related to ourselves better.
C)You remember class topics better when you are sitting in the classroom.
D)Walking through doorways causes forgetting.

Question 21

A defining characteristic of the tip of the tongue (TOT)state is that __________.

A)forgetting occurs
B)the forgetting function is parabolic
C)retrieval is imminent
D)people are not good at assessing whether they have learned something

Question 22

__________ is confusing a memory of having done something with having only thought about doing something.

A)cryptomnesia
B)source monitoring failure
C)retrieval interference
D)a fan effect

Question 23

Remembering to do some task in the future is called __________.

A)prospective memory
B)cryptomnesia
C)perspective memory
D)semantic integration

Question 24

Judgments of learning are more accurate __________.

A)immediately
B)after a delay
C)never
D)over a period of many weeks

Question 25

Fiction becoming fact is a result of a problem in __________.

A)source monitoring
B)memory retrieval
C)feeling of knowing
D)prospective memory

Question 26

Source monitoring is __________.

A)knowing what is real and what is not as it is happening
B)being able to tell whether someone else is remembering accurately
C)knowing where information came from
D)making a mistake about how old a memory is

Question 27

What is the name for the phenomenon in which a person remembers events that never happened?

A)imagination
B)false memory
C)cryptomnesia
D)super-consciousness

Question 28

Cryptomnesia reflects a breakdown in __________.

A)structural organization
B)source monitoring
C)propositional coding
D)mental integration

Question 29

Metamemory is __________.

A)memory for large concepts
B)knowledge of one's own memory
C)a holistic approach to psychological science
D)a large analysis of data from a large number of memory studies

Question 30

Cryptomnesia is __________.

A)conscious plagiarism
B)a failure in source monitoring
C)found after brain damage
D)unconscious feeling of knowing

Question 31

Cryptomnesia is more likely to occur when __________.

A)prospective memory is involved
B)attention is focused
C)attention is divided
D)judgments of learning are low

Question 32

The term for memory for the future is __________.

A)source monitoring
B)inference making
C)proactive memory
D)prospective memory

Question 33

When you forget something,but feel like retrieval is imminent,this is called __________.

A)directed forgetting
B)judgment of learning
C)a tip of the tongue (TOT)state
D)feeling of knowing

Question 34

A false memory is memory for __________.

A)events that never happened
B)things you know are not true
C)things that have not happened yet,but will
D)all of the above

Question 35

__________ is the ability to identify where information in a memory came from.

A)Source monitoring
B)Feeling of knowledge
C)Judgment of learning
D)Cryptomnesia

Question 36

Prospective memory __________.

A)is related to proactive interference
B)is better when it is time-based
C)is better when it is event-based
D)is better in older adults

Question 37

A person's understanding of the contents and processes of their own memory is called __________.

A)insight
B)introspection
C)propositional knowledge
D)metamemory

Question 38

What is the best way to describe our memory for events in our lives?

A)detailed
B)permanent
C)gist-based
D)fluid

Question 39

Even if a person cannot remember something in the moment,it is still possible for them to give __________.

A)feeling of knowing judgment
B)a judgment of learning
C)up
D)an assessment of performance

Question 40

The fact that people can give feeling of knowing judgments that are high and accurate suggests that __________.

A)no one is immune to error
B)metamemory is debunked
C)relearning can occur
D)forgetting can be temporary

Question 41

In the Bransford & Franks (1971)experiment,people incorrectly reported recognizing the "three" phrase "The ants ate the sweet jelly that was on the table" as an "old" sentence despite the fact that that particular set of propositions had never been presented together in one sentence.This type of error illustrates __________.

A)a false alarm
B)evidence for semantic integration
C)poor technical accuracy
D)All of the above

Question 42

In the leading questions/memory distortion work by Loftus,people were shown a video of a car crash and then asked how fast the cars were going when they hit/smashed/collided/bumped/contacted each other.One week later,the "hit" group reported seeing broken glass to a greater extent than the "contacted" group.This most clearly demonstrates __________.

