Deck 16: What Happens When the Brain Misbehaves 

Question 1

Which is NOT one of the components Freud included in his model of the mind?

A)id
B)ego
C)superid
D)superego

Answer 1

C

Question 2

Which of the following is (are) caused by genetic errors?

A)phenylketonuria
B)Huntington disease
C)Tay-Sachs disease
D)All of the answers are correct.

Answer 2

D

Question 3

_____ can be used to help people learn to change their behavior by changing their patterns of brain activity.

A)Transcranial magnetic stimulation
B)Functional near infrared spectroscopy
C)Real-time functional magnetic resonance imaging
D)Electroencephalography

Answer 3

C

Question 4

Freud is BEST known for developing:

A)behavior therapy.
B)cognitive therapy.
C)psychotherapies.
D)group therapies.

Question 5

Tay-Sachs disease is caused by:

A)loss of neural connections.
B)progressive cell death.
C)rapid cell death.
D)a genetic error.

Question 6

_____ has been used to treat Parkinson disease and stroke.

A)Music therapy
B)TMS
C)Real-time fMRI
D)Emotional therapy

Question 7

About _____ of the population experiences symptoms of PTSD.

A)2%
B)5%
C)10%
D)15%

Question 8

Huntington disease is caused by:

A)a genetic error.
B)loss of neural connections.
C)progressive cell death.
D)rapid cell death.

Question 9

_____ is characterized by decreased neuron size and dendritic length and spine density, as well as mental retardation.

A)Phenylketonuria
B)Autism
C)Tay-Sachs disease
D)Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder

Question 10

Which is NOT a diagnostic category in the DSM-5?

A)anxiety disorders
B)dissociative disorders
C)elimination disorders
D)hysteric disorders

Question 11

The region of the brain that resembles what Sigmund Freud called the id is the:

A)dorsal frontal cortex.
B)ventral frontal cortex.
C)limbic system.
D)posterior cortex.

Question 12

Clinical neuroscience focuses on the:

A)conflict between conscious and unconscious motives.
B)development of the brain over the course of a lifetime.
C)diagnosis and treatment of disorders affecting the brain.
D)genetic basis for the configuration of the five senses.

Question 13

Many veterans of the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan developed symptoms of _____, which may be treated with virtual reality exposure therapy.

A)psychosis
B)somatization disorder
C)posttraumatic stress disorder
D)dissociative identity disorder

Question 14

Which of the following is NOT a diagnostic symptom of schizophrenia?

A)disorganized behavior
B)catatonic behavior
C)hypokinesia (slowness of movement)
D)hallucinations

Question 15

Korsakoff syndrome is often the result of:

A)traumatic brain injury.
B)a poor diet.
C)a stroke.
D)genetic abnormalities.

Question 16

The region of the brain that resembles what Sigmund Freud called the superego is the:

A)dorsal frontal cortex.
B)ventral frontal cortex.
C)limbic system.
D)posterior cortex.

Question 17

The prevalence of schizophrenia is approximately _____ of the population.

A)12%
B)5%
C)3%
D)1%

Question 18

Enlarged ventricles and thinner cortex in the medial temporal regions of the frontal cortex typically characterize:

A)schizophrenia.
B)somatoform disorders.
C)anxiety disorders.
D)sexual dysfunctions.

Question 19

_____ can be treated with diet restrictions such as limiting the intake of foods high in protein (for example, beef, cheese, and fish).

A)Tay-Sachs disease
B)Autism
C)Phenylketonuria
D)Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder

Question 20

Multiple sclerosis is characterized by:

A)progressive cell death.
B)rapid cell death.
C)loss of neural connections.
D)genetic alteration.

Question 21

Imaging studies in individuals with anxiety disorders demonstrate:

A)increased activation in the amygdala.
B)decreased activation in the frontal cortex.
C)increased activation in the temporal lobes.
D)decreased activation in the parahippocampal gyrus.

