Deck 25: Fluid and Electrolytes

Question 1

Which type of intake accounts for most of our daily fluid intake?

A) Metabolic water
B) Preformed water

Answer 1

B

Question 2

Most of the fluid in our body is contained within our cells.

Answer 2

True

Question 3

When fluid intake equals fluid output, and there is a normal distribution of solvent and solutes in the body's fluid compartments, fluid ________ exists.

Answer 3

balance

Question 4

In order for a state of fluid balance to be achieved, obligatory water loss must equal facultative water loss.

Question 5

When compared to extracellular fluid, intracellular fluid contains

A) more potassium and more negatively charged proteins.
B) more potassium but fewer negatively charged proteins.
C) less potassium but more negatively charged proteins.
D) less potassium and less negatively charged proteins.

Question 6

Which statement accurately describes the permeability to water of the cell membrane and the capillary wall?

A) Both the plasma membrane and the capillary wall are permeable to water.
B) The plasma membrane is permeable to water, but the capillary wall is not.
C) The plasma membrane is not permeable to water, but the capillary wall is.
D) Neither the plasma membrane nor the capillary wall is permeable to water.

Question 7

Interstitial fluid has a relatively ________ concentration of sodium and chloride; the concentrations of ions within the interstitial fluid and blood plasma are very ________.

A) high; similar
B) high; different
C) low; similar
D) low; different

Question 8

Drinking a liter of water will cause the osmolarity of blood plasma to

A) increase.
B) decrease.

Question 9

In elderly individuals, 75% of body weight is made up of fluid.

Question 10

Elderly individuals generally have a ________ percentage of body fluid and are therefore ________ prone to fluid imbalances.

A) high; more
B) high; less
C) low; less
D) low; more

Question 11

A comparison of the two major body fluid compartments reveals that

A) two-thirds of the total fluid is outside our cells and one-third is within our cells.
B) two-thirds of the total fluid is within our cells and one-third is outside our cells.
C) half of the total fluid is within our cells and half is outside our cells.
D) six-sevenths of the total fluid is within our cells and one-seventh is outside our cells.
E) six-sevenths of the total fluid is outside our cells and one-seventh is within our cells.

Question 12

At which stage of life is the percentage of fluid in the human body highest?

A) Infancy
B) Childhood
C) Middle age
D) Advanced age

Question 13

Cerebrospinal fluid of the central nervous system and synovial fluid of joint capsules are both examples of

A) intracellular fluid.
B) extracellular fluid.

Question 14

As an individual becomes dehydrated, the net movement of fluid in their body is from cells toward plasma.

Question 15

Interstitial fluid composes about ________ of the body's extracellular fluid.

A) one-tenth
B) one-third
C) one-half
D) two-thirds
E) nine-tenths

Question 16

Fluid imbalances are more common in individuals with a ________ percentage of body fluid.

A) high
B) low

Question 17

When comparing two individuals of the same body weight, the one with more muscle and less fat will have a higher percentage of fluid in their body.

Question 18

The plasma of our blood constitutes ________ than half of the fluid in our body; plasma is part of the ________ fluid.

A) more; intracellular
B) more; extracellular
C) less; intracellular
D) less; extracellular

Question 19

If someone runs a marathon through a desert while eating pretzels and not drinking water, their plasma osmolarity

A) rises and becomes hypertonic to the interstitial and intracellular fluid compartments.
B) rises and becomes hypotonic to the interstitial and intracellular fluid compartments.
C) decreases and becomes hypertonic to the interstitial and intracellular fluid compartments.
D) decreases and becomes hypotonic to the interstitial and intracellular fluid compartments.

Question 20

When comparing a lean adult female to a lean adult male, which will most likely have a higher percentage of body fluid?

A) The female
B) The male

Question 21

Insensible water loss is an example of facultative water loss.

Question 22

Distention of the stomach causes thirst to

A) increase.
B) decrease.

