Deck 5: Motivation and Affect

Question 1

When choosing a partner to work on a science fair project,James selects a close friend who isn't particularly good in science. Which basic human need is James probably trying to satisfy?

A)His need for autonomy
B)His need for arousal
C)His need for relatedness
D)His need to enhance his self-efficacy about academic subject matter

Answer 1

His need for relatedness

Question 2

Three of the following are true statements about intrinsic and extrinsic motivation. Which one is false?

A)High levels of intrinsic motivation during an activity can lead to flow.
B)Extrinsic motivation can be effective when students won't otherwise engage in an activity.
C)Students' intrinsic motivation to learn school subject matter tends to decrease as they get older.
D)Students who have high intrinsic motivation must also have low extrinsic motivation.

Answer 2

Students who have high intrinsic motivation must also have low extrinsic motivation.

Question 3

Day after day,Raymond's history teacher lectures about the subject matter in a dry,unengaging manner and expects students simply to sit quietly and take notes. To make class a little more exciting for himself and the students sitting nearby,Raymond often draws cartoon faces on the tips of his fingers and performs little finger-puppet shows at his desk. Raymond's behavior in class can probably best be explained as:

A)Satisfying his need for arousal.
B)Reducing cognitive dissonance.
C)Reflecting a high need for self-worth.
D)Satisfying his need for relatedness.

Answer 3

Satisfying his need for arousal.

Question 4

Which one of the following students is displaying extrinsic motivation?

A)Roxanne wants to be an accountant because she likes working with numbers.
B)Brad wants to be a veterinarian because he loves animals and wants to help them.
C)Elbert wants to become a professional football player so others will admire him.
D)Donnetta wants to become an actress because she thinks acting is fun.

Question 5

The four statements below describe effects that motivation may have on learning and/or behavior. Three of the statements are accurate. Which one is not accurate?

A)Motivation influences the degree to which students engage in activities.
B)Motivation enhances students' memory for useless information.
C)Motivation increases students' persistence at tasks.
D)Motivation influences the choices that students make.

Question 6

An eighth grader named Marianne consistently refuses to do difficult classroom assignments because she's afraid of failing at them. Which one of the basic needs described in the textbook is Marianne most clearly trying to address?

A)Her need for relatedness
B)Her need for autonomy
C)Her need for arousal
D)Her need for competence

Question 7

"Students are most likely to do things that in some way result in desirable consequences for themselves." This statement is most consistent with which one of the following theoretical perspectives of motivation?

A)Attribution theory
B)Behaviorism
C)Humanism
D)Self-worth theory

Question 8

Which one of the following students is displaying intrinsic motivation?

A)Annette loves to play the viola and so practices for at least an hour every day.
B)Bob works hard in his classes because his parents have promised to buy him a car if he gets at least a 3.5 grade point average this year.
C)Cassie does her math homework faithfully every night because she likes her teacher and wants to please him.
D)Dennis takes physics because he wants to become an engineer and make a lot of money.

Question 9

"All students have a need to control the course of their lives." This statement is most consistent with which one of the following theoretical perspectives of motivation?

A)Self-worth theory
B)Behaviorism
C)Expectancy-value theory
D)Self-determination theory

Question 10

Which one of the following best describes the concept of self-worth as a factor in motivation?

A)Students are always comparing their own performance to that of the adults around them.
B)Some adolescents believe they are invulnerable to the typical dangers of life.
C)Students want to believe that they can control the direction their lives take.
D)Students like to believe that they are competent individuals.

Question 11

Several teachers complain,"Our students just aren't motivated to do anything." Is it possible that these teachers are describing their students accurately?

A)No,because virtually all students have motives of one kind or another.
B)Perhaps,but only if the teachers are working in the elementary grades.
C)Perhaps,but only if the teachers are working with high school students.
D)Perhaps,especially if the teachers are working in low-income school districts.

Question 12

Which one of the following examples best illustrates the concept of situated motivation?

