Deck 10: Development of the Self

Question 1

Which term refers to knowledge and beliefs about how the mind works and how the mind affects behavior?

A)learning theory
B)social referencing
C)theory of mind
D)self-awareness

Answer 1

theory of mind

Question 2

According to James Marcia,the status of adolescents who commit to a particular identity following a period of crisis is called __________.

A)identity foreclosure
B)identity achievement
C)moratorium
D)identity diffusion

Answer 2

identity achievement

Question 3

According to James Marcia,which category of identity development leads to "rigid strength," authoritarian behavior,and a high need for social approval?

A)moratorium
B)identity achievement
C)identity diffusion
D)identity foreclosure

Answer 3

identity foreclosure

Question 4

When 18-month-old Jarrod realizes that he can ask his mother to give him a cookie,and that his mother will behave under her own power to respond to his request,then Jarrod sees his mother as a __________.

A)legitimate parent
B)compliant agent
C)social reference
D)reluctant agent

Question 5

According to James Marcia,the status of adolescents who neither explore nor commit to various identity alternatives is called __________.

A)identity diffusion
B)moratorium
C)identity foreclosure
D)identity achievement

Question 6

If an adolescent was exploring her or his self-concept,the focus would likely be on __________.

A)awareness of personal traits as abstractions
B)looking at various components of the self in isolation
C)considering only desirable traits
D)being unaware of the views of others

Question 7

According to James Marcia's view of adolescent development,commitment is a __________.

A)time when an adolescent consciously chooses between various alternatives and makes decisions
B)psychological investment in a course of action or an ideology
C)period when an adolescent is mature enough for a committed relationship
D)period of identity development when the adolescent decides whether to concentrate on self-development versus relationship development

Question 8

Twelve-year-old Irving believes he is a pretty good soccer player but not as good of a singer.This assessment is an indication of Irving's __________.

A)self-esteem
B)self-concept
C)social reality
D)social comparison

Question 9

Eight-month-old Elisha's crib is located near a large mirror on her dresser,yet Elisha barely ever stops to look at herself in the mirror.On the other hand,her 18-month-old sister,Amanda,stops regularly to gaze at herself as she crawls around on the floor near the full-length bathroom mirror.What is the likely reason that Amanda looks at the mirror but Elisha does not?

A)Amanda has developed self-awareness but Elisha has not.
B)Amanda's self-awareness has begun to develop into narcissism.
C)Elisha has developed self-awareness,but is too interested in other things to look at herself.
D)Amanda's mother has given her more attention than she has given Elisha.

Question 10

Which U.S.societal model views individual cultural identities as needing to be integrated into a unified culture?

A)pluralistic society model
B)bicultural identity model
C)multicultural model
D)cultural assimilation model

Question 11

According to James Marcia,which category of identity development leads to adolescents living with relatively high anxiety and psychological conflict?

A)identity diffusion
B)moratorium
C)identity foreclosure
D)identity achievement

Question 12

According to Erik Erikson,when adolescents struggle to find and adopt a suitable identity,they may __________.

A)exhibit socially unacceptable roles as a way of expressing who they do not want to be
B)readily form long-lasting and close personal relationships
C)develop a sense of self that is concentrated on a unified core identity
D)develop an identity disorder that carries through their adult years

Question 13

Which term describes the phenomenon in which minority children indicate preferences for majority values or people?

A)race dissonance
B)ethnic preference
C)race identity
D)cultural identity

Question 14

Bobbie is a 14-year-old girl who is searching for her identity.Which strategy would characterize the search for her self-concept?

A)She would describe herself using only a list of traits.
B)She would have a broad view of herself,and be able to see various aspects of herself simultaneously.
C)She would look at herself from a purely physical perspective.
D)She would be able to consider only her views.

Question 15

According to James Marcia's view of adolescent development,crisis is a period in which an adolescent __________.

A)decides to take a psychological moratorium
B)is in physical jeopardy or danger
C)makes a psychological investment in an ideology
D)consciously chooses between various alternatives and makes decisions

Question 16

Five-year-old Wendell is new to his kindergarten classroom.His teacher asks him what he is good at and what he likes.Wendell responds,"I can run fast" and "I like to eat pizza." Wendell's responses illustrate his __________.

A)individualistic orientation
B)autonomy
C)self-concept
D)level of intrapsychic development

Question 17

At what age are infants capable of demonstrating empathy for others?

A)6 months
B)12 months
C)14 months
D)24 months

Question 18

Preschool-age children's views of themselves also reflect the way their culture views the self.For example,many Asian societies tend to adopt a(n)__________.

