Deck 7: Memory

Question 1

Maintenance rehearsal allows us to keep information in ________ memory longer than the typical 30 seconds.

A)short-term
B)long-term
C)iconic
D)echoic

Answer 1

short-term

Question 2

When you swallow the last bite of a divine piece of chocolate and continue to experience the delightful taste for a bit longer, you are utilizing your ________.

A)long-term memory
B)mnemonic devices
C)sensory memory system
D)iconic memory store

Answer 2

sensory memory system

Question 3

In the three-stage memory model, which of the following is the CORRECT memory pathway?

A)sensory memory - short-term memory - long-term memory
B)short-term memory - long-term memory - perceptual memory
C)sensory memory - perceptual memory - working memory
D)sensory memory - short-term memory - long-term memory - perceptual memory

Answer 3

sensory memory - short-term memory - long-term memory

Question 4

The fact that you can recall what someone said several seconds ago, even if you were absorbed in another task when he or she first said it, is explained by ________ memory.

A)iconic
B)phonosonic
C)working
D)echoic

Question 5

The memory system that stores sensory information while it "decides" whether to send it on to LTM is called ________ memory in the traditional memory model.

A)sensory
B)short-term
C)long-term
D)higher-order

Question 6

In a computer model of memory, ________ would happen at the keyboard, ________ on the monitor, and ________ on the hard drive.

A)retrieval, storage, encoding
B)encoding, storage, retrieval
C)storage, encoding, retrieval
D)encoding, retrieval, storage

Question 7

Yu-Wai just met a woman he feels attracted to.He keeps saying her name over and over to himself to make sure he doesn't forget it.Yu-Wai is using ________ to keep this woman's name in ________ memory.

A)mnemonics; long-term
B)a reverberating circuit; sensory
C)maintenance rehearsal; short-term
D)selective attention; short-term

Question 8

With regard to memory, the process of retaining neurally encoded information over time is known as ________.

A)maintenance
B)capturing
C)sensory retention
D)storage

Question 9

Which of the following supports the idea that elaborative rehearsal leads to better recall than maintenance rehearsal?

A)people who study words by counting syllables remember than better than people who study by placing words into sentences
B)people who study words by placing them into sentences remember than better than people who study by counting syllables
C)people who study words by rating the pleasantness of their sounds recall them as well as people who study by counting syllables
D)people who study words by rating the pleasantness of their sounds recall them as well as people who place words into sentences

Question 10

The following descriptions are characteristic of ________ memory: information lasts for a few seconds or less, a large but not unlimited storage capacity, and transmission of an accurate but not perfect "image."

A)long-term
B)short-term
C)working
D)sensory

Question 11

The three storage systems included in the three-stage memory model are ________ memories.

A)sensory, perceptual, and factual
B)semantic, episodic, and long-term
C)sensory, short-term, and long-term
D)conscious, unconscious, and preconscious

Question 12

________ memory refers to the initial memory stage, which holds information from the world around us.It has relatively large capacity, but the duration is only a few seconds.

A)Long-term
B)Short-term
C)Sensory
D)Working

Question 13

The process of repeating information over and over to maintain it in short-term memory is called ________.

A)iconic memory
B)mnemonic memory
C)elaborative rehearsal
D)maintenance rehearsal

Question 14

Memory is a ________ process, which means that it includes the organization and shaping of information by processing, storage, and retrieval of information.

A)controlled
B)evolutionary
C)constructive
D)mnemonic

Question 15

The process of translating information into a neural code or language that will be retained in memory is called ________.

A)dictation
B)encoding
C)translation
D)encryption

Question 16

In sensory memory, the approximate duration of a visual image is about ________, and the approximate duration of auditory echoic memory is up to ________.

A)1/2 second; 4 seconds
B)1 second; 1 minute
C)several seconds; 1/4 second
D)1/2 minute; 4 minutes

Question 17

The three steps in memory processing are ________.

A)encoding, storage, retrieval
B)translations, maintenance, transmittal
C)dictation, capturing, regurgitation
D)encrypting, sensory retention, neural processing

Question 18

Which of the following are ways that people can improve their elaborative rehearsal skills?

A)expand on the information
B)repeating the information to themselves over and over again
C)learning information in the same place every time they review it
D)cramming information into memory all at once

Question 19

According to the three-stage memory model, information must first enter ________ memory and then transfer to ________ memory.Finally, it must be moved to ________ memory to be retained for a meaningful length of time.