Question 23

Water lost through feces is considered ________ water loss.

A) sensible, obligatory
B) sensible, facultative
C) insensible, obligatory
D) insensible, facultative

Question 24

In the condition of volume excess, fluid gain involves

A) an increase in osmolarity of body fluid.
B) a decrease in osmolarity of body fluid.
C) no change in the osmolarity of body fluid.

Question 25

Ingestion of food results in water

A) intake, as food contains some water.
B) output, as food absorbs water and we lose more water through feces than we gain through eating.

Question 26

Aerobic cellular respiration and dehydration synthesis reactions result in

A) metabolic water intake.
B) preformed water intake.
C) insensible water output.
D) preformed water output.
E) obligatory water output.

Question 27

Extreme hypotonic hydration can cause brain cells to swell.

Question 28

Edema is an example of

A) dehydration.
B) volume depletion.
C) total volume excess.
D) fluid sequestration.

Question 29

Runners who drink too much water before a marathon run a risk of water intoxication, also known as

A) diabetes insipidus.
B) volume excess.
C) hypotonic hydration.
D) volume depletion.
E) hypertonic ascites.

Question 30

Decreases in blood pressure turn ________ the thirst center of the brain.

A) on
B) off

Question 31

Fluid intake causes blood volume to increase.

Question 32

Blockage of lymphatic vessels or surgical removal of lymphatic vessels increases the likelihood of

A) ascites, which is an example of volume depletion.
B) ascites, which is an example of hypertonicity.
C) edema, which is an example of fluid sequestration.
D) edema, which is an example of volume depletion.
E) pleural effusion, which is an example of hypertonic hydration.

Question 33

The thirst center of the brain is located in the

A) hippocampus.
B) hypothalamus.
C) occipital lobe.
D) pons.

Question 34

If someone in an accident suffered severe burns as well as hemorrhage, they would be at high risk for

A) hypotonic hydration.
B) volume depletion.
C) hypotonic dehydration.
D) volume excess.

Question 35

Renal failure would likely lead to

A) volume depletion.
B) hypotonicity.
C) volume excess.
D) hypertonic ascites.

Question 36

Feelings of thirstiness are brought on by

A) increases in salivary secretions and increases in blood osmolarity.
B) increases in salivary secretions and decreases in blood osmolarity.
C) decreases in salivary secretions and increases in blood osmolarity.
D) decreases in salivary secretions and decreases in blood osmolarity.

Question 37

During dehydration, blood plasma becomes hypotonic relative to the body's cells.

Question 38

Facultative water loss is loss that

A) occurs regardless of the state of hydration of the body.
B) is controlled by hormone effects on the kidney.
C) occurs through sweating and breathing.

Question 39

An accumulation of fluid in one area of the body, such that the fluid is not available for use elsewhere, is known as fluid ________.

Question 40

Diabetes mellitus, profuse sweating, and hyposecretion of ADH can each lead to

A) volume excess.
B) dehydration.
C) hypotonic plasma.
D) overhydration.

Question 41

Insulin causes blood plasma levels of potassium to ________ by ________ activity of the Na⁺/K⁺ pumps.

A) increase; stimulating
B) increase; inhibiting
C) decrease; stimulating
D) decrease; inhibiting

Question 42

An elevated level of potassium in the blood is referred to as ________.

Question 43

Most nonelectrolytes are covalently bonded organic molecules.

Question 44

When the pH of the ECF decreases, K⁺ starts to move from the

A) ECF to the ICF.
B) ICF to the ECF.

Question 45

The hormone ANP

A) increases urine output and increases blood volume.
B) increases urine output and decreases blood volume.
C) decreases urine output and decreases blood volume.
D) decreases urine output and increases blood volume.

Question 46

Which of the following does not turn off the thirst center of the brain?