A)individualistic orientation
B)self-rewarding orientation
C)collectivistic orientation
D)nationalistic orientation

Question 19

Two-year-old Duane and his older brother are eating lunch,and both boys are given cookies for dessert.Duane's older brother accidentally drops his cookie on the floor and begins crying,so Duane offers to share his cookie with his brother.Duane's actions indicate he has reached the point where he is able to demonstrate __________.

A)empathy
B)trust
C)self-awareness
D)negotiation

Question 20

Which term describes a philosophy that promotes interdependence?

A)nationalism
B)collectivistic orientation
C)individualistic orientation
D)syllogism

Question 21

Rollo looks to his peer group as a source of information to judge the appropriateness of his own opinions,abilities,and physical changes.Rollo is engaged in __________.

A)social reference
B)social comparison
C)peer review
D)reference remediation

Question 22

From an "ethgender" point of view,which adolescent likely has the lowest self-esteem?

A)Juano,an African American male
B)Burt,a Native American male
C)Maria,a Hispanic female
D)Rita,an Asian American female

Question 23

During the middle childhood years,children in immigrant families __________.

A)often have significant learning problems
B)often do quite well in the United States
C)are less fluent in communication skills
D)typically suffer from depression

Question 24

Wally is facing an important test and expects to do poorly.He is so anxious that he cannot concentrate or study effectively,but he figures that since he's going to do badly anyway,he shouldn't bother studying.This reasoning is an indication of Wally's __________.

A)self-esteem
B)self-concept
C)social reality
D)social comparison

Question 25

__________ refers to an individual's overall and specific self-evaluations,whereas __________ reflects beliefs and cognitions about the self.

A)Self-concept;self-esteem
B)Self-esteem;self-concept
C)Self-esteem;social comparison
D)Social comparison;self-concept

Question 26

Which term relates to an individual's overall and specific positive and negative self-evaluation?

A)self-awareness
B)self-concept
C)self-esteem
D)self-monitoring

Question 27

Which model suggests that U.S.society is made up of diverse,coequal cultural groups that should preserve their cultural features?

A)pluralistic society model
B)bicultural identity model
C)multicultural model
D)cultural assimilation model

Question 28

Which broad pattern did psychologist Ravenna Helson identify in her research of women's social roles?

A)Women who chose to focus on family and women who chose to focus on career showed very different personality development.
B)Both women who chose to focus on family and women who chose to focus on career generally demonstrated positive changes in personality development.
C)Women who chose to focus on either family or career tended to show a more negative shift in personality development.
D)Women who chose to focus on family demonstrated less confidence and less satisfaction over time than women who chose to focus on career.

Question 29

Psychologist George Vaillant proposed that between the ages of 20 and 40,young adults become centered on their careers,entering a developmental stage called __________.

A)the realistic period
B)the fantasy period
C)career consolidation
D)the tentative period

Question 30

Which term do psychologists use to describe a culturally determined psychological timepiece providing a sense of whether an individual has reached the major benchmarks of life at the appropriate time?

A)maturation
B)the intimacy-versus-isolation stage
C)postformal thought
D)the social clock

Question 31

When considering data from 2000 and 2010 U.S.censuses,what is one notable feature that emerges?

A)The data indicate a larger percentage of African Americans.
B)The data indicate a significant decrease in the number of individuals who decline to state their race.
C)The data indicate a significant increase in the number of individuals who think of themselves as belonging to more than one race.
D)The data indicate an increasing percentage of Asian Americans.

Question 32

Groups of people with whom one compares oneself are called __________.

A)allies
B)cohorts
C)reference groups
D)social strata

Question 33

Ingo is proud of his Lithuanian heritage,and equally proud to be an American.In forming his identity he draws inspiration from both his native Lithuanian culture and his adopted homeland.Which perspective on identity development is Ingo following?

A)pluralistic society model
B)bicultural identity model
C)multicultural model
D)cultural assimilation model

Question 34

Standards against which adolescents can judge their abilities and social success are called __________.

A)peer opinions
B)cohort beliefs
C)reference banks
D)norms

Question 35

According to __________,members of a minority group are likely to accept the negative views held by a majority group only if they perceive that there is little realistic possibility of changing the power and status differences between the groups.

A)social justice theory
B)self-verification theory
C)downward social comparison theory
D)social identity theory

Question 36

Beginning at around age 11 and continuing through adolescence,African Americans __________.

A)show slightly higher self-esteem compared to whites
B)have lower self-esteem compared to whites
C)demonstrate a stronger sense of racial identity and a higher level of self-esteem when compared with Hispanics
D)demonstrate a weaker sense of racial identity and a higher level of self-esteem when compared with Asian Americans

Question 37

The combination of race and gender simultaneously affecting an adolescent's self-esteem is called __________.

A)self-confusion
B)ethgender
C)multiple identity
D)identity confusion

Question 38

Sima is a child of recent immigrants to the United States.Sima is likely to demonstrate which of the following behaviors?

