Deck 3: The Roman Empire

Question 1

In contrast to Greek architectural sculpture, the Etruscans placed sculptures on the _____ of temples.

A) ​pediments
B) ​friezes
C) ​roofs
D) ​podiums

Answer 1

​roofs

Question 2

The high podium and single flight of stairs of the Roman Temple of Portunus reflects the influence of the _____.

A) ​Greeks
B) Samnites​
C) Etruscans​
D) Minoans​

Answer 2

Etruscans​

Question 3

Which of the following works of art illustrates how Romanized the Etruscans became in the first century BCE?

A) ​Apulu Veii
B) Aule Metele​
C) Mural painting, Tomb of the Leopards​
D) Sarcophagus with reclining couple​

Answer 3

Aule Metele​

Question 4

The main gathering area of a Pompeiian house is the _____.

A) ​impluvium
B) triclinium​
C) cubiculum​
D) atrium​

Question 5

The two centuries of peace that began under the reign of Augustus is generally called the_____.

A) ​tetrarchy
B) soldier emperors​
C) Pax Romana​
D) senate​

Question 6

The Etruscans used _____ columns on their temples.

A) ​Ionic
B) Minoan​
C) Tuscan​
D) Corinthian​

Question 7

The _____ at Pompeii functioned as its law court.

A) ​amphitheater
B) basilica​
C) velarium​
D) orchestra​

Question 8

The Apollo of Veii and sarcophagus with a reclining couple differ from Greek statuary in their _____.

A) ​frozen pose
B) ​naturalistic depiction of the anatomy
C) ​Egyptian influence
D) ​ability to speak to the viewer

Question 9

The year 211 BCE was a turning point for both Rome and Roman art because _____.

A) ​Rome conquered Greece
B) Marcellus brought the artistic patrimony of Syracuse to Rome​
C) Last Attalid king willed Pergamon to Rome​
D) Veii fell to the Romans​

Question 10

The painting in the Tomb of the Leopards celebrates _____.

A) ​the joy of life
B) the triumph of good over evil​
C) victory in battle​
D) the sorrow of death​

Question 11

The heart of a Roman city is the _____.

A) ​forum
B) atrium​
C) basilica​
D) theater​

Question 12

The stucco tools and everyday objects decorating the Etruscan Tomb of the Reliefs connected the tomb to _____.

A) ​their temples
B) the slaves who built it​
C) their leaders​
D) their homes​

Question 13

The First Style of Pompeiian wall painting imitated _____.

A) ​marble paneling
B) landscapes​
C) imperial palaces​
D) Minaoan frescoes​

Question 14

The typical Etruscan tomb form at the Banditaccia necropolis was the _____.

A) ​tumulus
B) temple plan​
C) shaft grave​
D) pseudo-peripteral​

Question 15

Because they were designed to shut off the street's noise and dust, Pompeiian houses are described as _____.

A) ​meandering
B) complex in plan​
C) inward looking​
D) multistoried​

Question 16

The wealthy or patrician class commissioned _____ to celebrate their elevated status in society.

A) ​weapons
B) mural paintings​
C) temples​
D) ancestral portraits​

Question 17

Rome was reportedly founded by _____ in 753 BCE.

A) ​Romulus
B) Tarquinius Superbus​
C) Apollodorus of Damascus​
D) Nero​

Question 18

Depicted on the Column of Antoninus Pius, the _____, or emperor's ascent into heaven to accompany the gods, became a central theme of imperial ideology.

A) ​decumanus
B) apotheosis​
C) imperator​
D) imperial entry​

Question 19

Rather than a somber theme, _____ are featured at the Tomb of the Leopards.

A) ​mythological scenes
B) banqueting couples​
C) Greek deities​
D) Imperial processions​

Question 20

The presence of delicate linear fantasies on monochromatic backgrounds characterizes the _____ of Pompeiian wall painting.

A) ​masonry style
B) Third Style​
C) Second Style​
D) linear perspective style​

Question 21

Echoing developments in portraits of Marcus Aurelius, the portrait bust of Caracalla is remarkable in its ability to reveal his _____.

A) ​generosity
B) aspirations to be a god​
C) personality​
D) old age​

Question 22

In contrast to the Greek practice of building a theater along the slope of a hill, _____ supported the rising seating of a Roman amphitheater.

A) ​a cavea
B) barrel vaults​
C) ​the frigidarium
D) ​the arena

Question 23

Describe the manner of portraying members of the patrician class during the Republic.

Question 24

What are the differences between Etruscan tumuli and Mycenaean tholoi, such as the Treasury of Atreus?

Question 25

During his reign Constantine transferred the empire's seat of power from Rome to _____.

A) ​Ravenna
B) Constantinople​
C) Alexandria​
D) Persia​

Question 26

Augustus consciously revived the _____ style in art and architecture to present his reign as a Golden Age.

A) ​classical
B) Orientalizing​
C) geometric​
D) late antique​

Question 27

In 293, Diocletian shared power with his rivals, creating a form of government called the _____.

A) ​dictatorship
B) senate​
C) consul​
D) tetrarchy​

Question 28

The presence of children in the procession of the imperial family on the Ara Pacis Augustae (Altar of Augustan Peace) reflects Augustus's concern about _____.