A) Decreased blood osmolarity
B) Entry of fluid in the stomach
C) Decreased salivary secretions
D) Increased blood pressure

Question 47

Angiotensin II, aldosterone, and ADH each help decrease urine output.

Question 48

How does the hormone aldosterone influence potassium levels?

A) It increases potassium secretion by the kidneys and increases potassium blood concentration.
B) It increases potassium secretion by the kidneys and decreases potassium blood concentration.
C) It increases potassium reabsorption by the kidneys and decreases potassium blood concentration.
D) It increases potassium reabsorption by the kidneys and increases potassium blood concentration.

Question 49

When NaCl is added to body fluids, it results in the addition of

A) one solute particle per NaCl molecule and exerts an osmotic pressure equivalent to that of a nonelectrolyte.
B) two solute particles per NaCl molecule and exerts twice the osmotic pressure of the same number of nonelectrolyte molecules.
C) three solute particles per NaCl molecule and exerts one-third the osmotic pressure of the same number of nonelectrolyte molecules.
D) one solute particle per NaCl molecule, but because it is uncharged it does not result in osmotic pressure.

Question 50

The most abundant cation within cells is

A) sodium.
B) potassium.
C) calcium.
D) chloride.
E) magnesium.

Question 51

Increases in secretion of the hormone ADH cause sodium concentration in the blood plasma to

A) increase.
B) stay at the same level.
C) decrease.

Question 52

How are sodium levels and blood pressure related?

A) Increased plasma sodium levels decrease water retention, decrease blood volume, and increase blood pressure.
B) Decreased plasma sodium levels increase water retention, increase blood volume, and decrease blood pressure.
C) Increased plasma sodium levels increase water retention, blood volume, and blood pressure.
D) Decreased plasma sodium levels decrease water retention, increase blood volume, and increase blood pressure.

Question 53

Which ion is the principal solute of the ECF and is crucial for neuromuscular and renal function?

A) Magnesium
B) Phosphate
C) Calcium
D) Sodium
E) Potassium

Question 54

To account for their effects on osmotic pressure, the concentration of electrolytes is often expressed in

A) moles.
B) moieties.
C) milliequivalents per liter.
D) moles per liter.
E) milliliters.

Question 55

Most potassium loss from the body occurs through

A) sweat.
B) urine.
C) feces.
D) respiration.

Question 56

A substance that dissociates in water to form cations and anions is called a nonelectrolyte.

Question 57

The most abundant anion in the extracellular fluid is

A) negatively charged proteins.
B) phosphate.
C) chloride.
D) hydrogen.
E) acetic acid.

Question 58

The molecule HCl is an example of a(n)

A) electrolyte.
B) nonelectrolyte.
C) base.

Question 59

When compared with the effects of blood pressure and osmolarity on fluid intake, the effects of saliva and stomach distention are

A) more immediate and more accurate.
B) more immediate but less accurate.
C) more long-term and more accurate.
D) more long-term but less accurate.

Question 60

Changes in blood osmolarity that turn off the thirst center also increase the release of ADH from the pituitary gland.

Question 61

Changes in blood osmolarity within capillaries of the hypothalamus are a signal for ADH release. The neurons that are sensitive to these changes in osmolarity are ________.

Question 62

Angiotensin II stimulates the adrenal cortex to release aldosterone.

Question 63

Renin is released from the JG apparatus in response to

A) high blood pressure or increased NaCl in the fluid within the distal convoluted tubule.
B) high blood pressure or decreased NaCl in the fluid within the distal convoluted tubule.
C) low blood pressure or increased NaCl in the fluid within the distal convoluted tubule.
D) low blood pressure or decreased NaCl in the fluid within the distal convoluted tubule.

Question 64

The stimulus that directly triggers release of ANP is

A) decreased pressure detected by baroreceptors in the aorta and carotid arteries.
B) increased stretch of the heart atria.
C) increased saltiness in the cerebrospinal fluid bathing the hypothalamus of the brain.
D) increased saltiness of tubular fluid in the proximal convoluted tubule.

