Deck 9: Motivation and Emotion

Question 1

Which of the following is NOT one of the essential qualities of motivational states?

A) energizing
B) intense
C) persistent
D) directive

Answer 1

B

Question 2

A computer process is developed that searches for the most items that are related to the search term or for items that are the most relevant to the search term. In terms of human behaviour, a program that searches for the most items is showing the ____________ quality of motivation. A program that searches for the most relevant items is showing the ____________ quality of motivation.

A) energizing; directive
B) energizing; persistent
C) persistent; directive
D) directive; energizing

Answer 2

C

Question 3

Vincent is a brilliant but impoverished artist. He spends all day pushing the boundaries of his art, and finds complete satisfaction in his achievements, but he has little to eat and lives in squalor. His wife has left him and most of his friends keep their distance because they do not understand his art. How is Vincent's life problematic for Maslow's need hierarchy?

A) Satisfaction is an emotion, not a need.
B) Lower needs must be met before higher needs.
C) Satisfying the need for achievement requires success.
D) Lower and higher needs can't be organized in a single system.

Answer 3

B

Question 4

Huram is very sad because his girlfriend has gone to study abroad for a year. His friends try to get him to go out with them, but he just does not want to go. Even going to work is becoming difficult; he does not seem to want to do anything. Huram is lacking:

A) emotion
B) motivation
C) discipline
D) judgment

Question 5

Motivation ____________, while emotion ____________.

A) produces behaviour; influences motivation
B) influences emotion; produces behaviour
C) is caused by cognition; influences cognition
D) influences cognition; is caused by cognition

Question 6

Emotions are a primary source of motivation because:

A) we seek pleasure and avoid pain
B) emotions exert an unconscious influence
C) emotions are stronger than cognitions
D) b and c

Question 7

Kitchi and Cosette decide to go have lunch on Sunday afternoon while they are studying in the library. They find that their dorm cafeteria, the university café, and the campus convenience store are all closed. Kitchi decides that he is hungry enough to walk a kilometre to eat off campus. Cosette decides that she is not that hungry. Kitchi and Cosette differ in the ____________ of their motivation to have lunch.

A) energy
B) persistence
C) strength
D) sincerity

Question 8

Which school of psychology could account most easily for the primary way in which emotions influence motivation?

A) psychoanalytic
B) functionalist
C) behaviourist
D) Gestalt

Question 9

Bronwen is a new freshman and she wants to meet more people. She goes to the meeting of a campus organization and to a party in her dorm. She does not meet anyone she likes at either event and stops searching for new friends. Bronwen has the ____________ quality of motivation, but not the ____________ quality of motivation.

A) energizing; directive
B) energizing; persistent
C) directive; energizing
D) persistent; energizing

Question 10

Reiko has not slept for almost two days while she studies for finals. She finally realizes that she is exhausted and goes home from the library to sleep. Reiko's exhaustion is a(n) ____________ and going home to sleep is a(n) ____________.

A) goal; incentive
B) incentive; goal
C) need; drive
D) drive; behaviour

Question 11

Chayim has been writing his term paper in the library for almost 12 hours. He is getting very lonely and he calls a friend to ask him to go to dinner. Chayim's loneliness is a(n) ____________ and calling his friend is a(n) ____________.

A) need; drive
B) incentive; goal
C) goal; incentive
D) drive; behaviour

Question 12

Which of the following is NOT a need?

A) water
B) achievement
C) sleep
D) money

Question 13

Motivational states are directive, which means they:

A) call attention to important goals
B) activate us to do something
C) elicit behaviours that satisfy our needs
D) determine a pattern of physiological activation

Question 14

Bingwen does not like formal clothes, but he must buy a suit for his sister's wedding. He goes to seven stores before he finds a suit that he likes. Bingwen going to buy a suit shows the ____________ quality of motivation. His search through seven stores shows the ____________ quality of motivation.

A) energizing; directive
B) energizing; persistent
C) directive; energizing
D) directive; persistent

Question 15

Evolutionary forces have led us to seek out rewarding stimuli. This is a dilemma in modern society because:

A) many reinforcing things are also dangerous
B) we tend not to do things that are punishing but necessary
C) different stimuli are reinforcing in modern life
D) competition for limited reinforcement is intense

Question 16

Yeast causes bread to rise and sugar activates the yeast. In terms of human behaviour, yeast is like ____________ and sugar is like ____________.