A)sensory, short-term, working
B)short-term, sensory, long-term
C)sensory, short-term, long-term
D)working, short-term, sensory

Question 20

The process by which information is encoded, stored, and later retrieved is called ________.

A)intellect
B)cognition
C)memory
D)perception

Question 21

Miguel has an average memory capacity.Which of the following lists is the MOST likely to forget?

A)IBM, CBS, FBI, CIA, NBC, ABC, ESP
B)Karen, Kathy, Katie, Keith, Kevin, Kim,
C)123, 456, 789, 987, 654, 321
D)ZKQ, LMP, TSC, XRJ

Question 22

The subsystem within long-term memory that consciously stores facts, information, and personal life experiences is called ________ memory.

A)explicit
B)sensory
C)procedural
D)implicit

Question 23

The memory subsystem that stores unconscious procedural motor skills, simple classically conditioned responses, and priming is called ________ memory.

A)primary/unconscious
B)explicit/declarative
C)implicit/nondeclarative
D)nonverbal unconscious

Question 24

Of the three memory stages, ________ memory has the greatest capacity and the longest duration.

A)sensory
B)long-term
C)short-term
D)working

Question 25

The immediate goal of elaborative rehearsal is to better ________ new information.

A)recall
B)memorize
C)understand
D)recognize

Question 26

The technique that links new information to previously stored material so that we can move data from STM to LTM is called ________.

A)elaborative rehearsal
B)shallow processing
C)maintenance rehearsal
D)hierarchical encoding

Question 27

Nanette highlights the margin-definition of terms in her psychology textbook; Nathan thinks about how each term applies to his own life or to other concepts in the chapter.Nathan is more likely to recall and use the terms better on an essay exam because he ________.

A)used dual-coding and Nanette did not
B)obviously isn't interested in psychology
C)used maintenance rehearsal and Nanette did not
D)processed the terms at a deeper level than did Nanette

Question 28

Knowledge of facts and the relationships between them is called ________ memory, whereas knowledge of events is called ________ memory.

A)informative; autobiographical
B)factual; landmark
C)semantic; episodic
D)explicit; implicit

Question 29

________ rehearsal results in a more lasting memory and promotes the transfer of information to long-term memory compared to ________ rehearsal.

A)Explicit; implicit
B)Episodic; semantic
C)Elaborative; maintenance
D)Maintenance; elaborative

Question 30

The type of memory that stores an almost limitless amount of information for a nearly permanent length of time is called ________ memory.

A)long-term
B)short-term
C)executive
D)working

Question 31

Which of the following is the best example of episodic memory?

A)Freud is considered the father of psychology.
B)The name of the 16th president of the U.S.
C)The name of the third Super Bowl winning team
D)The events leading up to your high school graduation

Question 32

The two major systems of long-term memory are ________.

A)explicit and declarative
B)semantic and procedural
C)implicit and nondeclarative
D)explicit and implicit

Question 33

When you blow dry your hair in the morning, you are using ________ memory.

A)sensory
B)procedural
C)explicit
D)episodic

Question 34

Which of the following is TRUE regarding short-term memory?

A)It has a relatively large capacity.
B)Its duration can be extended through maintenance rehearsal.
C)It maintains information for four seconds or less.
D)It receives information only from sensory memory.

Question 35

With regard to the different systems of memory, tying shoes requires the use of your ________ memory.

A)echoic
B)procedural
C)episodic
D)iconic

Question 36

Your general knowledge of what you have learned so far in this course is called ________ memory.

A)nondeclarative
B)implicit
C)semantic
D)episodic

Question 37

Short-term memory receives information direction from ________ memory shortly after encoding has occurred.

A)sensory
B)sensory and working
C)long-term
D)sensory and long-term

Question 38

According to your textbook, the purpose of long-term memory is to ________.

A)facilitate language abilities
B)store information for long periods of time
C)encode data for later retrieval
D)engage our objective judgment systems

Question 39

________ is the process of grouping separate pieces of information into a single unit in order to store more information in ________ memory.

A)Chunking; short-term
B)Divided attention; short-term
C)Collecting; long-term
D)Dual-coding; sensory

Question 40

Implicit/nondeclarative memory is learned ________.

A)unintentionally or unconsciously
B)through intense instruction
C)with great effort
D)on a conscious and intentional level

Question 41

A clue or prompt that helps stimulate recall of a stored piece of information from long-term memory is called a ________.

