Deck 6: The Causes,effects,and Cures of Stereotyping,prejudice,and Discrimination

Question 1

The stereotype for women show them as being relatively high on and relatively low on .

A)warmth; competence
B)competence; warmth
C)self-confidence; friendliness
D)sensitivity; warmth
E)conformity; sensitivity

Answer 1

warmth; competence

Question 2

Alisa wants to run for elected office in her state.Given stereotypes about the most appropriate jobs for females,her two best shots for winning would be or .

A)comptroller; attorney general
B)education dept head; human services director
C)comptroller; education dept head
D)attorney general; human services director
E)education dept head; lieutenant governor

Answer 2

education dept head; human services director

Question 3

As described in the chapter,a woman with her son in a Shoney's restaurant in Georgia,in what was almost surely a case of mistaken "earwitness" testimony,"heard" three young Arab medical students plotting another terrorist attack.Her perception of the event was probably due to .

A)priming
B)stereotype threat
C)discrimination

Answer 3

priming

Question 4

Prejudice can be or .

A)blatant; subtle
B)cognitive; subtle
C)affective; evaluative

Question 5

Differential actions taken toward members of specific social groups are known as .

A)discrimination
B)minimal groups
C)incidental feelings

Question 6

Women are stereotyped as relatively warm but less competent than men.This stereotype is typical of groups who are and .

A)relatively high in status; are perceived as a threat to the high-status group
B)relatively low in status; are perceived as a threat to the high-status group
C)relatively high in status; not perceived as a threat to the high-status group
D)perceived as increasing in status; not perceived as a threat to the high-status group
E)relatively low in status; not perceived as a threat to the high-status group

Question 7

In general,people tend to feel somewhat more positively about compared to ,a finding described as the effect.

A)men; women; "men are great"
B)women; men; "women are wonderful"
C)men; women; "social dominator"
D)men; women; "men should be in control"
E)women; men; "women actually rule the world"

Question 8

Jessica has worked her way up in her organization and is now a mid-level manager.She has treated her subordinates the same way her male counterparts treat theirs.Recently,Jessica has been passed over for several promotions.The jobs went to male coworkers who were possibly not quite as well qualified as Jessica.This situation probably represents .

A)shifting standards
B)the glass ceiling effect
C)benevolent racism

Question 9

Alex has decided to become a nurse.He expects to face bias and prejudicial comments from many people because he is planning to enter a female-dominated field.Recent research on a reverse glass- ceiling effect suggests that Alex can expect promotions and management positions .

A)more rapidly than his female counterparts
B)with about the same frequency as his female counterparts
C)only if he works about twice as hard as his female counterparts
D)less rapidly than his female counterparts
E)Not at all - these positions will almost always go to females in this field.

Question 10

Gender-based discrimination affects a substantial proportion of the population by .

A)blocking women's progress in the workplace
B)blocking men disproportionately from technical careers
C)affecting women's status in the social world more generally
D)increasing the level of marital discord
E)having a subtle effect on religious participation

Question 11

Gender stereotypes .

A)include only positive traits of women and men
B)include positive and negative traits of men and women
C)include only negative traits of women and men
D)include both positive and negative traits of men only
E)include both positive and negative traits of women only

Question 12

Gender stereotypes are .

A)beliefs about the characteristics of women and men
B)inaccurate categorizations of women only
C)inaccurate categorizations of women and men
D)inaccurate and accurate beliefs about women
E)inaccurate categorizations of men only

Question 13

In one study,when White participants were asked about perceptions of race relations at a university,progress was framed as either "minority gain" or "decrease in White students." White participants perceived the as larger than the .

A)decrease; gain
B)gain; decrease
C)minority gain; minority loss
D)White student gain; estimated decrease given
E)Change in both conditions was perceived as equal by participants.

Question 14

Beliefs about the shared traits social groups have that serve as a cognitive framework for processing social information are known as .

A)stereotypes
B)discriminations
C)prejudices

Question 15

A social group that is perceived to be a threat to the high-status group is frequently characterized as and .

A)low in warmth; high in competence
B)high in friendliness; high in accomplishment
C)low in nonconformity; low in kindness
D)low in emotional stability; high in self-confidence
E)high in warmth; low in competence

Question 16

In the march toward racial equality,Whites may perceive Black progress as a ,while Blacks perceive it as a .If people generally tend to evaluate more heavily than ,then Whites should see progress for Blacks than as)Blacks see.

A)loss; gain; losses; gains; more
B)gain; loss; gains; losses; more
C)loss; gain; gains; losses; less
D)loss; gain; gains; losses; about the same
E)Humans generally see the loss of a dollar as a negative as much as they see the gain of a dollar as positive.

Question 17

High-status groups such as men are frequently stereotyped as and .