A) motivation; motivation
B) emotion; emotion
C) motivation; emotion
D) emotion; motivation

Question 17

Yelizaveta is very unhappy with her exam grade, which is lower than her last exam grade. She resolves to study differently for the next exam. Yelizaveta's resolution is primarily motivated by ____________ her exam grade.

A) low self-esteem from
B) the decline in
C) her cognitive assessment of
D) her emotions about

Question 18

A(n) ____________ is a physiological state that encourages behaviours that correct a deficiency state, which is called a(n) ____________.

A) goal; incentive
B) incentive; goal
C) need; drive
D) drive; need

Question 19

Gerde is very close to finishing her Ph.D. in biology. She has been offered several good jobs and everyone assumed she was off to a brilliant career. However, Gerde decides that while she is a very talented biologist, what she really wants is to become a carpenter. She quits graduate school and goes on to become a very happy and successful carpenter. According to Maslow, Gerde is:

A) an underachiever
B) high in self-esteem
C) self-actualized
D) unmotivated

Question 20

Dashawna has decided that she wants a new image. She goes to a new store and shops for the perfect outfit. Dashawna's decision to get a new image shows the ____________ quality of motivation. Her trip to the store shows the ____________ quality of motivation.

A) energizing; directive
B) energizing; persistent
C) directive; energizing
D) persistent; directive

Question 21

Thabo is about to take the admissions exam for law school. He knows that anxiety can hurt test performance, so he deliberately makes himself very relaxed before going into the exam. He proceeds through the exam very calmly, without feeling rushed or pressured. He is shocked when time is called before he finishes. He would have been less shocked had he known about:

A) Hull's drive theory
B) the Yerkes-Dodson law
C) Cannon's theory of homeostasis
D) Maslow's hierarchy of needs

Question 22

A child who was not given milk to drink began to eat chalk from the blackboard in his room to replace the missing calcium. This is an example of:

A) self-regulation
B) incentives
C) a negative feedback system
D) homeostasis

Question 23

According to Hull, a drive:

A) creates homeostasis to achieve equilibrium
B) can be replaced by a habit through reinforcement
C) increases proportionally to the amount of deprivation
D) operates according to a negative feedback model

Question 24

The purpose of homeostatic behaviours is to:

A) generate a drive to satisfy a need
B) stabilize conditions in the body
C) create a state of arousal
D) a and c

Question 25

Cesar has done so well in his economics class that he needs to earn only 43 of 100 points on the final exam to receive an A in the class. Cesar still studies a lot because he wants to get an A on the exam. Cesar's behaviour is being motivated by a(n):

A) drive
B) need
C) habit
D) incentive

Question 26

Mingzhu forgot to take water with her on her hike. She was determined to hike all around the lake because she wanted to photograph it from a variety of angles. But halfway around she is so thirsty that she can't concentrate on taking pictures. All she can think about is getting some water. Mingzhu's thirst is a ____________, which produces ____________, causing her to leave the trail and go find water.

A) drive; arousal
B) need; drive
C) drive; need
D) arousal; drive

Question 27

Negative feedback models describe the process of:

A) equilibrium
B) homeostasis
C) drive fulfillment
D) goal setting

Question 28

Mohini and her boyfriend are arguing a lot. She finds that when she becomes angry at him, it helps to relieve her anger if she goes out running. According to Hull, Mohini's increased likelihood of running when she is angry will be due to a(n):

A) incentive
B) drive
C) habit
D) b and c

Question 29

Biological drive theories of motivation have trouble explaining why people engage in behaviours that:

A) do not satisfy biological needs
B) do not generate high levels of arousal
C) are not motivated by specific goals
D) are maladaptive and habitual

Question 30

When a dog really needs to go out, he will start to whine, bark, paw the door, walk in circles, or show other forms of agitation. These behaviours are almost certainly the result of:

A) homeostasis
B) arousal
C) incentives
D) goals

Question 31

Antheia is a real risk taker who is always pushing the envelope. She loves to skydive and party all night. Fabio enjoys some risky activities, like mountain biking, but prefers more moderation in most things. Benita dislikes risk taking and prefers quieter activities, such as reading and yoga. Antheia, Fabio, and Benita differ in their:

A) preferred level of exercise
B) drive to achieve
C) need for security
D) optimal level of arousal

Question 32

Robert becomes anxious during exams. He has found that chewing on the eraser on his pencil while he thinks helps him to calm down. According to Hull, over time Robert's pencil chewing is likely to become ____________ due to ____________.