A)specificity code
B)priming pump
C)retrieval cue
D)flashbulb stimulus

Question 42

If you learn something while under the influence of caffeine, you recall it better when you are using caffeine again; this is known as ________ memory.

A)state-dependent
B)trait-dependent
C)context-dependent
D)mood-congruent

Question 43

Prior exposure to a stimulus that facilitates or inhibits the processing of new information even when there is no conscious memory of the exposure is called ________.

A)priming
B)unconscious coding
C)primary processing
D)declarative memory

Question 44

To remember the pathway for vision you imagine yourself walking into your house, noting the cornea peephole in the front door, the entryway fishbowl full of aqueous humor, and a pupil seated in your living room handing you a lens as you enter the dining room where glasses filled with vitreous humor rest on a retinal tablecloth with pictures of rods and cones.This is an example of ________.

A)a psychotic breakdown
B)using acronyms
C)using peg words
D)the method of loci

Question 45

The tendency to remember previous sad events when feeling sad in the present is an example of ________.

A)state dependence
B)mood congruence
C)context dependence
D)emotion focus

Question 46

Which of the following supports the principle of encoding specificity?

A)People who study in a depressed mood do better when tested in a good mood.
B)People who study in a manic state do better when tested in a manic state.
C)People who study under the effects of anti-anxiety medication do better when tested under the effects of anti-depressant medicine.
D)People who study when they first wake up in the morning do better when tested in the afternoon.

Question 47

The method of loci and acronyms are examples of ________.

A)ways students try to cheat on exams
B)mnemonic devices
C)eidetic imagery
D)a photographic memory

Question 48

The method of loci and acronyms are examples of ________.

A)ways students try to cheat on exams
B)mnemonic devices
C)eidetic imagery
D)a photographic memory

Question 49

Just as chunking is a form of STM organization, ________ is (are)a form of LTM organization.

A)parallel processing
B)rehearsal
C)hierarchies
D)massed practice

Question 50

James uses the ________ mnemonic device for remembering that the names of the Great Lakes start with the letters in HOMES.

A)peg word
B)word association
C)acronym
D)method of loci

Question 51

________ devices improve memory by encoding items in a special way.

A)Eidetic imagery
B)Mnemonic
C)Reverberating circuit
D)ECS

Question 52

Recognition is the process of ________.

A)recognizing that a present stimulus is familiar or has been encoded earlier
B)matching the way information is encoded and later retrieved in LTM
C)using a general cue to search the contents of STM
D)stimulating the recall and retrieval of information in STM

Question 53

Using analogies or metaphors to better understand and retain new information are all methods of ________ rehearsal.

A)maintenance
B)encoding
C)chunking
D)elaborative

Question 54

James uses the ________ mnemonic device for remembering that the names of the Great Lakes start with the letters in HOMES.

A)peg word
B)word association
C)acronym
D)method of loci

Question 55

An essay test requires the use of ________ because you must use very general retrieval cues to search the contents of your LTM.

A)the encoding specificity principle
B)recall
C)recognition
D)mood congruent memory

Question 56

Someone asks you to name the twenty-second president of the United States, but you can't remember.To aid your memory, the person then tells you that the president's name is the same as that of a large city on Lake Erie.Upon hearing the hint, you instantly realize that Grover Cleveland is the answer.In this situation, the hint acted as a(n)________.

A)elaborative rehearsal cue
B)cross code
C)structural cue
D)retrieval cue

Question 57

Research shows that when people see the NURSE, they respond to a related word such as DOCTOR faster compared to seeing an unrelated word such as READY prior to DOCTOR.This phenomenon is known as ________.

A)selective attention
B)mnemonic strategies
C)priming
D)long-term potentiation

Question 58

When asked to recall the date of John Kennedy's assassination, Peter draws a blank; however, when asked whether it was October 24, 1962, November 22, 1963, or February 1, 1965, he correctly answers with the second of the choices.This example most clearly demonstrates the value of ________.

A)state-dependent memory
B)retrieval cues
C)cross links in deep structure
D)mnemonic devices

Question 59

The encoding specificity principle says that information retrieval is improved when ________.

A)both maintenance and elaborative rehearsal are used
B)reverberating circuits consolidate information
C)conditions of retrieval are similar to encoding conditions
D)long-term potentiation is accessed

Question 60

In answering this question, the correct multiple-choice option may serve as a ________ for recalling accurate information from your long-term memory.

