Deck 31: Understanding Hemodynamics

Question 1

The RA pressure (RAP) is estimated by ultrasound from the size and collapsibility of the _______________________.

A) superior vena cava (SVC)
B) inferior vena cava (IVC)
C) coronary sinus (CS)
D) right ventricular outflow (RVO)

Answer 1

B

Question 2

How are flow velocities changed to pressure gradients?

A) Using the Bernoulli equation.
B) Calculating the Nyquist limit.
C) Applying Poselli's law.
D) Multiplying the velocity by four.

Answer 2

A

Question 3

Select the normal right atrial pressure (RAP) with the size of the collapsed inferior vena cava at 2 centimeters (cm).

A) 15 mm Hg
B) 120 mm Hg
C) 3 mm Hg
D) 45 mm Hg

Answer 3

C

Question 4

What is the equation to calculate the stroke volume?

A) VTI_LVOT $\times$ CSA_LVOT
B) $\pi$ r²
C) SV $\times$ HR
D) 4 (4V²)

Question 5

Choose the term that describes the left atrial pressure.

A) Pulmonary capillary wedge
B) Left atrial systolic pressure

Question 6

Identify the definition for cardiac output.

A) The amount of blood pumped by each ventricle in one minute.
B) The volume of blood ejected by the ventricles with each contraction.
C) The degree of muscle fiber stretching before contraction.
D) Aortic arterial pressure and vascular resistance to overcome.

Question 7

Color Doppler imaging is a nonqualitative imaging method that assigns a color to blood ____________.

A) shifts
B) baseline
C) velocities
D) intensity

Question 8

What type of Doppler imaging has no specific pulse duration or sample volume area?

A) Strain imaging
B) Color Doppler
C) Pulsed wave
D) Continuous wave

Question 9

How would you identify flow that exceeds the Nyquist limit?

A) Inability to obtain flow.
B) The presence of aliasing.
C) Flow away from the transducer.
D) Vertical lines on the spectral tracing.

Question 10

Choose the number of images needed to calculate the cardiac output and stroke volume by ultrasound.

A) Four
B) Six
C) Three
D) Two

Question 11

How is the volume of blood ejected by the ventricles with each contraction described?

A) Cardiac output
B) Afterload
C) Stroke volume
D) Resting load

Question 12

How would you explain the difference between laminar and parabolic flow?

A) Laminar flow all has multiple speeds, while parabolic flow is considered turbulent.
B) Laminar flow overlays normal flow, while parabolic flow is fast in the central portion.
C) Laminar flow is similar to venous waveforms, while parabolic flow has a pulsatile pattern.
D) Laminar flow all has the same velocity, while parabolic flow has slow flow at the outer areas.

Question 13

How would you create a positive shift spectral tracing when imaging the carotid artery?

A) Ensure flow is toward the transducer.
B) Angle the region of interest to the right.
C) Invert the image and spectral tracing.
D) Keep the region of interest at 90 degrees.