Question 65

Decreased stretch of baroreceptors within the aorta and carotid arteries results in stimulation of the hypothalamus; this stimulation increases ADH secretion.

Question 66

In the brain, ADH ________ the thirst center, and in the kidneys, ADH causes an increase in water ________.

A) stimulates; secretion
B) stimulates; reabsorption
C) inhibits; secretion
D) inhibits; reabsorption

Question 67

Activation of the parasympathetic nervous system triggers renin release from the JG apparatus of the kidneys.

Question 68

Angiotensin II triggers

A) vasoconstriction and increased urine output from the kidneys.
B) vasoconstriction and decreased urine output from the kidneys.
C) vasodilation and increased urine output from the kidneys.
D) vasodilation and decreased urine output from the kidneys.

Question 69

ANP causes an increase in the loss of sodium and water through urine.

Question 70

The release of aldosterone is triggered by a decrease in blood plasma potassium levels.

Question 71

Atrial natriuretic peptide causes ________ of afferent arterioles and ________ of mesangial cells.

A) constriction; contraction
B) constriction; relaxation
C) dilation; contraction
D) dilation; relaxation

Question 72

The adrenal gland releases aldosterone in response to

A) ANP and increased blood plasma sodium levels.
B) ANP and decreased blood plasma sodium levels.
C) angiotensin II and increased blood plasma sodium levels.
D) angiotensin II and decreased blood plasma sodium levels.

Question 73

The hormone ANP causes systemic blood vessels to

A) constrict, which raises blood pressure.
B) constrict, which lowers blood pressure.
C) dilate, which raises blood pressure.
D) dilate, which lowers blood pressure.

Question 74

Low levels of calcium within cells are maintained by

A) a high number of voltage-gated and leakage channels for calcium in cell membranes.
B) frequent exocytosis and endocytosis of calcium-containing vesicles.
C) pumps that move calcium out of cells or into the sarcoplasmic reticulum.
D) osmosis of large amounts of water into cells that have any calcium within them.

Question 75

Aldosterone causes kidney tubules to

A) reabsorb more sodium, water, and potassium.
B) reabsorb more sodium and water, and secrete more potassium.
C) reabsorb more sodium, and secret more water and potassium.
D) secrete more sodium, water, and potassium.
E) secrete more sodium and reabsorb more potassium.

Question 76

Angiotensin II causes a(n)

A) stimulation of the thirst center and increased release of ADH.
B) stimulation of the thirst center and decreased release of ADH.
C) inhibition of the thirst center and increased release of ADH.
D) inhibition of the thirst center and decreased release of ADH.

Question 77

High levels of ADH cause

A) vasoconstriction and therefore increases in blood pressure.
B) vasoconstriction and therefore decreases in blood pressure.
C) vasodilation and therefore increases in blood pressure.
D) vasodilation and therefore decreases in blood pressure.

Question 78

The stimuli that trigger the release of ADH are

A) high blood pressure, high blood volume, and high blood osmolarity.
B) high blood pressure, low blood volume, and low blood osmolarity.
C) low blood pressure, low blood volume, and high blood osmolarity.
D) low blood pressure, high blood volume, and high blood osmolarity.
E) low blood pressure, low blood volume, and low blood osmolarity.

Question 79

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) is synthesized in the ________ and released from the ________.

A) anterior pituitary; posterior pituitary
B) anterior pituitary; hypothalamus
C) hypothalamus; posterior pituitary
D) hypothalamus; anterior pituitary

Question 80

Aldosterone exerts effects on principal cells of the kidney by causing

A) increased levels of cAMP and increases in the total number of Na⁺ channels.
B) decreased levels of cAMP and decreases in the number of open K⁺ channels.
C) increased numbers of Na⁺/K⁺ pumps.
D) decreased numbers of Na⁺/K⁺ pumps.