A) more effective; positive reinforcement
B) less effective; extinction
C) permanent; positive reinforcement
D) habitual; negative reinforcement

Question 33

Pavati is a competitive gymnast, who has made it to the final round of the Olympic trials. She is intensely motivated to perform at her absolute peak. Given your knowledge of the effects of arousal on performance, you might advise her that she should ____________, because ____________.

A) calm down; very high arousal can hurt performance
B) calm down; she will lose focus and hurt her performance
C) stay intensely motivated; very high arousal will help performance
D) stay intensely motivated; it will increase her focus and help performance

Question 34

Maslow's need hierarchy has been criticized for:

A) lacking empirical support
B) being limited to Western cultures
C) defining the nature of a need too broadly
D) underestimating the role of physiological factors

Question 35

During recess, children are trying to get the two ends of a seesaw perfectly balanced. If one side is too low, a heavier child will get off and be replaced by a lighter child; if one side is too high, a lighter child will be replaced by a heavier one. By analogy to a biological state, the children are trying to create ____________, by mimicking a process of ____________.

A) drive satisfaction; arousal
B) arousal; needs
C) equilibrium; homeostasis
D) homeostasis; negative feedback

Question 36

Ruth weighed 60 kilograms all of her adult life. During her recent pregnancy, she gained 5 extra kilograms. Within a few months, Ruth's weight returned naturally to 60 kilograms. For Ruth, 60 kilograms was a(n) ____________ and her body went back to it through a process of ____________.

A) optimal weight; equilibrium
B) set-point; equilibrium
C) set-point; homeostasis
D) optimal weight; homeostasis

Question 37

Even though Jenna plans to be an engineer, she loves to dance. She makes time in her life to take dance classes, even if it means that she must skip a meal or get too little sleep. Jenna's behaviour is easily explained by ____________ theory but is difficult to explain with ____________ theory.

A) Cannon's; Freud's
B) Freud's; Hull's
C) Cannon's; Hull's
D) Maslow's; Cannon's

Question 38

Shana wants to establish an exercise routine. Since she really does not like to exercise, she decides to reward herself. If she goes to the gym every day for two weeks, she will buy herself a new pair of shoes. Shana's behaviour is being motivated by a(n):

A) need
B) habit
C) incentive
D) goal

Question 39

Luke needs about seven hours of sleep a night. During his spring break, however, he sleeps ten hours just because he enjoys it so much. This finding is a problem for which theory?

A) Maslow's theory
B) Yerkes-Dodson theory
C) Hull's theory
D) Freud's theory

Question 40

Marissa is learning to make soup. She is not sure how high the flame on the burner should be in order to cook it properly. On her first attempt, she uses such a low flame that the soup is not done in time for dinner. The next time, she uses a high flame and the soup boils over. Finally, she uses a flame that is just high enough. Marissa's experience is analogous to the relationship between:

A) needs and drives
B) drives and arousal
C) arousal and performance
D) needs and performance

Question 41

Noor and Ahmad are four-year-old twins who are shopping with their mother. She offers to buy them each a small cookie to eat while they shop or to buy them each a large toy if they are good until she finishes shopping. Noor takes the cookie but Ahmad waits for the toy. From this behaviour you could predict that in high school Noor will be ____________ successful than Ahmad.

