Deck 10: Stimulus Control of Behavior

Question 1

A person goes to a classical music concert where he sits quietly while the music is playing.When this person goes to an opera and again sits quietly,this is an example of ______.

A)stimulus generalization
B)behavioral contrast
C)discrimination learning
D)a discriminative operant

Answer 1

A

Question 2

Lashley and Wade contend that animals and humans respond to stimuli that differ from the training stimulus because ______.

A)they are unable to distinguish between the generalization test stimulus and the conditioning stimulus
B)they do not believe there is a difference between the test stimulus and the conditioning stimulus
C)the test stimulus and the conditioning stimulus are too dissimilar
D)none of these are correct

Answer 2

A

Question 3

After discrimination training with two stimuli (S+ and S-),a researcher might graph the results of a test responding to many other stimuli.This graph is called a ______.

A)a discrimination graph
B)a generalization gradient
C)a cumulative record
D)none of these are correct

Answer 3

B

Question 4

The distribution of responding around the S- represents ______.

A)the excitatory generalization gradient
B)the inhibitory generalization gradient
C)transfixiation
D)stimulus contrast

Question 5

A person goes to a classical music concert where they sit quietly while the music is playing.However,when they attend a rock concert they jump up and down,yell and scream,and engage in other behaviors.This is an example of ______.

A)stimulus generalization
B)behavioral contrast
C)discrimination learning
D)a discriminative operant

Question 6

In the past,Josephine had bad experiences on dates.As a result,she did not date much.However,when she went on a date with Mark she had a good time.As a result,she has started to date other people.This is an example of ______.

A)excitatory generalization
B)inhibitory generalization
C)transfixiation
D)stimulus contrast

Question 7

Max was once bitten by a dog and now shows a flat generalization gradient for conditioned fear.This means that ______.

A)live dogs,but not stuffed dogs elicit strong fear
B)the fear is so strong that it cannot be extinguished
C)many objects similar to the dog elicit fear
D)fear disrupts most behaviors shown by Max

Question 8

A person is approached by a panhandler who smells like beer and slurs their speech.As a result,the person walks to the other side of the road and believes that the panhandler is an alcoholic.When the person sees other panhandlers they assume they are also alcoholics.This is an example of ______.

A)stimulus generalization
B)transposition
C)behavioral contrast
D)transfixed creation

Question 9

Which of the following is not correct?

A)In many circumstances,individuals respond to stimuli similar to the learning stimulus.
B)Individuals may generalize to stimuli that are both very similar and also quite dissimilar to the conditioning stimulus.
C)Many studies have reported flat excitatory generalization gradients.
D)All of these are correct.

Question 10

The process of responding to some stimuli and not to other stimuli is called ______.

A)stimulus generalization
B)a discriminative operant
C)a discriminative stimulus
D)discrimination learning

Question 11

Generalization gradients ______.

A)are only accurate with a limited number of animals and older humans
B)only work with a limited number of stimuli
C)have been observed using a wide variety of stimuli and responses in humans
D)are inaccurate when used with humans but not with animals

Question 12

A person goes to a football game where they consume mass quantities of beer,become quite intoxicated,and then act inappropriately.However,when the individual goes to a baseball game they have one or two beers and behave appropriately.This is an example of ______.

A)stimulus generalization
B)a discriminative operant
C)discrimination learning
D)transposition

Question 13

An excitatory generalization gradient refers to ______.

A)the ability of stimuli other than the original conditioned stimulus to block a conditioned response
B)the eliciting of conditioned responses that block the occurrence of the instrumental response
C)the eliciting of conditioned responses that motivate the instrumental response
D)the ability of stimuli other than the original conditioned stimulus to elicit the conditioned response

Question 14

When individuals respond in the same way to similar stimuli,this is called ______.

A)discrimination learning
B)stimulus generalization
C)a discriminative stimulus
D)a discriminative operant

Question 15

Lashley and Wade propose that generalization occurs when ______.

A)subjects fail to discriminate between training and test stimuli
B)subjects learn to analyze each contingency to which they are exposed
C)subjects show spontaneous recovery of a response to test stimuli
D)the various stimuli being presented to the subjects are in the same modality

Question 16

A person goes to a soccer game where they consume mass quantities of beer,become quite intoxicated,and then act inappropriately.When this individual responds the same way at a football game,this is an example of ______.