Question 22

Individuals with depression have elevated levels of:

A)dopamine.
B)serotonin.
C)norepinephrine.
D)cortisol.

Question 23

Individuals with schizophrenia tend to show the largest degree of cortical atrophy in the:

A)parietal cortex.
B)frontal cortex.
C)temporal cortex.
D)temporal and frontal cortices.

Question 24

Antidepressant drugs increase synaptic levels of:

A)norepinephrine and dopamine.
B)serotonin and glutamate.
C)glutamate and dopamine.
D)norepinephrine and serotonin.

Question 25

Families with a history of schizophrenia are also at elevated risk for:

A)Parkinson disease.
B)multiple sclerosis.
C)major depression.
D)antisocial personality disorder.

Question 26

The concordance rate for schizophrenia in identical twins is:

A)100%.
B)75%.
C)25%.
D)50%.

Question 27

Fluoxetine (Prozac):

A)decreases serotonin in the cortex.
B)increases dopamine in the cortex.
C)induces neurogenesis in the hippocampus.
D)reduces brain-derived neurotropic factor.

Question 28

Aside from drugs, one of the best treatments for depression is:

A)TMS.
B)ECT.
C)cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT).
D)sleep.

Question 29

Which of the following is NOT one of the brain correlates of schizophrenia?

A)enlarged ventricles
B)abnormal dendritic fields in the hippocampus
C)decreased frontal and temporal lobe volume
D)smaller dendritic fields in the nucleus accumbens

Question 30

The MOST common cause of brain injury in people under 40 is:

A)meningitis.
B)traumatic brain injury.
C)stroke.
D)aneurysms.

Question 31

Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors are thought to reduce depression by:

A)decreasing levels of serotonin.
B)increasing levels of norepinephrine.
C)decreasing the number of neurons in the hippocampus.
D)increasing neurogenesis in the hippocampus.

Question 32

The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis is influenced by:

A)chronic stress.
B)cortisol levels.
C)stressful early life events.
D)All of the answers are correct.

Question 33

Studies investigating treatments for anxiety have found that _____ tend(s) to be effective in reducing anxiety.

A)benzodiazepines
B)selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors
C)cognitive-behavioral therapy
D)All of the answers are correct.

Question 34

What is the MOST likely diagnosis of people who have periods of excessive euphoria and uncontrollable hyperactivity alternating with periods of feeling worthless and guilt-ridden, with frequent thoughts of suicide?

A)depression
B)mania
C)generalized anxiety disorder
D)bipolar disorder

Question 35

Imaging studies of people with depressive disorders show increased baseline activity in the:

A)hypothalamus and cingulate cortex.
B)hippocampus and cingulate cortex.
C)cingulate cortex and amygdala.
D)hypothalamus and hippocampus.

Question 36

Which of the following is NOT a symptom of major depression?

A)feelings of worthlessness and guilt
B)disturbances in eating habits
C)hallucinations
D)thoughts of suicide

Question 37

Adult-onset schizophrenia has been linked to:

A)abnormalities in the prefrontal cortex.
B)abnormalities in the hippocampus.
C)alterations in neuronal structure.
D)All of the above are correct.

Question 38

When a person is stressed, the hypothalamus secretes _____, which eventually results in the release of cortisol.

A)corticotrophin-releasing hormone
B)adrenocorticotropic hormone
C)cortisol-releasing hormone
D)glucocorticoids

Question 39

Which of the following neurotransmitter systems is (are) impaired in individuals with schizophrenia?

A)dopamine
B)glutamate
C)GABA
D)All of the answers are correct.

Question 40

Which of the following neurotransmitters was FIRST linked with schizophrenia?

A)dopamine
B)glutamate
C)GABA
D)serotonin

Question 41

TBI can be diagnosed MOST easily using:

A)CT scans.
B)MRI.
C)MRS.
D)DTI.