A) ​Roman egalitarianism
B) military aggression​
C) the decline in the birthrate among nobility​
D) patrician ethics​

Question 29

_____ was Trajan's official architect and designer of his forum and markets.

A) ​Apollodorus of Damascus
B) Trajan Decius​
C) Diocletian​
D) Gaeta​

Question 30

Why do scholars debate whether veristic portraits are primarily records of a specific person's likeness?

Question 31

What function did coffering perform?

A) ​It helped expand interior space.
B) It lightened the weight of a dome or arch.​
C) It supplied an accurate means of measuring interior space.​
D) It allowed the Romans to construct extensive road systems.​

Question 32

Describe the relationship between the importance the Romans attached to their ancestors and veristic portraits?

Question 33

The sadness and anxiety conveyed in the portrait of Trajan Decius reflects the unstable times of the so-called _____.

A) ​soldier emperors
B) Republic​
C) Flavian dynasty​
D) intermediate period​

Question 34

Constantine and Licinius issued the _____, which ended the persecutions of Christians.

A) ​meditations
B) tetrarchy​
C) Edict of Milan​
D) consular diptych​

Question 35

The emperor _____ established the Flavian line after Nero's suicide and subsequent civil war.

A) ​Antoninus Pius
B) Vespasian​
C) Constantine​
D) Apollodorus of Damascus​

Question 36

Describe the differences between a Greek theater and the Roman amphitheater at Pompeii.

Question 37

Trajan's forum glorified his victories in two wars against the _____.

A) ​Greeks
B) ​Samnites
C) Severans​
D) Dacians​

Question 38

The Greek model for the portrait of Augustus as imperator was the _____.

A) ​equestrian statue of Marcus Aurelius
B) Hermes and the infant Dionysos​
C) portrait of Pericles​
D) Doryphoros​

Question 39

What advantages did creating structures from concrete offer the Romans?

Question 40

The triumphal arch called the Arch of Titus was the first instance of the portrayal of _____ interacting with humans.

A) ​lions
B) centaurs​
C) ​divine beings
D) ​ancestors

Question 41

How did he achieve an image of overwhelming authority?

Question 42

Describe linear perspective and atmospheric perspective, and identify examples of Pompeiian wall painting where these techniques were used.

Question 43

Despite appearing powerful, what message does the emperor's face convey?

Question 44

How does the reliefs on the Column of Trajan accurately record the general character of Trajan's campaigns against the Dacians?

Question 45

How was the creation of the Colosseum a shrewd political move for the emperor Vespasian?

Question 46

What common method of decoration did the Romans establish on the exterior of this building?

Question 47

What features reveal a dissatisfaction with the norms of classical art?

Question 48

What type of vault was employed here, and what advantages did it offer?

Question 49

What are the compositional principles of the Late Antique style?

Question 50

How does this sculpture depart from Archaic Greek statues in style and location?

Question 51

What message did the manner of representing the figures convey to the viewer?

Question 52

What is damnatio memoriae, and how did it affect art?

Question 53

Describe the techniques used by the sculptors to achieve a high degree of illusionism in this relief?

Question 54

Which political messages were transmitted through this sculpture?

Question 55

Although the Etruscans were strongly influenced by the Greeks, scholars recognize their unique contributions. Using examples, identify the uniquely Etruscan features of their art and architecture.

Question 56

Although likely modeled on the Ionic frieze from the Parthenon, how does this differ?

Question 57

How is the emperor Constantine a mirror of the transition from the classical to the medieval world?

Question 58

Why did Constantine reuse relief sculptures from earlier emperors' monuments?

Question 59

Describe Etruscan burial practices and the art associated with them. To what extent did their funerary monuments and practices differ from the Greeks?

Question 60

What techniques did the Romans employ to build the Pantheon's dome?

Question 61

Attribute the images on the screen to a culture and give an approximate date. Give the reasons for your attributions, using complete sentences and referring to specific works discussed in class.
Suggested images, not in the text:

Question 62

How did the political situation in third century CE Rome differ from circumstances in the first century CE, and what effect did that difference have on art? Be sure to cite specific monuments to illustrate your discussion.

Question 63

Styles in Pompeiian mural painting changed over time. Please describe the classifications that scholars have developed and the dominant stylistic characteristics of each.

Question 64

Identify some of the most structurally innovative buildings produced by the Romans.

Question 65

Roman art is described as being eclectic or borrowing from several cultures. Which cultures exerted a strong influence on the Romans? Citing examples, please identify aspects of their art or architecture that the Romans borrowed.

Question 66

Roman art underwent a dramatic stylistic shift during the Late Empire. Through selected examples describe the different compositional and stylistic changes. Why was this style embraced?

Question 67

Portraiture was an important category of art during the Roman Republic and imperial era. Using specific examples, identify some of the pivotal examples of portraiture with respect to style, political messages, or ability to reflect the time period.

Question 68

Roman emperors were aware of the power of visual art to communicate ideas about their reign and ideology. Citing examples, explain how artists used specific artworks or monuments to mold public opinion.

Question 69

The discovery of Pompeii provides us with extensive knowledge of the everyday life of the Romans. Describe the layout of the city and the significant building types and architectural features. Please include both civic and domestic objects.