A)Nathan gets extremely upset when he earns anything less than a perfect score on a test paper,probably because his parents have always expected him to be perfect at everything he does.
B)Polly is afraid of deep water because once,when she was a little girl,she almost drowned.
C)Last year Ophelia was bored to tears in history class,but this year she loves history because her teacher conducts many activities that make the subject come alive.
D)Quinton would really like to play on his high school basketball team,but because he's quite short,he has settled for what he considers to be second-best: being on the wrestling team.

Question 13

"It is important for students to feel capable of succeeding at certain behaviors." This statement is most consistent with which one of the following theoretical perspectives of motivation?

A)Social cognitive theory
B)Interest theories
C)Behaviorism
D)Goal theory

Question 14

Three of the following statements are true about human motivation. Which one is false?

A)It directs a student's behavior toward a particular goal.
B)It affects engagement,but not the activities that students' choose.
C)It is affected by external factors outside of people.
D)It can lead to improved academic outcomes.

Question 15

Which one of the following is the best example of extrinsic motivation?

A)Enjoying a scary movie
B)Liking a novel so much that you can't put it down
C)Having fun in an aerobic exercise class
D)Wanting a good grade in your history class

Question 16

Which one of the following statements best describes psychologists' concept of a need for autonomy?

A)Reinforcing yourself when you do a good job
B)Believing that you have some control over what you do
C)Deciding what kind of person you want to become
D)Knowing that you can accomplish something if you just put your mind to it

Question 17

"All students strive to fulfill their potential and want to become all that they are capable of becoming." This statement is most consistent with which one of the following theoretical perspectives of motivation?

A)Attribution theory
B)Behaviorism
C)Humanism
D)Self-worth theory

Question 18

Which one of the following is definitely an example of affect as psychologists use the term?

A)Jack wonders why people who live in Australia and New Zealand don't fall off the earth into outer space.
B)After considerable effort,Ramona finally finds the error she made in her solution to a mathematical word problem.
C)Charles can't remember where he left the backpack he takes to school each day.
D)Darby is outraged when she reads about various instances of "ethnic cleansing" in seemingly civilized countries.

Question 19

Three of the following students are not academically engaged. Which one is academically engaged?

A)As two of the students in Jay's class group discuss the science experiment they just completed,Jay talks to another student about his new iPad.
B)Sue looks out the window during French class thinking about her soccer game later in the day.
C)While the rest of the class is writing their papers,Jeremy sits at his desk thinking of ideas for his paper,but does not write anything.
D)Bill draws cars in his notebook during math class ignoring the lecture his teacher is presenting.

Question 20

Choose the teacher below who is most likely to empower students by promoting a sense of autonomy in his or her students.

A)Ms. Andre provides several possible organizational schemes that students can use,if they wish,to organize their oral presentations.
B)Mr. Brooks reminds his students that the deadline for their research paper is a week from Friday.
C)Mr. Chambers praises his students for continuing to work quietly when he was called away from the classroom.
D)Ms. Dacono reminds her students,"You should know your multiplication tables by now."

Question 21

Which one of these students definitely has a performance-approach goal?

A)Frank finds a homework assignment too easy to waste his time with.
B)Herb frequently asks questions in class in order to understand new information better.
C)Selena decides to enter the school science fair in hopes of impressing her teacher,classmates,and parents.
D)Rita was somewhat disappointed about her last test score in math. Realizing that people learn from their mistakes,she decides to study harder for the next test using different study strategies.

Question 22

Should students ever be allowed to fail at classroom tasks? If we take into account the concept of resilient self-efficacy,the answer is:

A)Yes. Self-efficacy is highest when students fail at a task several times in a row before accomplishing it successfully.
B)Yes. Occasional failures interspersed among frequent successes teach students that perseverance pays off.
C)No. Failure gives students the message that school is not an enjoyable place to be.
D)No. Even a single failure can seriously deflate students' sense of self-efficacy.