A) more
B) less
C) just as
D) a or c

Question 42

Griffin has been encouraging his students to set the goal of concentrating completely all the way through their long calculus exam. If he wants to help his students achieve this goal, he should write the first few questions so that they are:

A) difficult
B) moderately difficult
C) easy
D) a mixture of difficulty levels

Question 43

Jolene's mother does not like her boyfriend. The more that her mother tells her that she is making a mistake, the more determined Jolene is to stay with her boyfriend. Jolene's behaviour can be most clearly explained by:

A) intrinsic motivation
B) the pleasure principle
C) self-perception theory
D) psychological reactance

Question 44

Depti reads the paper every day because she feels a need to keep current with world events. Jalila reads the paper every day so that her friends and colleagues will be impressed by how well-informed she is. Depti reads the paper because of ____________ motivation; Jalila reads the paper because of ____________ motivation.

A) extrinsic; intrinsic
B) intrinsic; extrinsic
C) achievement; affiliation
D) affiliation; achievement

Question 45

Five-year-old Sharaz is at the park with her father. The ice cream truck is parked at the corner. Her father has told Sharaz that she can have ice cream when they leave the park if she does not ask for it until then. To keep herself from asking for the ice cream Sharaz imagines that the truck has gotten hot and all of the ice cream has melted. Sharaz is delaying gratification by:

A) turning a hot cognition to a cold cognition
B) using a visual image for distraction
C) turning a cold cognition to a hot cognition
D) b and c

Question 46

The difference between self-efficacy and achievement motivation is that self-efficacy involves beliefs about ____________ and achievement motivation involves beliefs about the ____________.

A) self-regulation; task motivation
B) self-regulation; personal goals
C) personal ability; personal goals
D) personal ability; task motivation

Question 47

Miryam has been playing the violin since she was a child. She loves violin and practices frequently. When she is 15, her teacher tells her that she is quite talented and he wants her to enter a major competition for which she must practice three hours a day. Though Miryam usually practices more than three hours, she suddenly finds that she enjoys playing less and has to force herself to practice. One theory of motivation would suggest that Miryam's sudden loss of interest could be due to reduced feelings of competence because:

A) she no longer feels that she is choosing to practice
B) she is afraid of not doing well at the competition
C) the competition is now more important than the music
D) playing has become work, not pleasure

Question 48

Thinking about how good a piece of chocolate cake would taste is a ____________ cognition; working through how the recipe could be improved to make an even better cake is a ____________ cognition.

A) cold; hot
B) hot; cold
C) sensory; analytic
D) analytic; sensory

Question 49

The ____________ deal(s) with hot cognitions; the ____________ deal(s) with cold cognitions.

A) limbic system; frontal cortex
B) frontal cortex; limbic system
C) subcortical brain regions; prefrontal cortex
D) prefrontal cortex; subcortical brain regions

Question 50

Determining the level of difficulty for a good goal is much like determining the optimal level:

A) on Maslow's hierarchy of needs
B) of arousal for a task
C) of homeostasis for equilibrium
D) of self-regulation for personal change

Question 51

Roland would often finish a long soccer practice telling himself that he must love soccer because he works so hard at it. His high school soccer coach tells Roland that he is good enough to earn a full soccer scholarship to university. Now Roland leaves long practices telling himself that he is working this hard to get a scholarship. He finds that he now enjoys soccer less. Bem's self-perception theory would explain Roland's behaviour by saying that:

A) he no longer feels that he is choosing to practice and play
B) he is afraid that he will start losing matches and look bad to scouts
C) winning the scholarship has become the reason for playing soccer
D) playing has become work, not pleasure

Question 52

Emilio and Claudio are both graduating seniors. Emilio has an A average and Claudio has a C average. They are both applying to law school at the University of Toronto, Osgoode Hall, and McGill. Emilio is likely to be ____________ in achievement motivation and Claudio is likely to be ____________ in achievement motivation.

A) high; low
B) high; high
C) low; low
D) low; high

Question 53

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of people with a high need for achievement?

A) having unrealistically high career goals
B) setting attainable personal goals
C) scoring high on exams
D) obtaining high grades in career related classes

Question 54

Qiaohui never needed to study in high school. When she gets to university she finds that she does need to study. She decides that she will go to the library and study for six hours every night after dinner. After two days, her plan falls apart and she goes back to not studying much. Qiaohui might have been more successful had she _____, because _____ help people reach goals.