A)stimulus generalization
B)discrimination learning
C)a discriminative operant
D)anticipatory contrast

Question 17

Weisman and Palmer studied the generalization of inhibition.Their research showed that ______.

A)the generalization of inhibition is difficult to demonstrate
B)the generalization gradient for inhibition was much flatter than the one for expectation
C)the generalization gradient for inhibition was much steeper than the one for excitation
D)the generalization for inhibition was quite similar to that for excitation

Question 18

The ______ model contends animals generalize their responding from one stimulus to other stimuli because they cannot tell the difference between the two stimuli.

A)Hull-Spence
B)Greenman
C)Lashley-Wade
D)Peterson

Question 19

Discrimination training leads to ______ generalization gradients.

A)steep
B)shallow
C)flat
D)increasing then decreasing

Question 20

Which of the following is correct about inhibitory generalization?

A)Inhibition generalizes to stimuli quite dissimilar to the training stimulus.
B)The similar stimuli can sometimes produce responses equivalent to those elicited by the conditioning stimulus.
C)Both humans and animals experience inhibitory generalization.
D)All of these are correct.

Question 21

Joe is making $10 an hour making pizzas.In an hour he makes approximately 10 pizzas.Joe then gets a $3 raise.According to behavioral contrast,how many pizzas will Joe now make in an hour?

A)five
B)eight
C)10
D)15

Question 22

In a conditional discrimination task,stimuli may ______.

A)occur simultaneously
B)occur sequentially
C)occur opposite of each other
D)occur simultaneously and occur sequentially

Question 23

How many S^D or S may occur in conditional discrimination?

A)none
B)only one
C)only two
D)two or more

Question 24

Occasion-setting properties of a conditioned stimulus refer to the ability of the conditioned stimulus to ______.

A)lock conditioning of a new response to a previously used conditioned stimulus
B)lock the conditioning of inhibition to a previously used conditioned stimulus
C)facilitate responding to another conditioned stimulus
D)facilitate the extinction of the conditioned response

Question 25

When I go to the bank between 9 o'clock and 5 o'clock,I receive reinforcement of money.However,after 5 o'clock I cannot get money from the bank.This is an example of a ______.

A)two-choice discrimination task
B)transposition task
C)conditional discrimination task
D)behavioral contrast

Question 26

Which of the following is correct about the Lashley-Wade model?

A)Without experience with stimuli other than the S+,the subject will generalize to dissimilar stimuli.
B)Discrimination training results in generalization only to stimuli very similar to the conditioning stimulus.
C)Generalization occurs when the animal cannot differentiate between the training stimulus and generalization test stimuli.
D)All of these are correct.

Question 27

A person smokes after they have finished their lunch.This is an example of ______.

A)behavioral contrast
B)transposition
C)peak shift
D)occasion setting

Question 28

A child is being raised by divorced parents in separate locations.One parent decides to extinguish the disruptive behavior of the child at their home,while the other parent tolerates the behavior.As a result,the disruptive behavior increases in the second parent's home.This is an example of ______.

A)transposition
B)behavioral contrast
C)peak shift
D)concurrent discrimination

Question 29

______ contrast is due to the anticipation of a future reinforcement contingency rather than the recall of the past reinforcement contingency.

A)Anticipatory
B)Local
C)Systematic
D)Transpositional

Question 30

Joe is making $10 an hour making pizzas.In an hour he makes approximately 10 pizzas.Joe then gets a $10 raise.According to behavioral contrast,how many pizzas will Joe now make in an hour?

A)eight
B)10
C)15
D)20

Question 31

JoAnn likes to spend money on clothes.However,she has been unable to do so due to a lack of money.JoAnn then won a small lottery of $1000 and decided to go shopping for clothes.According to the behavioral contrast phenomenon,JoAnn will ______.

A)spend less than the usual amount on clothes
B)spend more than the usual amount on clothes
C)spend the usual amount on clothes
D)feel guilty and purchase only used clothing items

Question 32

A group of color-blind monkeys were required to choose the color red from a continuum of colors ranging from pink to maroon.The generalization gradient will most likely be ______.

A)steep
B)flat
C)initially flat,then gradually becoming steeper
D)initially steep,then gradually decreasing,then finally increasing again

Question 33

When one stimulus enhances the response to another stimulus,this is called ______.

