Deck 23: Respiratory System

Question 1

Terminal bronchioles of the lower respiratory system are lined with

A) keratinized stratified squamous epithelium.
B) simple cuboidal epithelium.
C) pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium.
D) stratified columnar epithelium.
E) nonkeratinized stratified squamous.

Answer 1

B

Question 2

Which is not a function of the respiratory system?

A) Sound reception
B) Gas exchange
C) Odor detection
D) Air passage

Answer 2

A

Question 3

The epithelial lining of the oropharynx and the superior larynx (vocal cords) is nonkeratinized stratified squamous.

Answer 3

True

Question 4

The nose contains a single septal cartilage. How many alar cartilages are in the nose?

A) One
B) Two
C) Three
D) Four

Question 5

The depth and rate of respiration influence blood levels of hydrogen ion.

Question 6

Another name for the nasal septum is the turbinate.

Question 7

In general, respiratory zone structures are lined with a thicker mucosa than conducting zone structures.

Question 8

Mucin ________ the viscosity of mucus, facilitating the ________ of dust and dirt particles.

A) increases; trapping
B) decreases; flushing
C) increases; diluting
D) decreases; exocytosis

Question 9

Exposure to irritants causes mucus production to

A) increase.
B) decrease.

Question 10

Several things happen to inhaled air in a process called conditioning. Select the exception.

A) The air is cooled.
B) The air is humidified.
C) The air is cleansed.
D) The air is moistened.
E) The air becomes turbulent.

Question 11

Mucous secretions of the respiratory tract include antimicrobial substances such as lysozyme and defensins.

Question 12

An air passage (valley) beneath a turbinate within the nasal cavity is referred to as a

A) vestibule.
B) concha.
C) vibrissa.
D) meatus.

Question 13

Which is not part of the conducting portion of the respiratory system?

A) Alveoli
B) Trachea
C) Larynx
D) Nasal cavity
E) Bronchi

Question 14

Which statement is false regarding the oropharynx?

A) It houses the paired palatine tonsils.
B) It is located posterior to the oral cavity.
C) It houses the lingual tonsils.
D) It houses the pharyngeal tonsil.
E) It extends from the soft palate to the level of the hyoid bone.

Question 15

Which bone does not contain a paranasal sinus?

A) Sphenoid bone
B) Frontal bone
C) Ethmoid bone
D) Mandible
E) Maxilla

Question 16

Olfactory receptors located in the superior region of the nasal cavity are stimulated when airborne molecules are inhaled and dissolved in the mucous covering.

Question 17

The terms "upper respiratory system" and "lower respiratory system" are ________ categorizations of the respiratory system.

A) structural
B) functional
C) outdated

Question 18

The region of the nasal cavity immediately internal to the nostrils is the ________; it contains coarse guard hairs.

A) choanae
B) olfactory region
C) vestibule
D) respiratory region
E) nasopharynx

Question 19

What structures are used by both the respiratory and digestive systems?

A) Oropharynx and laryngopharynx
B) Laryngopharynx and larynx
C) Nasal cavity and nasopharynx
D) Paranasal sinuses
E) Laryngopharynx and esophagus

Question 20

Which region(s) of the pharynx is lined by pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium?

A) Oropharynx
B) Nasopharynx
C) Laryngopharynx
D) Oropharynx and nasopharynx
E) Oropharynx, nasopharynx, and laryngopharynx

Question 21

Relaxation of the smooth muscle within the walls of bronchioles leads to ________.

Question 22

What type of tissue lines the trachea?

A) Cuboidal epithelium
B) Simple squamous epithelium
C) Stratified squamous keratinized epithelium
D) Stratified squamous nonkeratinized epithelium
E) Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium

Question 23

At the inferior end of the trachea is an internal ridge of mucosal covered cartilage that initiates a cough reflex when it is stimulated; this structure is the ________.

Question 24

Into what region of the pharynx do auditory tubes open?

A) Oropharynx
B) Nasopharynx
C) Laryngopharynx

Question 25

Tracheal cartilages provide for ________ on the ________ aspect of the trachea.

