Deck 13: Data Analysis: a Users Guide to Statistics

Question 1

Which of the following assesses whether the differences between observed and expected values could be due to chance or are statistically significant?

A)Null hypothesis
B)Tests of significance
C)t Test
D)x Test

Answer 1

B

Question 2

Which of the following are summary statistics that describe the typical,middle,or average score?

A)Statistical tendencies
B)Descriptive tendencies
C)Inferential tendencies
D)Measures of central tendency

Answer 2

D

Question 3

Which of the following refers to the distribution free statistics in which few assumptions are made regarding the normality of the population?

A)Phi coefficient
B)Parametric statistics
C)Nonparametric statistics
D)Null hypothesis

Answer 3

C

Question 4

Which of the following assumes that there is no difference between the groups being compared or no relationship in the population?

A)Phi coefficient
B)Parametric statistics
C)Nonparametric statistics
D)Null hypothesis

Question 5

Which of the following is used to compare the sample means of two groups?

A)s Test
B)Tests of significance
C)t Test
D)x Test

Question 6

Which of the following is a measure of central tendency that is applicable to ordinal ranked)data?

A)Mean
B)Median
C)Mode
D)Range

Question 7

Which of the following is a test of the independence of the relationship between nominal or categorical variables?

A)Standard deviation units
B)Z scores
C)Normal distribution
D)Chi-square

Question 8

Which of the following is used in comparing three or more sample means?

A)Analysis of variance
B)Tests of significance
C)t Test
D)x Test

Question 9

Which of the following occurs when one variable enables the prediction of the value of the second variable?

A)Positive relationship
B)Negative relationship
C)Statistical relationship
D)Progressive relationship

Question 10

Which of the following is intended to summarize or describe data or show relationships between variables?

A)Descriptive statistics
B)Inferential statistics
C)Absolute statistics
D)Cluster statistics

Question 11

Which of the following refers to the simplest measure of central tendency and is simply the most frequently occurring score?

A)Mean
B)Median
C)Mode
D)Range

Question 12

Which of the following refers to a useful chi-square-based measure of relationship appropriate for a 2 X 2 table?

A)Phi coefficient
B)Chi coefficient
C)Contingency coefficient
D)Cramer's V

Question 13

Which of the following assumes some interval level of measurement and a normal population?

A)Phi coefficient
B)Parametric statistics
C)Nonparametric statistics
D)Cramer's V

Question 14

Which of the following refers to a bell-shaped curve that describes a variety of phenomena?

A)Normal variance
B)Statistical variance
C)Normal distribution
D)Statistical distribution

Question 15

Which of the following is the most familiar measure of central tendency and simply involves dividing the total score by the total number of cases N?

A)Mean
B)Median
C)Mode
D)Range

Question 16

Which of the following refers to a chi-square-based measure of relationship in which a zero equals no relationship,but the upper limit is less than one?

A)Phi coefficient
B)Chi coefficient
C)Contingency coefficient
D)Cramer's V

Question 17

Which of the following is the simplest measure of dispersion and represents either the highest and lowest scores or the distance between the highest and lowest scores in a distribution?

A)Mean
B)Median
C)Mode
D)Range

Question 18

Which of the following is a highly useful statistic in which plus or minus one standard deviation always equals 68 percent of a normal curve?

A)Variance
B)Standard deviation
C)Mode
D)Range

Question 19

Which of the following refers to the number of cells that are free to vary;that is,once the value of certain cells is fixed,the others are no longer free to vary?

A)Degrees of variance
B)Degrees of distribution
C)Degrees of freedom
D)None of the above

Question 20

Which of the following enables generalization or inference of sample findings to larger populations or assessment of the probability of certain findings?

A)Descriptive statistics
B)Inferential statistics
C)Absolute statistics
D)Cluster statistics

Question 21

Pearson's r shows the relationship between two or more interval level variables.

Question 22

Which of the following refers to an equation that enables the prediction of one variable on the basis of the value of others?

A)Positive equation
B)Negative equation
C)Regression equation
D)Progressive equation

Question 23

The __________ is the simplest measure of central tendency and is simply the most frequently occurring score.

Question 24

Chi-square is a test of the independence of the relationship between nominal or categorical variables.

Question 25

The mean is the simplest measure of central tendency and is simply the most frequently occurring score.

Question 26

Parametric statistics are distribution free statistics in which few assumptions are made regarding the normality of the population.

Question 27

Cramer's V is rarely useful for contingency tables that are larger than 2 X 2.

Question 28

The standard deviation and the related statistic variance are far less useful than the range.

Question 29

The level of statistical significance is set by the investigator in terms of the amount of risk or willingness to be in error in rejecting the null hypothesis assuming a significant relationship).

Question 30

__________ are intended to summarize or describe data or show relationships between variables.

Question 31

Nonparametric statistics assume some interval level of measurement and a normal population.

Question 32

The mode,expressed as X,is simply the sum of the scores divided by the number of scores.

Question 33

The null hypothesis generally states that there is no difference between the groups being compared,or that there is no relationship in the general population,or that any observed differences are due to random error.

Question 34

The median or midpoint)is a measure of central tendency that is applicable to ordinal ranked)data.

Question 35

Tests of significance assess whether the differences between observed and expected values could be due to chance or are statistically significant.

Question 36

Which of the following refers to an error of assuming that relationships proven true of groups are true of individuals?

A)Ecological fallacy
B)Statistical fallacy
C)Cluster fallacy
D)None of the above

Question 37

The standard deviation is the simplest measure of dispersion and represents either the highest and lowest scores or the distance between the highest and lowest scores in a distribution.

Question 38

Standard deviation units,or Z scores,measure the deviation from the mean relative to the standard deviation.

Question 39

__________ enable generalization or inference of sample findings to larger populations or assessment of the probability of certain findings.

Question 40

Which of the following takes place when as the value of one variable increases the value of the other decreases?

A)Positive relationship
B)Negative relationship
C)Statistical relationship
D)Progressive relationship

Question 41

__________ is a test of the independence of the relationship between nominal or categorical variables.

Question 42

__________refer to the number of cells that are free to vary;that is,once the value of certain cells is fixed,the others are no longer free to vary.

Question 43

The __________ is a measure of central tendency that is applicable to ordinal ranked)data.

Question 44

Identify and discuss the two types of statistics and provide examples of each.

Question 45

The __________ is the simplest measure of dispersion and represents either the highest and lowest scores or the distance between the highest and lowest scores in a distribution.

Question 46

The __________ is the error of assuming that relationships based on groups aggregate,ecological,or a real data)can be validly assumed to be true of individual correlations.

Question 47

The __________ and the related statistic variance s2)are far more useful than the range.

Question 48

The __________ average)is the most familiar measure of central tendency and simply involves dividing the total score by the total number of cases N.

Question 49

__________ assumes that there is no difference between the groups being compared or no relationship in the population.

Question 50

Define and discuss the ecological fallacy.

Question 51

__________ assesses whether the differences between observed and expected values could be due to chance or are statistically significant.

Question 52

Define chi-square and explain its function.

Question 53

__________ are distribution free statistics in which few assumptions are made regarding the normality of the population.

Question 54

__________ or standard deviation units measures the deviation from the mean relative to the standard deviation.

Question 55

Define regression equation discuss its significance in enabling one to predict outcome scores.

Question 56

__________ assume some interval level of measurement and a normal population.