Deck 1: An Orientation to Lifespan Development

Question 1

The __________ is Freud's representation of incorporating the distinction between right and wrong.

A)conscious
B)id
C)superego
D)unconscious

Answer 1

superego

Question 2

Roger believes his infant daughter is going through very distinct stages of development and is suddenly,upon turning 6 months old,able to do far more than she could at 5½ months.This perspective is consistent with a __________ approach to development.

A)continuous change
B)discontinuous change
C)sensitive periods
D)nurture

Answer 2

discontinuous change

Question 3

When cultural factors affect a particular individual at a particular time,and include forces such as ethnicity,social class,and subcultural membership,these factors are called __________.

A)age-graded influences
B)non-normative life events
C)history-graded influences
D)sociocultural-graded influences

Answer 3

sociocultural-graded influences

Question 4

During a __________,organisms are particularly susceptible to certain kinds of stimuli in their environments,but the absence of those stimuli does not always produce irreversible consequences.

A)sensitive period
B)continuous change period
C)critical period
D)cohort

Question 5

Freud believed that the __________ contains infantile wishes,desires,demands,and needs that are hidden from conscious awareness because they are disturbing.

A)superego
B)conscience
C)ego
D)unconscious

Question 6

Researchers in the early learning department of a university are conducting a long-term study to see how problem-solving skills change over time as students move from elementary school to high school to college.What type of development are the researchers most likely studying?

A)cognitive
B)personality
C)social
D)physical

Question 7

Advocates of the __________ perspective argue that much of behavior is motivated by inner forces,memories,and conflicts about which a person has little awareness or control.

A)psychodynamic
B)psychosocial
C)behavioral
D)sociocultural

Question 8

Development that occurs in distinct steps or stages,with each stage bringing about behavior that is assumed to be qualitatively different from behavior at earlier stages,is called __________ change.

A)discontinuous
B)continuous
C)critical
D)natural

Question 9

Lifespan developmentalists typically focus on a particular __________.

A)family
B)age range
C)town/city
D)country

Question 10

Which issue has dominated many of the research questions in lifespan development?

A)Which areas of lifespan development are the most important for producing normal human functioning?
B)How much of people's behavior is due to their genetically determined nature and how much is due to nurture?
C)What role does the unconscious play in shaping human behavior?
D)What are the appropriate methods to use when studying development over time?

Question 11

Why is the concept of race increasingly insignificant in current times?

A)There are clearly identifiable races;no more study is needed.
B)Each race is genetically distinct;biology has solved the problem.
C)Virtually 100 percent of all humans' genetic makeup is identical.
D)Visual identification can best reflect different races and ethnic groups.

Question 12

Biological and environmental influences that are similar for individuals in a particular age group,regardless of where they are raised,are called __________ influences.

A)age-graded
B)history-graded
C)biological
D)environmental

Question 13

Freud believed that the goal of the id was to __________.

A)reduce satisfaction and maximize tension
B)maximize satisfaction and reduce tension
C)reduce inhibition and maximize unconscious awareness
D)increase inhibition and reduce unconscious awareness

Question 14

A developmental psychologist whose research focus is the human body's capacities and limitations is interested in __________ development.

A)cognitive
B)physical
C)personality
D)social

Question 15

A group of people who are born around the same time in the same place is called a(n)__________.

A)race
B)cohort
C)ethnic group
D)normative group

Question 16

Dr.Sardonicus wants to examine the effectiveness of different teaching techniques.Her 9:00 a.m.class will be exposed to a new method of viewing online instructional videos while her 10:00 a.m.class will be exposed to traditional lectures.She will assess the students' memory for the information across six sessions.What method is the professor using to test her ideas?

A)intuitive
B)sociological
C)anecdotal
D)scientific

Question 17

Sara contracted rubella (German measles)in the eleventh week of her pregnancy.Emily contracted rubella during the thirtieth week of her pregnancy.The difference in the way rubella would affect an unborn child at these two times is an example of __________.

A)continuous change
B)discontinuous change
C)a critical period
D)a sensitive period

Question 18

Which developmental period has been proposed between adolescence and adulthood?