A)memory distortion
B)the misinformation effect
C)semantic illusion
D)the isolation effect

Question 43

Imagining that something happened increases the later likelihood of reporting that it did happen; this phenomenon is known as __________.

A)hogwash
B)vividness
C)imagination inflation
D)veridical recall

Question 44

__________ refers to the ease with which something is processed or comes to mind.

A)Processing fluency
B)Source effect
C)Semantic processing
D)Reconstruction

Question 45

Intentional forgetting of painful or traumatic experiences is known as __________.

A)von Restorff
B)posttraumatic stress disorder
C)repression
D)revision

Question 46

Overconfidence in memory derives from __________.

A)poor metamemory
B)source misattribution
C)processing fluency
D)All of the above can lead to overconfidence in memory.

Question 47

Reporting having seen a yield sign in a video of a car crash (when no sign was present)after being asked a question that mentioned a yield sign (e.g.,"Did the car slow down at the yield sign prior to the accident?")most clearly demonstrates __________.

A)the misinformation effect
B)misattribution theory
C)source knowledge
D)overconfidence

Question 48

Which is LEAST associated with false memories?

A)semantic associations and script knowledge
B)DRM task
C)critical lures
D)garden path sentences

Question 49

Roediger & McDermott (1995)did an experiment in which people were presented with lists of semantically related items and then (after a short interval filled with an arithmetic task)given a yes/no recognition test,which included critical lures among the items.Their work illustrated __________.

A)misinformation acceptance
B)repressed memories
C)implicit memory
D)false memories

Question 50

Lindsay et al.(2004)report describing a pseudo-event (a childhood story of putting green slime in a teacher's desk)in the context of two "real" events from the person's own childhood.Half were also shown their (real)grade school class picture.They were to come back in a week for further testing.Which describes their result after this one-week delay?

A)In the photo group,the "thought did it" percentage went from 30 percent to 70 percent (i.e.,the majority reported the activity as true after the one-week delay).
B)In the photo group,the "thought did it" percentage remained at 30 percent throughout.
C)In the nonphoto group,the "thought did it" percentage remained at 15 percent throughout.
D)In the nonphoto group,the "thought did it" percentage remained at 30 percent throughout.

Question 51

The plastic,malleable state a memory is in when it is retrieved and then stored again is called __________.

A)consolidation
B)reconsolidation
C)reconstruction
D)misleading post-event information

Question 52

Which of the following does NOT lead to stronger memory distortions?

A)repetition of misinformation
B)repeated recall of misinformation
C)repeated questioning
D)immediate rather than delayed retrieval

Question 53

Which is NOT mentioned as a source of memory distortion?

A)encoding specificity
B)source misattribution
C)misinformation acceptance
D)overconfidence in memory

Question 54

In the leading questions/memory distortion work by Loftus,people were shown a video of a car crash and then asked how fast the cars were going when they hit/smashed/collided/bumped/contacted each other.The between-group difference in the immediate report of the speeds the cars were traveling (e.g.,across the smashed and contacted groups)likely indicates __________.

A)suggestibility
B)false memory
C)memory impairment
D)all of the above

Question 55

Reconsolidation is when __________.

A)a person remembers more on a second attempt
B)memories become temporarily malleable when they are retrieved
C)the process of time makes memories more permanent
D)multiple traces of a memory are stored in long-term memory

Question 56

What are the consequences of mentally integrating information?

A)Interference can be reduced.
B)People have trouble remembering individual events.
C)Source monitoring becomes more difficult.
D)all of the above

Question 57

When people are given lists of related words,and then later falsely recall a word that is strongly related to the others,but not actually said,the experimental paradigm is called a __________.

A)vigilance method
B)DRM paradigm
C)elicitation technique
D)distorting manipulation

Question 58

The most likely problem for the effective and fair use of eyewitness testimony in court proceedings is __________.