Question 42

The function LEAST likely to recover after closed-head injuries is:

A)memory.
B)cognitive skills.
C)social skills.
D)motor skills.

Question 43

Loss of complex cognitive functions, including reductions in mental speed, concentration, and overall cognitive efficiency, is characteristic of:

A)recovery from coma.
B)discrete impairment from frontal lobe damage.
C)contrecoup lesions.
D)tears due to movement of the hemispheres.

Question 44

During _____, areas of the brain distant from the site of injury are functionally depressed.

A)diaschisis
B)a traumatic brain injury
C)an epileptic seizure
D)neurosurgery

Question 45

Samantha was in a car accident yesterday. She hit her forehead directly against the dashboard, which resulted in a traumatic brain injury. There is a strong possibility she suffered damage to her _____; this would be called a _____.

A)parietal lobe; coup
B)occipital lobe; contrecoup
C)temporal lobe; coup
D)frontal lobe; contrecoup

Question 46

Chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE) is characterized in part by:

A)excessive production of dopamine.
B)smaller ventricles.
C)white matter loss.
D)neurofibrillary tangles.

Question 47

A stroke can produce:

A)changes in pH.
B)diaschisis.
C)a drop in metabolic rate in the brain.
D)All of the answers are correct.

Question 48

Traumatic brain injury can result in:

A)brain swelling.
B)scar tissue.
C)disruptions in blood supply.
D)All of the answers are correct.

Question 49

Closed-head injuries that have significant effects on personality and social behavior are usually associated with damage to the:

A)temporal and parietal lobes.
B)parietal and frontal lobes.
C)frontal and temporal lobes.
D)occipital and frontal lobes.

Question 50

During a stroke, too much _____ enters the neuron, and it has a toxic effect.

A)calcium
B)potassium
C)chloride
D)sodium

Question 51

Ischemic stroke is due to a:

A)bulge in an artery.
B)rupture of a vein.
C)blockage in an artery or a vein.
D)low blood oxygen level in an artery or a vein.

Question 52

Josh played professional football for a number of years, and during that time, he had numerous concussions. Following his retirement from football, Josh became depressed, had trouble controlling his temper, and made poor decisions that ended in the breakup of his marriage. Josh later committed suicide. An autopsy of Josh's brain revealed that he had clear signs of:

A)Alzheimer disease.
B)ischemia.
C)chronic traumatic encephalopathy.
D)diaschisis.

Question 53

The areas of the brain that are MOST susceptible to closed-head injuries are the:

A)parietal and temporal lobes.
B)temporal and frontal lobes.
C)frontal and occipital lobes.
D)temporal and occipital lobes.

Question 54

Barry has just sustained an ischemic stroke. _____ is an ideal treatment for Barry, if administered within 3 to 5 hours.

A)Tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA)
B)Calcium
C)A dopamine antagonist
D)DBS

Question 55

A child's chance of having a significant closed-head injury before he or she is old enough to drive is:

A)1 in 50,000.
B)1 in 1000.
C)1 in 30.
D)1 in 20.

Question 56

During an ischemic stroke, _____ starts a chain of events that result in further brain damage.

A)excessive intake of calcium
B)excessive release of glutamate
C)reduction of ATP in mitochondria
D)excessive release of GABA

Question 57

A technique to identify changes in specific markers of neural function, such as N-acetylaspartate (NAA), is called:

A)a PET scan.
B)magnetic resonance spectroscopy.
C)magnetic resonance imaging.
D)a CT scan.

Question 58

Brain damage that occurs opposite the site of impact during a traumatic brain injury is called _____ injury.

A)contrecoup
B)coup
C)recoil
D)shearing

Question 59

Traumatic brain injuries are more common in _____ and peak at age _____.

A)women than in men; 15 to 30
B)men than in women; 15 to 30
C)men than in women; 25 to 40
D)women than in men; 15 to 19

Question 60

Repeated concussions have been associated with later development of:

A)Alzheimer disease.
B)chronic traumatic encephalopathy.
C)Parkinson disease.
D)All of the answers are correct.