A)senescence
B)emerging adulthood
C)exploratory maturation
D)extended adolescence

Question 19

Genetically determined traits not only directly influence a child's __________,but also indirectly shape the child's __________.

A)behavior;environment
B)environment;behavior
C)maturation;circumstances
D)circumstances;maturation

Question 20

Freud believed that the ego __________.

A)operates on a completely unconscious level
B)acts as a buffer between the desires of the id and the constraints of the real world
C)was under the direct control of the id
D)is the seat of conscience,or ethical principles of right and wrong

Question 21

Why has Freud's psychodynamic perspective been called into question by modern theorists?

A)Freud assigned too small a role to unconscious forces.
B)Many of Freud's ideas have not been validated by research.
C)Freud focused too much on the importance of social interaction in shaping behavior.
D)Freud presented an overly optimistic view of humanity.

Question 22

According to Sigmund Freud,the series of stages that children progress through in which pleasure and gratification are focused on a particular biological function is called __________.

A)psychosexual development
B)the psychosocial revolution
C)psychodynamic awareness
D)psychoanalytical growth

Question 23

Who is considered the predominant theorist in the area of cognitive development?

A)Jean Piaget
B)Sigmund Freud
C)Albert Bandura
D)Erik Erikson

Question 24

Freud believed that if children are either unable to gratify themselves during a particular stage of development,or if they are overgratified during a particular stage of development,__________ may occur.

A)fixation
B)conflict
C)stages
D)patterns

Question 25

Erik Erikson proposed a __________ theory,which emphasized that society and culture influence and shape us.

A)psychosocial
B)psychodynamic
C)psychoanalytic
D)behavioral

Question 26

In Freud's theory of psychosexual development,the latency stage spans the majority of time children spend in elementary school.This stage is characterized by __________.

A)a lack of concerns related to sexuality
B)an increased concern about sexuality
C)an aversion to superego development
D)increased aggression toward the same-sex parent

Question 27

Jean Piaget's perspective on cognitive development assumes that thinking undergoes __________ advances,whereas the information-processing approach assumes that development is marked by __________ advantages.

A)quantitative;qualitative
B)quantitative;discontinuous
C)qualitative;quantitative
D)continuous;discontinuous

Question 28

Piaget's two basic principles of growth in children's understanding of the world are __________.

A)reward and punishment
B)schemas and assessment
C)assimilation and accommodation
D)cognition and behavior

Question 29

As Juanito looks back over his long life,he feels a sense of unity in his life's accomplishments.He can be said to be in Erikson's __________ stage of psychosocial development.

A)industry vs.inferiority
B)ego-integrity vs.despair
C)identity vs.role diffusion
D)generativity vs.stagnation

Question 30

__________ is a formal technique for promoting the frequency of desirable behaviors and decreasing the incidence of unwanted ones.

A)Punishment
B)Reinforcement
C)Classical remediation
D)Behavior modification

Question 31

What did Jean Piaget call the process by which people understand an experience in terms of their current stage of cognitive development?

A)cognition
B)accommodation
C)schemes
D)assimilation

Question 32

Which approach to understanding cognitive development is currently at the forefront of research,utilizing our understanding of genes and brain activity?

A)behavior modification
B)social-cognitive
C)cognitive neuroscience
D)neo-Piagetian

Question 33

What did Jean Piaget call the process by which changes occur in the existing way a child thinks in response to encounters with new stimuli or events?

A)assimilation
B)accommodation
C)cognition
D)schemes

Question 34

What model of cognitive development seeks to identify the ways in which individuals take in,access,utilize,and store information?

A)Piagetian
B)neo-Freudian
C)information processing
D)operant conditioning

Question 35

Erikson's psychosocial theory differs from Freud's psychoanalytic theory in that Erikson believed that development __________.

A)is completed in infancy
B)is completed in early childhood
C)is completed by adolescence
D)continues throughout the lifespan

Question 36

__________ emphasizes the processes that allow people to know,understand,and think about the world.

A)Classical conditioning
B)The psychodynamic perspective
C)Operant conditioning
D)The cognitive perspective

Question 37

Mei Lin learned at a young age that developing good study habits,such as doing her homework,brought about good grades and made her want to work harder in school.This kind of encouraging outcome of an action is called __________.