A)good grades in school
B)a higher level of self-esteem than nonimmigrant children
C)substantially lower socioeconomic status
D)a high level of popularity among peers

Question 39

According to one view,women finding a spouse and embarking on traditional feminine behavior occurs between the ages of __________.

A)15 to 23
B)21 to 27
C)25 to 33
D)30 to 35

Question 40

What is the likely reason adolescents rely on their peers rather than their parents for social comparison?

A)Parents cannot remember their adolescent years.
B)Parents are too critical and judgmental of adolescent choices.
C)Parents do not have the time to devote to adolescent issues due to employment commitments.
D)Adolescents' desire for autonomy makes parents seem to be inadequate and invalid sources for information.

Question 41

How does effort play a role in the cycle of failure?

A)Low self-esteem leads directly to reduced effort,which in turn produces high anxiety.
B)Low self-esteem leads to a low performance expectation,which in turn leads to reduced effort.
C)High anxiety leads to low self-esteem,which in turn produces increased effort on a task.
D)Reduced effort is a direct consequence of high anxiety felt by low self-esteem children.

Question 42

According to John Holland's personality type theory,people who are down-to-earth,practical problem solvers,and physically strong,but have mediocre social skills,are best described as __________.

A)conventional
B)enterprising
C)realistic
D)intellectual

Question 43

Chico is 16 years old and wants to become an architect like his father.However,Chico has been tested and found to have a specific learning disability in mathematics.Chico may need to reconsider his career plans based upon this information.According to Ginzberg,Chico is in the __________ period of career choice.

A)fantasy
B)tentative
C)career consolidation
D)realistic

Question 44

According to John Holland's personality type theory,people who are risk-takers and have good leadership skills are described as __________.

A)conventional
B)enterprising
C)social
D)realistic

Question 45

Occupations that are associated with getting things accomplished are often conceptualized as __________ professions.

A)fraternal
B)agentic
C)communal
D)intrinsic

Question 46

Which statement is correct regarding middle-aged workers compared to younger workers?

A)Older workers show more absenteeism.
B)Older workers hold their jobs longer and are more reliable.
C)Older workers lack sufficient technological skills.
D)Older workers are not willing to learn new skills.

Question 47

The evaluation by other relevant members of a group or society of a role a person fulfills is called __________.

A)career classification
B)status
C)motivation depletion
D)extrinsic evaluation

Question 48

According to Ginzberg's career choice theory,the stage that occurs in early adulthood,when people begin to explore specific career options and narrow their choices,is called the __________.

A)fantasy period
B)tentative period
C)career consolidation period
D)realistic period

Question 49

The motivation that causes people to work for their own enjoyment,not for the rewards work may bring,is called __________.

A)intrinsic motivation
B)career consolidation
C)status evaluation
D)extrinsic motivation

Question 50

Critics who argue that immigrants lack the knowledge and skills to contribute to the U.S.economy fail to see some fundamental aspects of immigrant success,including which fact?

A)Most legal and illegal immigrants never succeed financially.
B)Only a few immigrants come to the United States to get on welfare.
C)Immigrants take away more from the U.S.economy than they contribute.
D)Most immigrants eventually marry into native-born American families.

Question 51

According to one analysis,every time the unemployment rate goes up 1 percent,there is a __________ percent rise in suicides.

A)1
B)4
C)5
D)10

Question 52

When Moe was 8 years old,he was sure he wanted to grow up to be a firefighter.But just a year later,Moe told everybody that he wanted to be a cowboy.A few months later he wanted to be a professional quoits player.According to Eli Ginzberg,Moe is in the __________ period of career choice.

A)tentative
B)career consolidation
C)realistic
D)fantasy

Question 53

Which factor affects job satisfaction for middle-aged workers?

A)recognition and approval
B)opportunities for advancement
C)specific policies that affect their jobs
D)being able to work from home

Question 54

What was a conclusion reached by John Holland when investigating his personality type theory of career exploration?

A)A person should choose a career based on monetary considerations.
B)Certain personality types match well with certain careers.
C)Career success will depend on the particular training a person acquires.
D)Happiness in a career is dependent on a completing college education.

Question 55

Since the mid-1980s,the number of __________ in the workforce has grown substantially.

A)women in their 50s and older
B)men in their 50s and older
C)men in their early 20s and 30s
D)women in their early 20s and 30s

Question 56

According to John Holland's personality type theory,people who are possess good verbal and interpersonal skills are described as __________.

A)conventional
B)enterprising
C)social
D)realistic

Question 57

Bernice is a go-getter at her sales job because she likes the finer things in life,such as sports cars,jewelry,and exotic vacations.Bernice is most likely motivated to succeed by __________.