A) flexibility; anterior
B) flexibility; posterior
C) rigidity; anterior
D) rigidity; posterior

Question 26

Food is normally prevented from entering the nasopharynx by the

A) elevation of the epiglottis.
B) elevation of the soft palate.
C) depression of the hard palate.
D) closure of the nasal conchae.
E) constriction of the esophagus.

Question 27

Bronchoconstriction results from relaxation of smooth muscle in the walls of airways.

Question 28

What structure connects the larynx to the primary bronchi?

A) Trachea
B) Pharynx
C) Esophagus
D) Bronchioles
E) Alveolar ducts

Question 29

How long is the average trachea?

A) 12-14 inches
B) 12-14 cm
C) 12-14 mm

Question 30

Another name for the tertiary bronchi is the ________ bronchi.

Question 31

Pitch refers to the ________ of sound waves; pitch is determined by the tension produced by ________ laryngeal muscles.

A) frequency; intrinsic
B) frequency; extrinsic
C) loudness; intrinsic
D) loudness; extrinsic

Question 32

The male voice tends to be in a lower range than a female's voice because men have

A) more taut vestibular folds.
B) more air to push through the rima glottidis.
C) wider arytenoid cartilages.
D) shorter and fatter vestibular ligaments.
E) longer and thicker vocal folds.

Question 33

What structure prevents food and drink from entering the trachea, conducts air, and produces sound?

A) Esophagus
B) Bronchi
C) Pharynx
D) Nasal cavity
E) Larynx

Question 34

What connects the pharynx to the trachea?

A) Esophagus
B) Bronchi
C) Alveolar ducts
D) Larynx
E) Nasal cavity

Question 35

The larynx is supported by nine pieces of cartilage. Which cartilages occur in pairs?

A) Thyroid and corniculate
B) Corniculate and cricoid
C) Cricoid, corniculate, and arytenoid
D) Corniculate, cuneiform, and arytenoid
E) Arytenoid and epiglottis

Question 36

Which statement is true regarding the location of the trachea?

A) It lies superior to the esophagus, inferior to the larynx, and superior to the primary bronchi of the lungs.
B) It lies posterior to the esophagus, inferior to the larynx, and superior to the primary bronchi of the lungs.
C) It lies anterior to the esophagus, inferior to the larynx, and inferior to the primary bronchi of the lungs.
D) It lies anterior to the esophagus, inferior to the larynx, and superior to the primary bronchi of the lungs.
E) It lies superior to the esophagus, superior to the larynx, and superior to the primary bronchi of the lungs.

Question 37

Foreign particles

A) are more likely to lodge in the right primary bronchus.
B) are more likely to lodge in the left primary bronchus.
C) lodge equally often in each of the two primary bronchi.

Question 38

What structure is also known as the "voice box"?

A) Larynx
B) Pharynx
C) Esophagus
D) Bronchus
E) Trachea

Question 39

What prevents the trachea from collapsing?

A) The internal air pressure within the trachea
B) The surrounding muscles
C) The internal epithelium
D) The C-shaped cartilaginous rings

Question 40

Which statement is true regarding secondary bronchi?

A) The right lung has two secondary bronchi and the left lung has three secondary bronchi.
B) The left lung has two secondary bronchi and the right lung has three secondary bronchi.
C) Each lung has two secondary bronchi.
D) Each lung has three secondary bronchi.
E) Each lung has four secondary bronchi.

Question 41

Phagocytic cells of the alveolus are the

A) alveolar type II cells.
B) alveolar type I cells.
C) alveolar macrophages.
D) septal cells.
E) squamous alveolar cells.

Question 42

Which is not part of the respiratory membrane?

A) Capillary endothelium
B) Fused basement membrane
C) Plasma membrane of Type I cell
D) Plasma membrane of Type II cell

Question 43

On each side of the chest, the ________ pleura lines the internal thoracic wall, and the ________ pleura tightly covers the lung.

A) thoracic; pulmonary
B) parietal; visceral
C) visceral; parietal
D) fibrous; serous
E) respiratory; pleural

Question 44

Parasympathetic innervation to the lungs is from the ________ nerves.