Question 23

Three of the following characterize students with a mastery goal. Which one characterizes students with a performance goal?

A)Thinking that if you have to try hard,you must not be very capable
B)Thinking that you're doing well as long as you're making progress,even though you're not totally successful
C)Seeking out your teacher's guidance when you're having trouble doing something
D)Being bored by easy tasks

Question 24

Given what motivation theorists tell us about factors that influence the value learners attach to various activities,which one of the following activities are you least likely to value?

A)One that is usually enjoyable
B)One at which you'll have to work exceptionally hard to succeed
C)One that you don't enjoy but is important for career success
D)One that will enable you to obtain desired reinforcement

Question 25

Which one of the following individuals most clearly has a mastery goal rather than a performance goal?

A)Andrea is in the pool each day at 6:00 a.m.; she's set her sights on earning an Olympic gold medal in swimming.
B)Brandon wants to please his parents by doing well in school.
C)Claude studies science so he can understand what makes things "tick."
D)Darlene never asks questions in class because she's afraid she'll look stupid.

Question 26

Which one of the following alternatives exemplifies situational interest rather than individual interest?

A)Adam finds the Guinness Book of World Records on a library shelf and is intrigued by the strange people it describes.
B)Blaine can't think of anything he'd rather do than play video games with his friends.
C)Chuck spends every weekend working on the 1951 Chevy in his garage.
D)Dave loves to snorkel at the beach and hopes to major in marine biology when he goes to college.

Question 27

Listed below are four reasons why students might not want to take their schoolwork seriously or to try very hard to succeed at classroom tasks. Which one of these reasons is consistent with the concept of self-efficacy?

A)Anthony is more interested in horsing around with his friends.
B)Bernice is so anxious in the classroom that she can't think clearly.
C)Carol doesn't think she has the ability to do the work successfully.
D)Danny thinks his teacher doesn't like him.

Question 28

Which one of the following illustrates individual interest rather than situational interest?

A)Jennifer is puzzled when a peeled hardboiled egg is suddenly sucked into a bottle after the teacher lights a fire inside the bottle.
B)Trent gets totally wrapped up in the new adventure novel he reads during free time.
C)Riley can't wait to find out what's in the big cardboard box his teacher has brought to school today.
D)Victoria loves ballet and wants to become a ballerina when she grows up.

Question 29

Which one of the following statements best reflects the concept of collective self-efficacy?

A)Over time,students develop a general sense of self-efficacy that influences their performance in a wide variety of content domains.
B)As students get older,their self-confidence about performing certain tasks becomes fairly stable and so is less influenced by any single success or failure experience.
C)Students may have greater confidence about accomplishing a task when they work with others rather than alone.
D)Some students have greater self-confidence when they have technological resources (spreadsheet software,Internet access,etc.)to help them in their efforts.

Question 30

Three of the following statements are accurate descriptions of the effect interest has on learning and performance. Which one is not accurate?

A)Interest in a topic increases the likelihood that students will be cognitively engaged in the topic.
B)Interest in subject matter can help students remember the subject matter over the long-term.
C)Interest decreases the probability of conceptual change.
D)Interest promotes meaningful learning of information.

Question 31

Which one of the following statements indicates that the speaker is focused on a performance-avoidance goal?

A)"This is my chance to show all my classmates how smart I am."
B)"Boy,I hope I don't get this problem wrong. If I do,I'll look like an idiot."
C)"I'd really like to become a better math student. I hope the teacher gives me feedback about how I can improve my skills."
D)"I need to do well in my science classes so I can get into a good engineering school."

Question 32

When 14-year-old Jonathan goes out for the high school cross-country team,he discovers that he's the slowest runner on the team. After three weeks of daily practice with the team,his speed and endurance improve little if at all. Given what psychologists have learned about factors that influence the value learners attach to various activities,we can reasonably guess that Jonathan will:

A)Expect greater success as more time elapses.
B)Try to convince his teammates that he's a better runner than he really is.
C)Value cross-country running more than he has previously.
D)Value cross-country running less than he has previously.