Question 61

Which of the following has NOT been proposed as a possible cause of multiple sclerosis?

A)an autoimmune disorder
B)lack of vitamin B
C)a problem with misfolded proteins
D)bacterial infection

Question 62

Hilaria recently sustained a stroke and has lost function in her right arm. One of the most effective treatments available to Hilaria in order to restore function in the arm is:

A)virtual reality therapy.
B)administration of neuroprotectants.
C)t-PA.
D)constraint-induced therapy.

Question 63

Multiple sclerosis primarily damages:

A)motor neurons.
B)sensory neurons.
C)myelin.
D)dorsal root ganglion.

Question 64

Which of the following is NOT a form of degenerative dementia?

A)Parkinson disease
B)Alzheimer disease
C)corticobasal degeneration
D)vascular dementia

Question 65

As multiple sclerosis runs its course, a person may eventually be affected by:

A)hemiplegia.
B)tremors.
C)paraplegia.
D)dysphasia.

Question 66

Which of the following has (have) been used to treat epilepsy?

A)GABA agonists
B)neurosurgery
C)deep brain stimulation
D)All of the answers are correct.

Question 67

_____ seizures might have sensory, motor, or autonomic features that are localized to a particular part of the body.

A)Focal
B)Generalized
C)Grand mal
D)Complex partial

Question 68

Antiseizure drugs that are used to treat epilepsy typically influence:

A)GABA receptors.
B)NMDA receptors.
C)glutamate receptors.
D)acetylcholine receptors.

Question 69

Seizures are MOST likely to occur when a person is:

A)watching television.
B)driving.
C)sleeping.
D)exercising.

Question 70

Multiple sclerosis is relatively common in:

A)Japan.
B)men.
C)northern Europe.
D)China.

Question 71

The probability of having one seizure in your lifetime is:

A)1 in 20.
B)1 in 50.
C)1 in 100.
D)1 in 200.

Question 72

Alzheimer disease accounts for _____ of all neurocognitive disorders.

A)35%
B)45%
C)55%
D)65%

Question 73

Neurocognitive disorders affect _____ of people over age 80.

A)1% to 6%
B)5% to 10%
C)10% to 20%
D)30% to 50%

Question 74

Which of the following statements is FALSE?

A)Multiple sclerosis is more prevalent in equatorial countries than elsewhere.
B)Worldwide, about 2 million people are afflicted with multiple sclerosis.
C)Women are more likely than men to have multiple sclerosis.
D)Where multiple sclerosis occurs, its incidence is 2 to 150 per 100,000.

Question 75

Richard has hypertension and diabetes, and he is a longtime smoker who is obese. Richard may be at high risk for:

A)vascular dementia.
B)Parkinson disease.
C)frontal-temporal dementia.
D)Wilson disease.

Question 76

In the case of C. N., after her aneurysms were removed, she could:

A)dance but not recognize familiar tunes.
B)recognize familiar tunes but not sing.
C)sing but not read music.
D)read music but not dance.

Question 77

Which of the following are neuropathological changes in the brains of patients with Alzheimer disease?

A)amyloid plaques
B)neurofibrillary tangles
C)Lewy bodies
D)All of the answers are correct.

Question 78

The prevalence of multiple sclerosis in extreme northern and southern latitudes suggests that it may be caused by:

A)an autoimmune reaction.
B)a lack of vitamin D.
C)improper blood drainage from the brain.
D)a viral infection.

Question 79

An aneurysm is a:

A)disruption in blood supply.
B)balance disorder.
C)motor initiation problem.
D)bulge in a blood vessel wall.

Question 80

Neurofibrillary tangles (accumulation of microtubules from dead neurons) have been observed in:

A)Alzheimer disease.
B)Parkinson disease.
C)Down syndrome.
D)All of the answers are correct.