A) gradually increased her study time; small steps
B) studied in her room; fewer distractions
C) rewarded herself for studying; intrinsic motivations
D) a and b

Question 55

At the age of five, Connie is better able to delay gratification than Gerald. At which of the following will Connie NOT be better than Gerald when they are adolescents?

A) academic achievement
B) frustration tolerance
C) need for affiliation
D) social competency

Question 56

From an evolutionary perspective, pleasure ____________ survival and reproduction, by ____________.

A) promotes; facilitating adaptive behaviours
B) hinders; interfering with adaptive learning from painful experience
C) hinders; facilitating maladaptive excessive behaviours
D) promotes; interfering with maladaptive responses to painful experience

Question 57

Deanna is starting her first job as a teacher. In order to effectively motivate her students, she ought to develop a policy for rewards in which she:

A) rewards all activities to develop a high baseline level of motivation
B) rewards only those activities that are not inherently interesting
C) does not use rewards, so she can develop intrinsic motivation
D) rewards only inherently interesting activities to build interest in school

Question 58

Hernando and Fiona have both been placed in a new advanced math class. They both love math and are finding the enriched work fascinating. In order to increase his effort in the class, Hernando's parents give him $5 for every A that he receives on a test. Fiona's parents do not reward her for good grades. Who is likely to do better in the class and why?

A) Fiona, because her intrinsic motivation will aid her extrinsic motivation
B) Hernando, because Fiona's extrinsic motivation will be low without rewards
C) Hernando, because his intrinsic motivation will be increased by rewards
D) Fiona, because Hernando's intrinsic motivation will be lessened by rewards

Question 59

Psychological reactance is a powerful source of motivation because it produces behaviours that:

A) are intrinsically motivated
B) increase a sense of self-esteem
C) restore a sense of personal freedom
D) are inherently adaptive

Question 60

Halvor is lonely in university and wants to make more friends. He examines his own behaviour and realizes that to make friends he will need to go out more and deliberately try to talk with people. Making friends is a(n) ____________; going out and talking to people is ____________.

A) need; an achievement
B) personal goal; self-regulation
C) drive; self-efficacy
D) incentive; a gratification

Question 61

Students have been asked to leave the library and wait several blocks away. In which of the following situations would the students be most likely to want to wait together?

A) there is a fire drill
B) there is a bomb threat
C) there has been an assault
D) no explanation has been given

Question 62

Remy the rat has lost his appetite and is losing so much weight that he is in danger of dying. Remy most probably has damage to the ____________ region of the hypothalamus.

A) ventromedial
B) lateral
C) anterior
D) superior

Question 63

Why is sensory-specific satiety adaptive?

A) It increases the likelihood that nutritional needs will be met.
B) It decreases the likelihood of maladaptive obesity.
C) It increases the likelihood of adaptation to a vanishing food source.
D) It decreases the likelihood of ingesting poisonous substances.

Question 64

Gavan had a wonderful dinner last night. He is so full in the morning that he can't imagine eating. When he gets to his early morning meeting he finds that pastries are available. Though everyone else is eating and the pastries look and smell delicious, Gavan is too full to try one. Yet a few minutes later he finds that he is quite hungry. The best explanation for Gavan's hunger would come from:

A) a failure of satiety cues
B) poor self-regulation
C) classical conditioning
D) observational learning

Question 65

Nitya has been eating a large tuna fish sandwich. After eating the first half she is no longer hungry and wraps the other half for later. When she is putting the wrapped sandwich in the fridge she notices a piece of apple pie, and takes a crumb to taste. Eating the crumb of pie makes her hungry again and she has the whole piece. The change from tuna fish to pie has made Nitya hungry again because ____________ have been ____________.

A) satiety centres in the lateral hypothalamus; deactivated
B) control centres in the prefrontal cortex; deactivated
C) hunger centres in the ventromedial hypothalamus; reactivated
D) reward centres in the frontal lobes; reactivated

Question 66

Esmeralda is very anxious about taking her final exam in organic chemistry. Instead of doing last minute studying in her dorm, Esmeralda goes over to the exam room. Several students are already in the room, all talking about how nervous they are about the final. Social comparison theory would predict that Esmeralda will ____________ in the presence of other anxious people.