A)intrinsic factors
B)career consolidation
C)differential bias
D)extrinsic factors

Question 58

According to Eli Ginzberg,the period lasting until about age 11,when career choices are made and discarded without regard to skills,abilities,or available job opportunities,is called __________.

A)career consolidation
B)the fantasy period
C)the tentative period
D)the realistic period

Question 59

When a highly trained professional experiences dissatisfaction,disillusionment,frustration,and weariness from her or his job,it is called __________.

A)a midlife crisis
B)burnout
C)critical mass
D)extinction

Question 60

Occupations that are associated with interpersonal relationships are often conceptualized as __________ professions.

A)maternal
B)agentic
C)communal
D)intrinsic

Question 61

Explain the dimensions of commitment and crisis in James Marcia's theory of adolescent development,and describe how they combine to produce different types of adolescent identity.

Question 62

Layla wants to do well at softball but keeps missing the ball and striking out.Now she never expects to do well when she comes to bat,and sure enough,she continues to strike out.Layla is caught in a __________.

A)self-esteem trap
B)web of low expectations
C)cycle of failure
D)disappointment spiral

Question 63

Whereas self-concept reflects beliefs and thoughts about the self,self-esteem is focused more on __________ considerations.

A)cognitive
B)emotional
C)moral
D)intellectual

Question 64

Describe the process of social comparison,and apply it to a child who wants to evaluate her intellectual and social abilities.

Question 65

What is one reason that the self-esteem of adolescent girls is lower than that of adolescent boys?

A)Girls generally perform less well than boys in high school academic courses.
B)High school boys are more concerned than girls about physical appearance.
C)High school girls often have to choose between academic success and social success.
D)Boys at this age do not face society's stereotypical gender expectations.

Question 66

In comparison with their self-concepts in middle childhood,adolescents begin to __________.

A)develop a conviction that they are good at everything
B)divide their self-concepts into personal and academic spheres
C)differentiate their own views of themselves from others' views
D)include psychological characteristics in their self-concepts

Question 67

While people who work for tangible rewards,such as money or prestige,are said to have __________ motivation,those who work for their own enjoyment or fulfillment are said to have __________ motivation.

A)extrinsic;intrinsic
B)concrete;theoretical
C)practical;idealistic
D)physical;metaphysical

Question 68

Job satisfaction has been found to be higher when workers have __________.

A)clear,well-structured,predictable jobs
B)input into the nature and operation of their jobs
C)regular and close monitoring and supervision
D)hours and pay that can vary from week to week

Question 69

A __________ is a group of people that presents a set of norms against which adolescents can judge their abilities and social success,whether or not they belong to that group.

A)social comparison
B)peer group
C)social identity unit
D)reference group

Question 70

__________,or knowledge of oneself,begins to grow in infants around the age of 12 months,while __________,the set of beliefs about what they are like as individuals,develops in the preschool years.

A)Self-consciousness;self-esteem
B)Egocentrism;self-consciousness
C)Self-awareness;self-concept
D)Self-concept;egocentrism

Question 71

What is the primary source of social comparison for adolescents?

A)peer groups
B)older siblings
C)teachers
D)one or both parents

Question 72

Frustration and disillusionment with one's job is frequently a symptom of __________,the feeling that one's efforts are inadequate to solve vast societal problems.

A)a midlife crisis
B)occupational insecurity
C)burnout
D)underemployment

Question 73

The culturally determined sense of timing that signals and records major milestones in adults' lives is referred to as the __________ of adulthood.

A)social clock
B)ticking time bomb
C)biological countdown
D)developmental schedule

Question 74

According to Ginsburg's theory of career choice,people begin to weigh job requirements,their own abilities and interests,and their personal values and goals in the __________ period.

A)tentative
B)fantasy
C)realistic
D)rational

Question 75

Which outcomes typically result for children of immigrant families?

Question 76

Traditionally,women are considered to be more suited to __________ professions associated with interpersonal relationships,and men are considered to be more suited to __________ professions associated with getting things accomplished.

A)social;entrepreneurial
B)mental;physical
C)emotional;practical
D)communal;agentic

Question 77

According to James Marcia,adolescents who,after exploring identity alternatives,have not committed to any one of them are in the __________ category of identity development.

A)identity diffusion
B)moratorium
C)identity foreclosure
D)identity achievement

Question 78

Compare collectivistic and individualistic cultural orientations,and describe how they impact the development of self-concept.

Question 79

Early in life,infants begin to develop a __________,defined as knowledge and beliefs about how the mind works and how it influences behavior.

A)theory of mind
B)practical understanding
C)social conscience
D)mental map

Question 80

Explain criticisms of Eli Ginzberg's career choice theory.