A)occasion setting
B)peak shift
C)behavioral contrast
D)concurrent discrimination

Question 34

In a two-choice discrimination situation,animals were trained to respond to a S^D (red light)but not the a S (green light).As a result,the responding to the red light increased.However,during the discrimination phase of the study when responding to the green light decreased,the animals also increased their responding to the S^D (red light).This is called ______.

A)concurrent discrimination
B)transposition
C)behavioral contrast
D)conditional discrimination

Question 35

A two-choice discrimination task often produces behavioral contrast.This refers to ______.

A)the extreme difficulty subjects experience in learning two-choice discriminations
B)the inability to extinguish responding to the S^d
C)the decrease in responding to the S^D and an increasing responding to the S over training trials
D)an increase in responding to the S^D and a decrease in responding to the S over training trials

Question 36

In a ______ discrimination task,animals are trained to respond differently to environmental cues (such as tones)that differ only on one dimension (such as pitch),while in a ______ task,the reinforcement contingency associated with a particular stimulus depends on the status of the second stimulus.

A)peak; two-choice
B)conditional; two-choice
C)two-choice; conditional
D)two-choice; peak

Question 37

A person was in a car wreck.Now,2 months later,this individual has difficulty with discrimination learning.Which brain structure has this individual damaged?

A)the prefrontal cortex
B)the amygdala
C)the parietal lobe
D)the occipital lobe

Question 38

Tony has minimal experience with varied colors.As a consequence,he has difficulty distinguishing between red and green.However,over time,as his perceptual experience increases,you would expect the generalization gradient to become ______.

A)steeper
B)flat
C)initially steep then becoming flat
D)initially steep,then becoming flat,then becoming steep again

Question 39

Areas of the brain that play major roles in discrimination learning include ______.

A)the prefrontal cortex
B)the hypothalamus
C)the parietal lobe
D)none of these are correct

Question 40

A teacher decides to extinguish the disruptive behavior of a child in the classroom.However,when at home,the parents continue to attend to the disruptive behavior.As a result of behavioral contrast,the behavior at home ______.

A)will decrease
B)will remain the same
C)will increase
D)will decrease then increase

Question 41

According to the Hull-Spence model of discrimination,the level of responding to a test stimulus in a generalization task is determined by ______.

A)the selective filtering of relevant reinforcement and the rejecting of other cues that do not predict reinforcement
B)how much strength various cues have developed to the situation
C)how much inhibition various cues have developed to the situation
D)the difference between the amount of conditioned excitation and conditioned inhibition that is generalized to the test stimulus

Question 42

An auditory stimulus (CS)is paired with ethanol (UCS)in rats in one context and is then extinguished in a second context.When the responding in the first context occurs following the presentation of the conditioned stimulus,this is called ______.

A)peak shift
B)behavioral contrast
C)resurgence
D)fixed dominance

Question 43

Which brain structures play an important role in occasion setting?

A)the parahippocampal gyrus and parietal lobe
B)the dorsal hippocampus and orbitofrontal cortex
C)the thalamus and the orbital frontal cortex
D)the orbital frontal cortex and the cingulate cortex

Question 44

In Sutherland and MacKintosh's theory of attention,the subject in a discrimination task discovers the relevant stimulus dimension on the basis of ______.

A)which conditioned response occurs
B)a flat generalization gradient
C)a selective filter being activated
D)perceptual analyzers being activated

Question 45

An auditory stimulus (CS)is first paired with ethanol (UCS)in rats in one context.Once established,the auditory stimulus is then extinguished in a second context.When the rat is placed in the original context,what will occur?

A)The auditory conditioned stimulus will elicit the conditioned response.
B)The auditory conditioned stimulus will not elicit the conditioned response.
C)The auditory stimulus will cause an increase in responding then a decrease.
D)The auditory stimulus will cause a decrease in responding then an increase.

Question 46

According to Kohler,______.

A)we evaluate stimuli in absolute terms and in contrast to other stimuli
B)we evaluate stimuli in absolute terms but not in relation to other stimuli
C)we do not evaluate stimuli in absolute terms,but instead in relation to other stimuli
D)we do not evaluate stimuli at all.We only respond to other stimuli.

Question 47

Livesey and McLaren conducted a study where they observed a peak shift in human subjects using multiple shades of green.Initially,subjects responded to the physical similarity of the stimulus.With additional training,they became aware of subtle differences of the stimuli and utilized a rule-based strategy.Livesey and McLaren believed respondents used ______ early in the testing and ______ later in the testing.