A)humans' poor gist accuracy
B)humans' poor detail accuracy
C)human use of case grammar
D)humans' adoption of script theory

Question 59

In the leading questions/memory distortion work by Loftus,people were shown a video of a car crash and then asked how fast the cars were going when they hit/smashed/collided/bumped/contacted each other.One week later,the "hit" group reported seeing broken glass to a greater extent than the "contacted" group.This most clearly demonstrates __________.

A)overconfidence in memory
B)the misinformation effect
C)a memory impairment
D)the von Restorff effect

Question 60

If people witness a car accident,they may later misremember what they saw because they discussed the accident with other witnesses.This is a result of memory __________.

A)expansion
B)recursion
C)integration
D)retrieval

Question 61

Which of the following is NOT an explanation of infantile amnesia?

A)hippocampus development
B)development of the concept of the self
C)increase in procedural memories
D)increased language skills

Question 62

Node plus pathway is a method for representing propositions.

Question 63

Which of the following is NOT an adequate account of the reminiscence bump?

A)cultural scripts
B)high incidence of "firsts" in one's life
C)a loss of interference in the nervous system when one is this age
D)better retrieval cues for this period of one's life

Question 64

Bates,Masling,and Kintsch (1978)found that if students were quizzed about their memory for what exactly was said during earlier class lectures,they were more likely to remember course content than the jokes.

Question 65

The inability to remember life events before two to four years of age is called __________.

A)reminiscence bump
B)infantile amnesia
C)cognitive development
D)arcsine correction

Question 66

Bahrick,Bahrick,& Wittlinger suggest that the reasons for the high level of residual knowledge in the "Fifty years of names and faces" include __________.

A)preservation and arsicitiness
B)overlearning and distributed practice
C)elaborative encoding and maintenance rehearsal
D)protection from decay based on length of exposure

Question 67

What is a particularly effective cue for eliciting spontaneous autobiographical memories?

A)pictures
B)odors
C)music
D)sleep

Question 68

Spontaneous memories are strongly triggered by __________.

A)other memories
B)neurostasis
C)episodic semantics
D)odors

Question 69

What is the best conclusion that we can make about human memory?

A)People have trouble remembering most things.
B)We would eventually forget everything if we lived long enough.
C)It is amazing how much information it actually does hold.
D)It is a system that is not well-tuned with the environment.

Question 70

Imagination inflation is one of the seven sins of memory.

Question 71

A proposition is the smallest unit of knowledge that can stand as a separate assertion.

Question 72

The reminiscence bump is __________.

A)inability to remember life events before the ages of two to four
B)increased memory for traumatic events
C)the ability to recover memories that had previously been forgotten
D)superior memory for life events,better than would be expected by the forgetting curve,around the age of twenty

Question 73

Work by Bahrick et al.on "Fifty years of names and faces" demonstrates that some kinds of memory __________.

A)are constantly changing in their meaning
B)can last for very long periods of time
C)do not belong to individual people
D)actually get better with age

Question 74

Bahrick,Bahrick,& Wittlinger produce a study: "Fifty years of names and faces." They report __________.

A)excellent preserved recall for names
B)excellent preserved recall for names despite picture cues
C)poor levels of recognition for pictures
D)excellent preservation at a picture-matching task

Question 75

Memory for our life narrative is called __________.

A)autobiographical memory
B)personal memory
C)episodic memory
D)self-narrative memory

Question 76

Diary studies in which psychologists studied their own autobiographical memories find that __________.

A)knowledge about memory impairs its study
B)Ebbinghaus was wrong about just about everything
C)unpleasant memories are recalled better over time
D)pleasant memories are recalled better over time

Question 77

What is the name for the phenomenon that people tend to have better memories for their lives around the age of twenty than would otherwise be expected?

A)reminiscence bump
B)neurological peaking
C)developmental coordination
D)impaired forgetting

Question 78

Propositional representations reflect the gist of what was encountered before.

Question 79

The existence of infantile amnesia illustrates that __________.

A)much of our lives,even from birth,is buried deep in memory
B)very young children are experiencing catastrophic losses of memory due to developmental traumas
C)human memory takes some time to develop
D)memory works backwards

Question 80

Suggestibility inflation is one of the seven sins of memory.