A) become more anxious
B) become too aroused
C) feel validated
D) a and b

Question 67

Which of the following will NOT increase the likelihood of a young child learning to like an unfamiliar food?

A) being given small amounts initially
B) sweetening it initially
C) putting it inside another preferred food initially
D) watching a family member eating it

Question 68

Research has shown that being socially isolated increases the risk of illness by the same amount as smoking a pack of cigarettes a day. This supports the idea that the need for ____________ is a fundamental adaptive motive.

A) actualization
B) belonging
C) efficacy
D) affiliation

Question 69

Andie, Alex, Josh, and Matthew are all waiting to get flu shots. Andie and Alex are not at all afraid of shots, but Josh and Matthew are nervous about shots. Josh is most likely to want to wait:

A) by himself
B) with all three of the other people
C) only with Matthew
D) only with Andie and Alex

Question 70

Damaging the ventromedial region of the hypothalamus of a rat will cause ____________, in which the rat will become ____________.

A) hyperphagia; dangerously thin
B) aphagia; obese
C) aphagia; dangerously thin
D) hyperphagia; obese

Question 71

If a rat that has been maintaining a steady weight eating a single kind of rat chow is also offered a variety of high fat human junk food, such as cookies, candy, or potato chips, the rat will:

A) refuse the junk food after the first day because it lacks nutrients
B) supplement the rat chow with junk food and gradually gain weight
C) initially eat huge amounts, then return to his set-point weight
D) eat huge amounts indefinitely and become obese

Question 72

People tend to eat much more from a buffet than they will eat if they order a meal. Given what you know about eating behaviour, how might you explain this result?

A) people eat more when there is variety
B) smaller portions create the illusion of eating less
C) a subset of a large set of choices seems smaller than it is
D) people eat more in an unstructured situation

Question 73

Weight loss programs frequently suggest that you use small plates. Why might this be an effective strategy for limiting the amount that you eat?

A) The small plate will be a cue to remembering your diet.
B) You will eat a smaller amount of a smaller portion.
C) You will eat more slowly so as not to finish too soon.
D) There won't be room on the plate for too many different foods.

Question 74

Anthony loves to cook and has recently won a competition that has given him his own show on the Food Network. He continually develops marvelous and complicated recipes that he demonstrates on his show. In his free time, he explores other restaurants, new cookbooks, or innovative places to get ingredients. His friends find it odd, however, that he never really wants to eat the things he cooks, and eats other people's cooking very moderately. Anthony most probably has damage to his:

A) lateral hypothalamus
B) right frontal lobes
C) limbic system
D) b or c

Question 75

People become full fairly quickly when they have only one type of food to eat because of:

A) ease of self-regulation
B) classical conditioning
C) sensory-specific satiety
D) habituation of taste receptors

Question 76

Shuchun has been in an accident and damaged his prefrontal cortex. This is likely to cause Shuchun to have a lessened ability to:

A) eat sufficiently to maintain body weight
B) avoid eating excessively
C) taste sweetness and saltiness
D) taste hot flavours

Question 77

Who is likely to pay the most attention to social information?

A) Nabil, who is outgoing and has many friends
B) Susanne, who is shy but has several close friends
C) Akemi, who has few close friends but belongs to many social groups
D) Jacob, who is shy and does not know very many people

Question 78

On the basis of recent research, the phrase "misery loves company" would be more accurate if it said:

A) misery loves miserable company
B) misery loves any company
C) misery loves reassuring company
D) misery loves happy company

Question 79

Blythe had a large and late breakfast. Even though she was planning to skip lunch, she starts to feel hungry at noon and decides to eat. The best explanation for Blythe's decision would come from:

A) classical conditioning
B) poor self-regulation
C) homeostatic adjustment
D) low self-efficacy

Question 80

Morwenna has always been overweight and Ammon has always been thin. You could predict that if they both looked at pictures of food, a brain scan would show that Morwenna has ____________ than Ammon.

A) more activity in the limbic system
B) less activity in the limbic system
C) more activity in the ventromedial hypothalamus
D) less activity in the ventromedial hypothalamus