Question 45

The potential space between the serous membranes surrounding each lung is known as the pleural ________.

Question 46

The bronchial circulation is a component of the pulmonary circulation.

Question 47

The lungs remain inflated because

A) intrapulmonary pressure is less than intrapleural pressure.
B) intrapleural pressure is less than intrapulmonary pressure.
C) intrapleural pressure is exactly equal to intrapulmonary pressure.
D) intrapleural pressure is exactly equal to atmospheric pressure.

Question 48

The hilum of the lung

A) is an indented area through which the bronchi, pulmonary vessels, lymphatic vessels, and nerves pass.
B) is the point of exit of exhaled air.
C) is the point of entrance for inhaled air.
D) is an elevated area through which the trachea, pulmonary vessels, and nerves pass.
E) serves to anchor all pulmonary structures to the mediastinum.

Question 49

List, in order, the structures of the respiratory membrane that carbon dioxide must cross to move from the blood into an air sac of the lung.

Question 50

The main function of serous fluid is to

A) lubricate and reduce friction between pleural membranes around the lung.
B) improve adhesion of the lungs to the thoracic wall.
C) facilitate the diffusion of oxygen across the respiratory membrane.

Question 51

The alveolar cell that secretes pulmonary surfactant is the

A) alveolar type II cell.
B) alveolar type I cell.
C) alveolar macrophage.
D) dust cell.
E) squamous alveolar cell.

Question 52

Each lung consists of a number of segments called

A) alveolar segments.
B) bronchopulmonary segments.
C) mesothelial segments.
D) pleural segments.
E) systemic segments.

Question 53

The most common cell making up the alveolar wall is the

A) alveolar type II cell.
B) alveolar type I cell.
C) alveolar macrophage.
D) dust cell.
E) septal cell.

Question 54

Which of the two lungs is larger and wider?

A) The left lung
B) The right lung

Question 55

Which is not correct about the left lung?

A) It is slightly smaller than the right lung.
B) It has a cardiac impression.
C) It has a cardiac notch.
D) It has 2 lobes and 1 fissure.
E) It has an esophageal depression.

Question 56

Bronchial arteries carry ________ blood to the tissues of the lung.

A) oxygenated
B) deoxygenated

Question 57

Foreign particles that are not filtered out by the respiratory epithelium are

A) dissolved by enzymes in the alveoli.
B) coughed up during normal daily activities.
C) collected by lymph nodes.
D) carried away in blood.
E) stored in nearby pulmonary alcoves.

Question 58

Which do not belong to the respiratory zone of the respiratory system?

A) Respiratory bronchioles
B) Alveolar ducts
C) Terminal bronchioles
D) Pulmonary alveoli
E) Alveolar sacs

Question 59

Alveoli abut each other, causing them to appear ________ in cross section.

A) enlarged
B) polygonal
C) stratified
D) circular
E) columnar

Question 60

Activation of sympathetic nerves that innervate lung tissue results in

A) bronchoconstriction.
B) bronchodilation.

Question 61

At rest, a normal person breathes about ________ times per minute.

A) 8
B) 12
C) 26
D) 32
E) 50

Question 62

The chest wall is anatomically configured to contract inwardly, so that when the thorax is opened surgically its walls collapse.

Question 63

Contraction of these muscles depresses the ribs, but only during forced exhalation.

A) External intercostals
B) Scalenes
C) Transversus thoracis
D) Internal intercostals
E) Serratus posterior inferior

Question 64

Which type of receptor initiates the inhalation (or Hering-Breuer) reflex?

A) Central chemoreceptors
B) Baroreceptors
C) Peripheral chemoreceptors
D) Proprioceptors

Question 65

Which answer places the following events in proper order for pulmonary ventilation?
A: Thoracic cavity volume changes.
B: Brainstem nuclei stimulate skeletal muscles to contract.
C: Air flows down its pressure gradient.
D: Dimensional changes in the thorax lead to pressure changes within the lung.

A) b, a, d, c
B) d, c, b, a
C) b, d, c, a
D) a, c, d, b
E) c, a, d, b

Question 66

What is the name of the column of neurons within the medulla that initiates neural impulses for inspiration and expiration?