A)development
B)classical conditioning
C)reinforcement
D)social-cognition

Question 38

A form of learning in which a voluntary response is strengthened or weakened by its association with positive or negative consequences is called __________.

A)the behavioral perspective
B)the psychodynamic perspective
C)operant conditioning
D)classical conditioning

Question 39

A type of learning in which an organism responds in a particular way to a neutral stimulus that normally does not bring about that type of response is called __________.

A)classical conditioning
B)behavioral observation
C)operant conditioning
D)psychodynamic learning

Question 40

Which learning approach emphasizes the importance of modeling?

A)classical conditioning
B)behavior modification
C)social-cognitive learning
D)operant conditioning

Question 41

Which research strategy involves observing naturally occurring behavior without intervening in the situation?

A)case study method
B)ethnography
C)naturalistic observation
D)experimental research

Question 42

Which perspective seeks to identify behavior that is the result of our genetic inheritance from our ancestors?

A)evolutionary
B)cognitive neuroscience
C)bioecological
D)humanistic

Question 43

When an investigator devises different conditions and then compares the outcomes of the participants exposed to those different conditions in order to see how behavior is affected,this is called a(n)__________.

A)hypothesis
B)experiment
C)theory
D)treatment

Question 44

Which theory emphasizes how cognitive development proceeds as a result of social interactions between members of a culture?

A)interconnectedness
B)sociocultural
C)bioecological
D)contextual

Question 45

Which theoretical perspective argues that people have a fundamental ability to control their behavior and make rational decisions about their lives?

A)psychoanalytic
B)behavioral
C)humanistic
D)social-cognitive learning theory

Question 46

Which technique ensures that personal characteristics that might affect the outcome of an experiment are scattered among research participants in the different groups,thereby making the groups roughly equivalent?

A)dependent recursion
B)random assignment
C)independent assignment
D)regression to the mean

Question 47

__________ research is designed to discover causal relationships between various factors.

A)Correlational
B)Hypothetical
C)Experimental
D)Theoretical

Question 48

Which developmental research strategy is borrowed from the field of anthropology and used to investigate cultural questions?

A)ethnography
B)survey research
C)psychophysiological research
D)experimentation

Question 49

When a group of people are chosen to represent a larger population and are asked about their attitudes,behaviors,or thinking on a given topic,this is considered __________ research.

A)ethnographic
B)case study
C)experimental
D)survey

Question 50

Using a real-world setting for an experiment is the hallmark of a(n)__________.

A)field study
B)control group
C)experimental group
D)sample group

Question 51

During an experiment,researchers manipulate the __________ and measure the __________.

A)dependent variable;independent variable
B)independent variable;dependent variable
C)control group;treatment group
D)treatment group;control group

Question 52

Jose and Maria are preparing for the arrival of their first child,and are considering moving from their small rural town to a larger city to gain greater access to social services,better schools,and a variety of entertainment options.This is an example of which of Bronfenbrenner's five bioecological levels?

A)macrosystem
B)exosystem
C)microsystem
D)mesosystem

Question 53

Which research strategy involves extensive,in-depth interviews with a particular individual or small group?

A)experimentation
B)case study
C)natural observation
D)ethnography

Question 54

Benito conducts an experiment in which group A is exposed to a particular treatment and group B is given no treatment.If group A is designated as the treatment group,then group B is the __________.

A)independent variable
B)dependent variable
C)control group
D)treatment group

Question 55

In an experiment,the __________ is what researchers manipulate.

A)replication group
B)independent variable
C)control group
D)dependent variable

Question 56

Reggie has reached a state of self-fulfillment,achieving what he feels is his highest potential,and reaching those heights in his own unique way.According to the humanist perspective,what has Reggie attained?

A)self-actualization
B)social awareness
C)personal agency
D)self-efficacy

Question 57

Which perspective specifically focuses on the relationship between individuals and their physical,cognitive,personality,and social worlds?

A)humanistic
B)contextual
C)cognitive
D)behavioral

Question 58

Why is it wrong to ask "which theoretical perspective on lifespan development is correct?"