Question 33

Mike desperately wants to do well on the SAT Reasoning Test,because his scores on this test will affect his chances of getting into his first-choice college. He also knows that many students at his school think SAT scores are good indicators of how "smart" one is. Yet the night before the test,rather than get a good night's sleep,Mike goes out with his friends,has a few beers,comes home late,and wakes up with a hangover. With this information in mind,we might suspect that Mike:

A)Is engaging in self-handicapping
B)Is working hard to counteract the effects of stereotype threat
C)Is the victim of situated motivation
D)Has facilitating anxiety about the test

Question 34

Which one of the following students clearly has a performance goal rather than a mastery goal?

A)Alec judges his own performance on the basis of how his classmates do.
B)Blanche always does more than her teacher requires.
C)Christina persists when she encounters a difficult mathematics problem.
D)Devon is bored by easy assignments.

Question 35

Jane has a high sense of self-efficacy regarding her ability to work effectively and creatively with wood. Based on this information,we would predict three of the following. Which one of the following would we not necessarily predict?

A)Jane will frequently choose activities that involve working with wood.
B)Jane will be a bit careless when she works with wood,so she will frequently make silly little mistakes.
C)Compared to Joan,who has low self-efficacy,Jane will do a better job at woodworking tasks.
D)If Jane has difficulty at a task requiring her woodworking skills,she will tend to "try,try again" until she gets it right.

Question 36

Marion puts off doing a project for the science fair until she has so little time to do it that she cannot possibly complete a good project. Such behavior is most consistent with the concept of:

A)Self-fulfilling prophecies
B)Non-resilient self-efficacy
C)A mastery goal
D)Self-handicapping

Question 37

Three of the following characterize students with a performance goal. Which one characterizes students with a mastery goal?

A)Looking at classmates' performance as an indication of how well they're doing
B)Doing something they know they'll be good at
C)Trying to memorize definitions word for word
D)Concluding that they need to work harder when they fail

Question 38

The four children below are all learning how to play the piano. Which one of them best illustrates the role of value in motivation?

A)Angie takes piano lessons mainly because her parents insist that she does.
B)Beth thinks her teacher has asked her to play a piece of music that is too difficult for her.
C)Mia thinks that it's important to develop her musical ability to be a "well-rounded" person.
D)Dena is afraid of how embarrassed she'll be if she makes a mistake.

Question 39

Only one of the following definitely illustrates high self-efficacy. Which one do we know for sure has a high self-efficacy?

A)Amy believes that she is a good singer.
B)Bertha swims the fastest butterfly on the swim team.
C)Carmen enjoys being with her friends.
D)Danielle recently got a score of 120 on an intelligence test.

Question 40

When Scott was first learning how to write,he wrote quickly and sloppily,without regard for how his papers looked. But his teachers praised him regularly for writing carefully and legibly,and eventually he began to pride himself on his neat and careful handwriting. This transition can best be described as:

A)Acquiring an external attribution for neat and careful handwriting.
B)Internalizing the value of neat and careful handwriting.
C)Developing situational interest in neat and careful handwriting.
D)Developing extrinsic motivation for neat and careful handwriting.

Question 41

Which one of the following students is attributing success or failure on a geology test to an internal source and thinks the cause is unstable and controllable?

A)Emily says she did well on her test because she is smart in science.
B)Jane says she failed the test because it was too difficult.
C)Drew says he did well on the test because he studied hard.
D)Joe says he studied hard but failed because he just isn't any good in geology.

Question 42

In which one of the following situations is a student attributing failure to a stable and uncontrollable factor?

A)Jason tells himself that he failed the last history test because the substitute teacher constructed a bad test. He expects to do better when his regular teacher returns from maternity leave.
B)Kami tells herself that she is getting low grades in math because,like her mom,she just isn't any good at math.
C)Lana thinks she was the last one chosen for the baseball team because she hadn't been practicing enough. She vows to do better next time.
D)Marley believes she is having trouble in music because she has been absent the last two weeks. She knows she'll have to work extra hard to catch up to her class.