A)cognitive processing; differential learning
B)cognitive processing; associative learning
C)associative learning; differential learning
D)associative learning; cognitive processing

Question 48

In humans,errorless discrimination training has been demonstrated in ______.

A)preschool children
B)children with difficulty detecting speech sounds
C)individuals in early stages of Alzheimer's disease
D)all of these are correct

Question 49

Racial,ethnic,and religious prejudices are examples of discrimination learning.

Question 50

There is an interchangeability of Pavlovian occasion setters and ______.

A)concurrent schedules
B)reinforcers
C)punishers
D)discriminative stimuli

Question 51

When I go to one very popular fast-food restaurant,I need to stand in line before I get my food.However,I can go to a restaurant next door and not stand in line but do not do so.Why does this behavior occur?

A)My memory for the fast-food restaurant provides a resurgence for my preference.
B)The occasion-setting stimulus creates a conditioned stimulus causing me to dislike the second restaurant.
C)The context serves as an occasion-setting stimulus for my food preference.
D)There is no reason for my preference.

Question 52

Which is a stage of Sutherland and MacKintosh's explanation for discrimination learning?

A)During the first stage,an individual's attention to the relevant dimension strengthens.
B)During the second stage,the organism discriminates to particular responses.
C)During the second stage,the organism's attention to relevant dimensions weakens.
D)During the third stage,the organism attends to particular stimuli.

Question 53

Which of the following is correct?

A)Studies support Kohler's relational approach significantly more than the Hull-Spence model.
B)Some studies support the Hull-Spence model,while others support Kohler's relational approach.
C)Studies only support the Hull-Spence model.
D)Studies supporting the Hull-Spence model do not explain generalization as well as the Kohler relational approach.

Question 54

Excitation and inhibition gradually increase during the acquisition of a discrimination.This position is called ______.

A)noncontinuity theory of associative response learning
B)continuity theory of associative response learning
C)continuity theory of discrimination learning
D)continuity theory of stimulus enhancement

Question 55

The Hull-Spence model predicts ______ with discrimination training than with nondiscrimination training.

A)a lower generalization gradient
B)no change in the generalization gradient
C)a steeper generalization gradient
D)a steeper than shallower generalization gradient

Question 56

As is true of excitatory generalization,inhibition generalizes to stimuli quite dissimilar to the training stimulus.

Question 57

I train a rat to discriminate between a circle and an octagon.Every time the rat presses the octagon switch,I give it a piece of cheese.Soon the rat chooses the octagon on every trial.Then I give the rat a choice between the original octagon and a significantly larger octagon.The rat then chooses the larger octagon.This is an example of ______.

A)occasion-setting stimuli
B)peak shift
C)conditioned excitation
D)an interoceptive stimulus

Question 58

When individuals respond in different ways to different stimuli,the process of responding to some stimuli,but not others is called discrimination learning.

Question 59

Lashley and Wade contend an inability to discriminate between the training and test stimuli is responsible for stimulus discrimination.

Question 60

A steep generalization gradient indicates that people respond greatly to stimuli not very similar to the training stimulus.

Question 61

A discriminative stimulus (S^D)indicates that reinforcement is available.

Question 62

Describe Sutherland and Mackintosh's attentional view.

Question 63

When you discriminate that a store is open at certain hours and closed at others,this is called a conditional discrimination task.

Question 64

The prefrontal cortex and hippocampus play a significant role in discrimination learning.

Question 65

What is a discriminative stimulus (S^D),how is it different from an S^Δ (S)?

Question 66

Evidence supporting the Lashley-Wade theory is that discrimination training results in generalization only to stimuli very similar to the conditioned stimulus.

Question 67

The parietal lobe and the central hippocampus play an important role in acquiring and maintaining occasion-setting stimuli.

Question 68

Terrace contends that behavioral contrast is responsible for the heightened response seen in discrimination learning.

Question 69

The Hull-Spence model of discrimination training is considered to be a noncontinuity view,whereas Krechevsky and Lashley's view is considered to be a continuity view.

Question 70

An occasion-setting stimulus is an event that creates the conditions necessary for a conditioned stimulus to elicit a conditioned response.

Question 71

What is Kohler's model of discrimination learning?

Question 72

According to Hull and Spence,discrimination learning develops in five stages.

Question 73

Describe the Lashley-Wade model of stimulus generalization.