Deck 26: Neonatal and Pediatric Adrenal and Urinary System

Question 1

Which one of the following structures lies at the bases of the medullary pyramids and appears as echogenic structures?

A) Arcuate arteries
B) Ectopic ureterocele
C) Posterior urethral valves
D) Renal cortex

Answer 1

A

Question 2

Which one of the following structures should not be mistaken for dilated calyces or cysts in the infant?

A) Renal cortex
B) Arcuate arteries
C) Renal vein
D) Medullary pyramids

Answer 2

D

Question 3

Renal vein thrombosis is more prevalent in infants of _________ mothers.

A) hypertensive
B) obese
C) diabetic
D) hypotensive

Answer 3

C

Question 4

Which one of the following statements regarding ectopic ureteroceles is incorrect?

A) They are more commonly found in male patients.
B) They are found more often on the left side.
C) They result from an ectopic insertion of the distal ureter.
D) They cause cystic dilation of the distal ureter.

Question 5

Sonographic signs of renal vein thrombosis in the neonate include all of the following except:

A) renal enlargement.
B) adrenal hemorrhage.
C) homogeneous echogenicity.
D) venous calcification.

Question 6

The best way to demonstrate the dilated ureter at the ureteropelvic junction is with a ___________ scan.

A) longitudinal
B) anterior
C) upright
D) posterior

Question 7

Which one of the following conditions may occur when the fetus is stressed during a difficult delivery or during a hypoxia insult?

A) Renal hemorrhage
B) Acute renal failure
C) Adrenal hemorrhage
D) Urinary obstruction

Question 8

Which one of the following genitourinary problems is commonly associated with the prune-belly syndrome?

A) Small bladder
B) Ureteral reflux
C) Chronic pyelonephritis
D) Multicystic dysplastic kidney

Question 9

Which one of the following conditions is the most common cause of renal cystic disease in the neonate?

A) Medullary cystic disease
B) Parapelvic cysts
C) Multicystic dysplastic kidney (MCDK) disease
D) Polycystic kidney disease (PKD)

Question 10

If the ipsilateral renal is absent or ectopic in location, then the adrenal gland:

A) is larger in size.
B) remains in the renal fossa.
C) demonstrates a hyperechoic echo pattern.
D) is absent or ectopic in location.

Question 11

Conditions that may lead to adrenal hemorrhage include all of the following except:

A) difficult delivery.
B) large fetus.
C) neonatal hypoxia.
D) hydronephrosis.

Question 12

Conditions in the newborn commonly associated with renal abnormalities include all of the following except:

A) hematuria.
B) vomiting.
C) oliguria.
D) hypertension.

Question 13

Neuroblastoma is typically a malignant tumor of the _____________________.

A) kidney
B) adrenal gland
C) liver
D) pancreas

Question 14

The normal renal length in the pediatric patient varies with ___________.

A) age
B) weight
C) gender
D) ethnicity

Question 15

Sonographic findings in adrenal hemorrhage in the neonate include all of the following conditions except:

A) blunting of the superior pole of the underlying kidney.
B) ovoid enlargement of the adrenal gland.
C) irregular-shaped small gland.
D) complex echo texture.

Question 16

Differential considerations for hydronephrosis include all of the following except:

A) extrarenal pelvis.
B) functional dilation.
C) parapelvic cysts.
D) renal vein thrombosis.

Question 17

The most common cause of bladder outlet obstruction in the male neonate is which one of the following?

A) Ureteropelvic junction obstruction
B) Ureteral orifice obstruction
C) Posterior urethral valve obstruction
D) Bladder tumor

Question 18

Which one of the following malignant renal tumors is most frequently seen in the neonate and infant?

A) Congenital mesoblastic nephroma
B) Neuroblastoma
C) Wilms' tumor
D) Renal cell carcinoma

Question 19

Which one of the following structures is thin in the neonate with echogenicity similar to or slightly greater than the normal liver parenchyma?

A) Medullary pyramids
B) Cortex
C) Arcuate arteries
D) Renal pelvis

Question 20

The left adrenal gland:

A) extends lateral to the kidney.
B) lies immediately inferior to the upper pole of the kidney.
C) extends medial to the kidney.
D) is ovoid in shape in the longitudinal plane.

Question 21

Bilateral renal enlargement is seen with which one of the following conditions?

A) Nephroblastoma
B) Prune-belly syndrome
C) Ureteropelvic junction obstruction
D) Autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease (ARPKD)

Question 22

Which of the following conditions demonstrates a pelvocaliceal dilation without ureteral dilation?

A) Posterior urethral valve obstruction
B) Bladder outlet obstruction
C) Ureteropelvic junction obstruction
D) Multicystic dysplastic kidney disease

Question 23

The adrenal medulla in the neonate appears:

A) as a hypoechoic central focus.
B) as an echogenic stripe.
C) isoechoic to the adrenal cortex.
D) relatively thick.

Question 24

During which of the following age ranges does the incidence of Wilms' tumor peak?

A) 1 to 3 years
B) 2 to 5 years
C) 3 to 6 years
D) 4 to 6 years