Question 43

Which one of the following students clearly has a mastery goal rather than a performance goal?

A)Alice stays away from science courses because she's never done very well in science.
B)Boris wants the recognition that being a star football player will bring him.
C)Cal is relieved to learn he passed his English composition course.
D)Dinah doesn't worry about making mistakes as long as she knows she's making progress.

Question 44

Which one of the following statements implies that the student's ability is stable and uncontrollable?

A)"Today is not your lucky day is it?"
B)"I should have known you were smart,your older brother is smart too."
C)"You didn't understand the concepts today,but if you study tonight,I think you'll be able to understand the concepts we cover in class tomorrow."
D)"Why don't you talk to LaTanya about the good strategies she is using,they might help you too."

Question 45

Which one of the following statements reflects an incremental view of intelligence?

A)"Carmalita wasn't born with the gene that makes you good at math."
B)"He will be able to do it if he keeps practicing."
C)"I don't think he can solve that problem because he's not very smart."
D)"Don't waste your time on it,you'll never get the right answer."

Question 46

Which one of the following is the best example of a student attributing success to internal factors?

A)Nita has just gotten an A on her final exam in world history and is feeling very grateful to the teacher for her good grade.
B)Polly's teacher has just told her that she will be the group leader for her reading group next quarter. Polly is glad her teacher is in a good mood today.
C)Renata has just gotten a good grade on her math test and is glad that her mother got her a math tutor.
D)Sue Ellen has just gotten a good grade on her geography test. She is proud that she did so well and glad that she studied hard.

Question 47

Virginia is 4 years old. Georgia is 14 years old. Both girls like figure skating,but neither is a very good skater. Given developmental trends in attributions,we can predict that Virginia is more likely than Georgia to believe that:

A)She has little or no chance of ever skating professionally.
B)She can become an excellent skater if she continues to work at it.
C)Good skating is all a matter of luck.
D)Professional skating is beyond the reach of all but a few very talented individuals.

Question 48

Which one of the following statements reflects an entity view of intelligence?

A)"Phoebe is one of the brightest students I know."
B)"If you keep practicing something,you'll get better at it."
C)"The more you know about a topic,the more quickly and easily you can learn new things about it."
D)"If at first you don't succeed,try,try again."

Question 49

Mr. Richardson does not expect much of his students from a low-income,inner-city neighborhood. Given what we know about the effects of teacher expectations,which outcome is most likely?

A)His students are likely to learn information in a rote rather than meaningful fashion.
B)His students are likely to develop higher self-efficacy than they would otherwise.
C)His students are more likely to develop a realistic understanding of their own strengths and weaknesses than they would otherwise.
D)His students are likely to achieve at a lower level than they would otherwise.

Question 50

Which one of the following is the best example of an attribution?

A)"I love gymnastics. It's my favorite sport,I think."
B)"If you're going out for the soccer team,maybe I'll go out for it too."
C)"I should have done better on the quiz,but David kept distracting me."
D)"I want to do well in school partly to make my parents proud and partly to make me proud."

Question 51

Which one of the following examples best describes differences between students with a mastery orientation and students with learned helplessness?

A)Students with a mastery orientation expect that they will have to work extremely hard to master new tasks. Students with learned helplessness usually overestimate their abilities.
B)Students with a mastery orientation set easily attainable goals and become frustrated when they don't attain those goals effortlessly. Students with learned helplessness set goals that are almost impossible to attain.
C)Students with a mastery orientation set high goals and seek challenges. Students with learned helplessness underestimate their abilities and set low goals.
D)Students with a mastery orientation attribute their successes to external,uncontrollable factors. Students with an attitude of learned helplessness attribute failures to internal,controllable factors.