A)Developmentalists already agree that the psychodynamic perspective makes the greatest theoretical contribution;other perspectives should be mentioned,but ultimately rejected.
B)There is no way to empirically test the propositions of the various perspectives,so there is no way to determine which is correct.
C)Each perspective looks at development from a different vantage point;as such,each emphasizes a slightly different aspect while retaining a piece of the truth.
D)Asking "which is correct?" is less important than asking "what should be studied?"

Question 59

What type of evidence is based on careful,systematic procedures?

A)scientific
B)opinion
C)anecdotal
D)abstract

Question 60

Which of Bronfenbrenner's bioecological levels provides the connections between the various aspects of a person's life?

A)exosystem
B)mesosystem
C)microsystem
D)macrosystem

Question 61

How are assimilation and accommodation similar?

A)Both involve understanding experience in terms of a child's existing way of thinking.
B)Both involve significant changes to a child's existing way of thinking.
C)Both are ways to bring about cognitive development.
D)Both are interchangeable terms used to explain the same concept.

Question 62

If the focus of a research study is to examine the ways in which college professors can help students to remember information more easily,such a study would represent __________ research.

A)applied
B)experimental
C)theoretical
D)hypothetical

Question 63

Provide reasons why contemporary developmentalists believe understanding the entire life span is important.

Question 64

Why is asking "which theoretical perspective is right?" the wrong question to ask?

Question 65

Proponents of which major theoretical perspective believe that the keys to understanding development are observable behavior and outside stimuli in the environment?

A)psychodynamic
B)behavioral
C)cognitive
D)evolutionary

Question 66

How are the developmental periods of infancy and adolescence similar?

A)Both involve roughly the same amount of years.
B)Both have a fairly clear-cut boundary for when they begin.
C)Both have a fairly clear-cut boundary for when they end.
D)Most developmentalists study both of these periods at the same time.

Question 67

Proponents of which major theoretical perspective believe that behavior is largely motivated by subconscious inner forces and memories?

A)psychodynamic
B)behavioral
C)cognitive
D)evolutionary

Question 68

Before asking people to participate in a research project,an investigator must provide them with a document providing __________.

A)details of the experimental design
B)debriefing
C)a description of how participants will be compensated
D)informed consent

Question 69

Explain the three different types of cohort effects and give an example of each.

Question 70

Summarize the four basic principles of ethical research,and provide an example of how each principle might be violated in a research study.

Question 71

Lifespan development examines patterns of growth,change,and __________ in human behavior across the life span.

A)diversity
B)evolution
C)stability
D)socialization

Question 72

A parent who provides less and less guidance each time a child tries a puzzle is using __________.

A)behavior modifications
B)operant conditioning
C)scaffolding
D)classical conditioning

Question 73

In the nature-versus-nurture discussion,the term nurture refers to __________.

A)environmental influences
B)historical traits
C)genetic factors
D)inherited characteristics

Question 74

Robin grew up in a public housing project in Chicago.Grant grew up at the same time in an affluent suburb of Chicago.When Robin and Grant meet in college,we can expect that in general they will __________.

A)share similar non-normative life events
B)share sociocultural-graded influences but differ in history-graded influences
C)differ significantly in age-graded influences
D)share history-graded influences but differ in sociocultural-graded influences

Question 75

Compared to young children,adults have a much harder time learning a new language.Researchers studying this phenomenon are mainly addressing which key issue in development?

A)continuous versus discontinuous change
B)critical versus sensitive periods
C)lifespan approaches versus particular periods
D)nature versus nurture

Question 76

Describe the three major steps of the scientific method and give an example of each.

Question 77

Briefly explain the levels of Bronfenbrenner's bioecological approach.

Question 78

What type of research design is used when people of different ages are compared at the same point in time?

A)longitudinal
B)sequential
C)correlational
D)cross-sectional

Question 79

Which type of research study is a "compromise" that examines a number of different age groups over several points in time?

A)longitudinal
B)sequential
C)cross-sectional
D)experimental

Question 80

Explain what a correlation coefficient measures,and provide examples of what different kinds of coefficients indicate.