A)specificity code
B)priming pump
C)retrieval cue
D)flashbulb stimulus

Question 61

Relearning is the process of learning material ________, which usually takes ________ time than original learning.

A)over and over again; much more
B)a second time; less
C)similar to other material; less
D)that is very complex; more

Question 62

The serial position effect suggests that people will remember ________ items better than ________ items on a list.

A)middle and end; beginning
B)beginning and end; middle
C)beginning; middle or end
D)end; middle or beginning

Question 63

This is an example of the tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon.

A)Paul said "ooks" instead of "oops."
B)Simon wrote a song, but just couldn't recall the words at the moment.
C)Art said "white" instead of "black."
D)Peter experienced a sour sensation when he licked his lollipop.

Question 64

________ theory suggests that we forget things because other information is obstructing its storage or retrieval.

A)Recall
B)Decay
C)Blockage
D)Interference

Question 65

Research shows that introducing a time delay between the presentation of a list of words and a recall test impairs performance on recall of the end of the list.This finding can be interpreted as evidence for which theory of forgetting?

A)decay theory
B)interference theory
C)motivated forgetting theory
D)encoding failure theory

Question 66

A retrieval failure that involves a sensation of knowing something, but being temporarily unable to retrieve it, is called ________.

A)reintegration
B)regressed repression
C)the tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon
D)state-dependent forgetting

Question 67

You are likely to forget your old address once you have learned your new one because of ________ interference.

A)semantic
B)episodic
C)proactive
D)retroactive

Question 68

According to the serial position effect, to increase the chance that you will be remembered by your host when introduced at a crowded party, you should try to be introduced ________.

A)seventh
B)in the middle
C)fourth
D)either first or last

Question 69

To measure Anita's retention of the poems she learned 15 years ago, the time it took her to review, recall, and recite the poetry was recorded.This is an example of ________.

A)a recall ratio
B)relearning
C)reintegration
D)recognition

Question 70

________ theory suggests that memory is like any other biological process that deteriorates over time.

A)Deterioration
B)Interference
C)Decay
D)Amnesia

Question 71

________ theory suggests that memories stored in long-term memory are not actually forgotten, but rather are just temporarily unavailable.

A)Decay
B)Selective forgetting
C)Retroactive forgetting
D)Retrieval failure

Question 72

Encoding failure is likely due to ________.

A)a problem with implicit/nondeclarative memory
B)a failure of sensory memory
C)momentary inaccessibility
D)precise details in STM are overlooked during transfer to LTM

Question 73

Ebbinghaus found that he could remember ________ percent of a list of nonsense syllables an hour after learning the list perfectly, ________ percent a day later, and ________ percent a week later.

A)10; 20; 30
B)44; 35; 21
C)99; 90; 10
D)50; 49; 48

Question 74

Research shows that when people are presented an irrelevant distractor stimulus at the end of a word list they must recall, it impairs their ability to recall the last item on the list compared to a control group to whom there was no distractor stimulus.This finding is evidence for which theory of forgetting?

A)decay theory
B)interference theory
C)motivated forgetting theory
D)retrieval failure theory

Question 75

According to Ebbinghaus's curve of forgetting, the loss of information from memory ________.

A)is initially rapid, then slows
B)is initially slow, then speeds
C)occurs at a steady rate over time
D)occurs rapidly in children and older adults, but slower in young adults

Question 76

When taking an exam, students often do better with items taken from the first and last of the chapter covered by the exam.This demonstrates ________.

A)the superiority of distributed practice
B)source amnesia
C)the state-dependent effect
D)the serial-position effect

Question 77

When you get to class today, you are shocked to find that there is a major unit exam taking place.It is also true that tests typically make you very anxious.Freud might suggest that his theory of ________ applies in this situation.

A)defense mechanisms
B)unconscious resistance
C)passive aggressiveness
D)motivated forgetting

Question 78

________ theory suggests that people block memories that could cause pain, threat, or embarrassment or provoke anxiety.

A)Blockage
B)Interference
C)Motivated forgetting
D)Defensiveness

Question 79

According to retrieval failure theory, memories stored in LTM are ________.

A)never really forgotten (tip-of-the-tongue-phenomenon)
B)interfered with by other stored memories
C)lost once they are transferred to the unconscious
D)forgotten rather than repressed

Question 80

________ interference occurs when new information interferes with the recall of old information.

A)Retrograde
B)Retroactive
C)Anterograde
D)Proactive