Question 52

Four students in Mr. Kent's physical education class have just done poorly on the school district's physical fitness test. Which student is exhibiting a mastery goal?

A)Muriel gets As in all her other classes so she doesn't mind getting a C in physical education.
B)Patrice is very upset about her poor performance and plans to work very hard to do better next year because she doesn't want her friends to think she's a wimp.
C)Oliver is going to come back after class to look at his scores and ask Mr. Kent for suggestions about how to improve in his weak areas.
D)Robert plans to start working out this very weekend so that he'll be in better shape. Because his father is the school football coach,everyone expects Robert to excel in athletics.

Question 53

A student who has developed learned helplessness about his or her spelling ability is most likely to say which one of the following?

A)"I have to work harder than my friends to learn to spell."
B)"I can learn how to spell words correctly without even trying."
C)"No matter how much I study words,I can't remember how to spell them."
D)"I would learn to spell eventually,but it's not worth the time it would take to do so."

Question 54

Which one of the following girls is most likely to attribute a low exam grade to an external cause?

A)Anna's teacher encourages her to seek his help if she needs it.
B)Betsy knows that other students in her class all did well on the exam.
C)Carol usually does well on tests but knows that this time she didn't study as much as she should have.
D)Donna thought she knew the material even though she really didn't.

Question 55

Ms. Simons believes that Jeremy has the ability to do much better on math tests than he is currently doing. Given the textbook's discussion of teacher attributions,how is Ms. Simons most likely to act toward Jeremy?

A)She'll be annoyed when he doesn't do well.
B)She'll express sympathy and pity when he doesn't do well.
C)She'll completely ignore Jeremy,in an attempt to extinguish his nonproductive behavior.
D)She'll model resilient self-efficacy for Jeremy.

Question 56

Learners often have multiple goals that they want to accomplish. Under such circumstances,they may do any three of the following. Which one are they least likely to do?

A)Pursue one or two goals first,leaving others to be accomplished at a later time
B)Redefine their ideas about what it means to achieve their goals successfully
C)Find activities that enable them to accomplish two or more goals simultaneously
D)Become so frustrated that they don't accomplish even one of their goals

Question 57

Three of the following are examples of social goals. Which one would not necessarily be considered a social goal?

A)Robert is eager to learn everything he can about terrorists and their personalities.
B)Harry is worried that the homeless in his community may freeze during a bitter cold spell.
C)Jasmine works hard to keep a promise she made to her parents.
D)Mikaela has her hair done so she'll look nice at the school dance.

Question 58

In general,students are more likely to achieve at higher levels when they consistently use which of the following attributions?

A)internal and controllable
B)internal and uncontrollable
C)external and controllable
D)external and uncontrollable

Question 59

Frank is a good student. He attributes his success partly to studying long hours and partly to his intelligence ("It runs in the family," he says). Given what psychologists have learned about attributions,three of the following statements are likely to be accurate descriptions of Frank. Which one is probably not an accurate description?

A)When he is confused about class material,he is apt to give up easily.
B)He feels proud of his academic accomplishments.
C)He uses more effective learning strategies than his low-achieving classmates.
D)He has high self-efficacy regarding future school tasks.

Question 60

Which one of the following is most likely to be a core goal?

A)Wanting to find a date for the senior prom
B)Wanting to do well in school
C)Looking desperately for something to drink after a strenuous workout
D)Trying to find a misplaced homework assignment that is due tomorrow

Question 61

Karin and her mother live on welfare in a poor,inner-city neighborhood in Detroit. Karin is quite bright and highly motivated,and she really wants to get a college education. However,she knows that,on average,students from low-income homes perform more poorly on the SAT Reasoning Test than students from wealthier homes. When she takes the SAT,she is so nervous that she has trouble concentrating on the test items,and so her scores underestimate her true abilities. Which of the following concepts best explains what has happened to Karin?

A)Stereotype threat
B)An external attribution
C)Hot cognition
D)Cognitive dissonance

Question 62

Three of the following statements accurately describe cultural and ethnic differences in motivation. Which statement is false?