A) Pontine respiratory center
B) Ventral respiratory group
C) Dorsal respiratory group
D) Phrenic nucleus

Question 67

Also known as the pneumotaxic center, this area allows for smooth transitions between inspiration and expiration.

A) Dorsal respiratory group
B) Ventral respiratory group
C) Pontine respiratory center
D) Medullary respiratory center
E) Carotid body

Question 68

The phrenic and intercostal nerves are made up primarily of autonomic nerves for smooth muscle control.

Question 69

The involuntary, rhythmic activities that deliver and remove respiratory gases are regulated in the

A) brainstem.
B) midbrain.
C) cerebellum.
D) cerebral nuclei.
E) occipital lobe of the brain.

Question 70

Breathing muscles such as the diaphragm are controlled by neurons of the ________ nervous system.

A) somatic
B) autonomic
C) enteric

Question 71

When central chemoreceptors detect a drop in the pH of the cerebrospinal fluid,

A) medullary respiratory centers trigger an increase in rate and depth of breathing.
B) medullary respiratory centers trigger a decrease in rate and depth of breathing.
C) pontine respiratory centers trigger a decrease in rate and depth of breathing.
D) the vagus and phrenic nerves stimulate decreased production of the catalyst carbonic anhydrase.

Question 72

The carotid bodies contain ________ chemoreceptors that respond to changes in ________.

A) peripheral; blood concentrations of H⁺ and O₂
B) central; blood concentrations of H⁺, but not CO₂ and O₂
C) peripheral; cerebrospinal fluid concentrations of H⁺
D) central; cerebrospinal concentrations of CO₂
E) peripheral; concentrations of carbon, dust, and pollution in the lungs

Question 73

Suppose that following an automobile accident, a broken rib penetrates into the pleural cavity, causing air to accumulate in the space between the visceral and parietal pleura. This condition is known as a

A) pneumothorax.
B) tension hemothorax.
C) hemothorax.
D) cystic fibrosis.

Question 74

These muscles increase thoracic cavity dimensions by elevating the first and second ribs during forced inhalation.

A) External intercostals
B) Scalenes
C) Transversus thoracis
D) Internal intercostals
E) Serratus posterior inferior

Question 75

Organize the items listed into the proper sequence of events for gas exchange.
A: O₂ is transported to cells by circulatory system.
B: O₂ is drawn into the lungs during inhalation.
C: Cells use O₂ and generate CO_2.
D: CO₂ is exhaled.
E: The circulatory system transports CO₂ to the lungs.

A) a, b, c, d, e
B) b, a, c, d, e
C) b, a, c, e, d
D) c, e, d, a, b
E) e, d, c, b, a

Question 76

Where would you find the trachealis muscle?

A) Between the esophagus and the diaphragm
B) Between the trachea and the diaphragm
C) Superior to the larynx
D) Between the esophagus and the trachea
E) Between the larynx and the pharynx

Question 77

According to Boyle's law, the pressure of a gas ________ if the volume of its container increases.

A) increases
B) decreases
C) remains the same

Question 78

You may have noticed that after a large meal you have had some difficulty breathing. Which explanation is most accurate with regard to this situation?

A) The food presses on the bronchi, making air flow difficult.
B) The large quantity of food retards pulmonary blood flow.
C) Oxygen to the lungs is restricted due to fullness in the stomach.
D) A full stomach impedes contraction of the diaphragm, limiting inhalation.

Question 79

Air flows out of the body during expiration because

A) intrapulmonary pressure is greater than atmospheric pressure.
B) intrapleural pressure is greater than intrapulmonary pressure.
C) atmospheric pressure is greater than intrapulmonary pressure.
D) intrapleural pressure is greater than atmospheric pressure.

Question 80

These muscles extend from a superior rib inferomedially to the adjacent inferior rib. They elevate the ribs upon contraction, thereby increasing the transverse dimensions of the thoracic cavity during inhalation.

A) External intercostals
B) Scalenes
C) Transversus thoracis
D) Internal intercostals
E) Serratus posterior inferior