A)Compared to other cultural groups,children in Native American families are given very little independence and autonomy.
B)On average,students from Asian cultures are more concerned about getting good grades than students from other ethnic groups.
C)Some African American students have a sense of learned helplessness about their ability to achieve school success,perhaps because of prior experiences with racial discrimination.
D)Compared to their classmates raised in mainstream Western culture,students from Asian cultures are more likely to attribute school success to hard work,rather than to inherited ability.

Question 63

Three of the following statements characterize students with learned helplessness. Which statement is not accurate about students with learned helplessness?

A)They set low goals for themselves.
B)They become easily discouraged when they fail.
C)They have little confidence in their ability to succeed.
D)They are usually young children rather than older children or adolescents.

Question 64

Which one of the following students is most likely to have facilitating anxiety?

A)Art doesn't begin his 20-page research report for his psychology class until the night before it is due.
B)Bert has heard that his statistics professor is an easy grader,so he isn't the least bit worried about getting at least a B in his statistics course.
C)Curt is nervous about doing well in the 100-meter dash.
D)Dave can't find the note cards he made for his book report,and in five minutes it will be his turn to give his report.

Question 65

Considering the textbook's definitions of threat and challenge,identify the situation below that is most likely to pose a threat rather than a challenge.

A)You think you can probably make the basketball team,but only if you practice every day at home.
B)You're asked to climb up a 20-foot rope hanging from the ceiling. You've climbed 10 feet before,but you've never climbed 20 feet.
C)You've invited a professor to dinner and are trying a recipe you've never tried before.
D)You are required to take a college course in nuclear physics,even though you failed basic physics in high school.

Question 66

Which one of the following students exhibits a self-conscious emotion?

A)Krista is happy that her teacher put her in the same cooperative group as her friend Darby.
B)Jacob feels ashamed that he missed an easy field goal during a soccer game.
C)Raina has been depressed for several months about her parents' divorce.
D)Leo is excited that his class is going to the natural history museum next week.

Question 67

Three of the following statements accurately describe ways in which various cultural groups are,on average,different from one another with respect to affect. Which statement is definitely incorrect?

A)Certain Asian cultures discourage children from feeling anger about events.
B)On average,children who have recently immigrated from faraway places worry quite a bit about how to behave in their new country.
C)Some groups try not to reveal their true feelings in their behaviors and facial expressions.
D)More so than other groups,people in China are prone to cognitive dissonance-they want everything in their lives to be logically consistent.

Question 68

Given what we know about how highly anxious learners mentally process information,which learning strategy would we expect them to use most often?

A)Elaboration
B)Rehearsal
C)Visual imagery
D)Organization

Question 69

With the textbook's discussion of anxiety in mind,identify the best approach to taking a difficult exam.

A)Worry just a little bit about the exam both as you prepare for it and as you take it.
B)In your mind,imagine the worst possible thing that could happen if you fail the exam.
C)Worry about the exam as you study the night before,but be as relaxed as possible when you take it.
D)Be completely relaxed both when you study and when you take the exam.

Question 70

Which one of the following is the best example of hot cognition?

A)Thinking of a new strategy for solving a difficult problem
B)Getting excited when you read about a possible cure for leukemia
C)Realizing that you finally understand Einstein's law of relativity
D)Having a mental block that interferes with your writing ability

Question 71

If you wanted to minimize the extent to which extrinsic reinforcers undermine students' sense of autonomy and intrinsic motivation,you would be most likely to:

A)Use concrete reinforcers rather than social reinforcers.
B)Use social reinforcers rather than concrete reinforcers.
C)Give extrinsic reinforcers primarily when students do something exceptionally well.
D)Use extrinsic reinforcers as a way of reminding students what they should be doing at all times.

Question 72

Which one of the following statements is most accurate about how anxiety affects learners' performance?

A)Anxiety is detrimental when,and only when,it leads to hot cognition.
B)The best way to deal with anxiety is to eliminate it. Totally relaxed individuals learn more and perform better.
C)High anxiety can facilitate performance on very difficult tasks,but it may get in the way when learners try to do tasks they have learned to do quickly and automatically.
D)A little bit of anxiety can facilitate learning and performance,and high anxiety can facilitate performance on very easy tasks.

Question 73

Three of the following are common sources of debilitating anxiety for children and adolescents. Which one is least likely to provoke debilitating anxiety?

A)The opportunity to choose two elective courses in eighth grade
B)Moving to a new school midway through the school year
C)Reaching puberty two or three years earlier than peers
D)Demonstrating a difficult gymnastic skill during a test in a physical education class

Question 74

Which one of the following illustrates cognitive dissonance?

A)Frannie is shocked to hear that her best friend Meghan,seemingly a very honest person,cheated on a math quiz.
B)Leo has a crush on his art teacher,even though the teacher is more than 10 years older than he is.
C)Jasmine loves science this year because her teacher uses many hands-on activities to make abstract concepts concrete and understandable.
D)Howie can't decide whether he wants to be a firefighter or a veterinarian when he grows up.

Question 75

Three of the following are accurate statements about interrelationships between affect and motivation. Which statement is not accurate?

A)Learners tend to be happiest when they know that events are beyond their control.
B)Learners sometimes become angry if they have trouble achieving important goals.
C)Learners are more likely to enjoy activities for which they have high self-efficacy.
D)Learners find interesting tasks enjoyable.

Question 76

The four statements below all involve evaluating a student's essay. Which one is most likely to preserve the student's sense of autonomy?

A)"Evaluate your first draft using the criteria you identified yesterday as being important for your writing."
B)"This essay is the best one you've written all semester. I think you should include it in the portfolio you're creating for this class."
C)"Your essay is so good that I'd like to submit it to the statewide essay contest."
D)"This essay has the variety of sentence structures that I like to see in my students' writing."

Question 77

Which one of the following teaching strategies is most likely to increase students' sense of empowerment?

A)Mr. Aas reminds his students that they cannot participate in the school's extracurricular sports program if their grade point averages fall below 2.0.
B)Ms. Brown asks her third graders to develop some class rules to ensure that all class members will have a chance to express their ideas openly.
C)Mr. Cranwell explains to his middle school students why good writing skills are important in the business world.
D)Mr. Diaz gives his students enough practice with basic arithmetic facts that they learn them to automaticity.

Question 78

Mr. Rawlins is faculty advisor for the high school service club. He attends every meeting,and he regularly provides the support students need to carry out their activities. During group discussions,however,he typically sits in the back of the room and offers advice only if club members ask for it or if he thinks the club's planned activities are in some way inappropriate. In taking this approach,Mr. Rawlins is most likely to:

A)Decrease club members' expectations for success in their activities.
B)Enhance club members' sense of autonomy.
C)Reduce club members' interest in public service.
D)Encourage club members to have external attributions about their activities.

Question 79

Racine is very moody. One day she seems reasonably happy,but the next day she's irritable and on edge. The day after that,she's quite cheerful. Taking developmental differences in affect into account and without knowing anything else about Racine,our best guess would be that Racine is in:

A)Kindergarten.
B)Third grade.
C)Seventh grade.
D)Twelfth grade.

Question 80

Your students have been given a challenging task-one at which they can succeed only if they work hard. Considering what we know about the effects of anxiety on performance,which one of the following students is most likely to complete the task successfully?

A)Adam is feeling quite "mellow" today; his attitude is que sera,sera-whatever happens,happens.
B)Berta is feeling really uptight about how she does on the task because her performance is going to affect whether she passes or fails the class.
C)Cassie doesn't care; in fact,she's half asleep.
D)Damion wants to do well on the task and is a little anxious about it,but not to the point that his hands are sweaty or his stomach is in a knot.