A)low in warmth; high in competence
B)high in emotionality; low in accomplishment
C)low in self-confidence; high in leadership
D)high in friendliness; low in nonconformity
E)low in emotional stability; low in aggressiveness

Question 18

Trina is a successful manager in a mid-sized male-dominated manufacturing company.She expects immediate compliance when she gives an order and rarely explains the reason for her commands to subordinates.She also tends to focus her attention and efforts on the task at hand,preferring to deal with task-based issues rather than more global concerns.Joyce holds a comparable position with another company.Unlike Trina,Joyce tends to focus her attention on more global concerns and tries to explain the reasoning behind any orders she gives to subordinates.Which of these two managers is more likely to report gender discrimination because of their different leadership styles?

A)Joyce is more likely to report gender discrimination.
B)Trina is more likely to report gender discrimination.
C)Both are equally likely to experience gender discrimination.
D)Neither is likely to experience gender discrimination.
E)This cannot be determined from the information given.

Question 19

National surveys,in asking about how much progress there has been in moving toward racial equality,consistently find that White respondents perceive that .

A)there has been a lot of progress
B)there's been little if any progress
C)Black Americans are too demanding
D)Blacks are being catered to because they comprise a potent political force
E)there has been good economic progress for Blacks,but little real social equality

Question 20

While women are generally valued for ,in business,these same supposed attributes appear to be more suited for .

A)communal traits; support roles
B)communal traits; clerical occupations
C)emotional warmth; nursing/medical careers
D)less agentic behavior; non-sales positions
E)child-care skills; retail/public positions

Question 21

In a study,participants were told an African-American student had been discriminated against in the grading of a paper,and had either complained about it or dealt with it by accepting responsibility.Participants evaluated the student in the condition thanas)in the condition.

A)more negatively; complaint; responsibility
B)more positively; complaint; responsibility
C)about the same; complaint; responsibility
D)more stereotypically; complaint; responsibility
E)using a much harsher standard; responsibility; complaint

Question 22

Many experts suggest that stereotypes can be changed .

A)when the relationships between groups change
B)when the lower-status group points out the higher-status group's stereotypes
C)when one group willingly agrees to share power and status)with the other group
D)when the higher-status group recognizes the negative effects of stereotypes
E)when stereotypes are shown to be inaccurate

Question 23

Being seen positively and being considered to have worth is known as .

A)competence
B)confidence
C)respect

Question 24

Changing the comparison group when judging members of different groups is known as .

A)benevolent sexism
B)shifting standards
C)between-group comparison

Question 25

One result of tokenism is that .

A)it can damage the self-esteem and confidence of tokenized individuals
B)it increases the likelihood of minority group protests
C)it increases the likelihood of affirmative action lawsuits
D)it damages the self-esteem of biased majority-group members
E)it helps to maintain the perception that the existing system is unfair

Question 26

Some experts have suggested that different types of prejudice may arise because of different emotional responses to the target group.From this perspective,prejudice arising from disgust may result in behaviors that .

A)try to camouflage the prejudice to the extent possible
B)try to avoid feelings of guilt and sympathy for the out-group
C)try to harm the out-group directly
D)try to protect the in-group's status position
E)try to avoid contact with the out-group

Question 27

Negative feelings toward an individual because of that individual's group membership is known as .

A)bias
B)prejudice
C)discrimination

Question 28

Some experts have suggested that different types of prejudice may arise because of different emotional responses to the target group.From this perspective,prejudice arising from anger may result in behaviors that .

A)try to avoid feelings of guilt and sympathy for the out-group
B)try to protect the in-group's status position
C)try to camouflage the prejudice to the extent possible
D)try to avoid contact with the out-group
E)try to harm the out-group directly

Question 29

Promoting one,or a very few women,to into high-status positions in an organization has the result of .

A)not causing the promoted women to suffer a loss of confidence
B)causing women not promoted to be more likely to blame themselves for not being promoted
C)causing the promoted women not to be identified as "token" promotions
D)not causing the promoted women to be viewed as less competent
E)showing that the organization is genuinely free of discrimination

Question 30

When rating scales are used in the absence of objective measures,shifting standards may .

A)mask stereotyping effects
B)hinder efforts to minimize biases
C)help raters avoid the effects of stereotypes

Question 31

Some experts have suggested that different types of prejudice may arise because of different emotional responses to the target group.From this perspective,prejudice arising from envy may result in behaviors that .

A)try to camouflage the prejudice to the extent possible
B)try to protect the in-group's status position
C)try to harm the out-group directly
D)try to avoid contact with the out-group
E)try to avoid feelings of guilt and sympathy for the out-group

Question 32

In one study,job applicants identified as were perceived as competent by people reviewing their files than people not identified in that way.

A)affirmative action hires; less
B)college graduates; less
C)performance-based hires; less

Question 33

As James' career unfolds in a female-dominated field,he is likely to encounter .

A)a "glass ceiling"
B)a "glass escalator"
C)anti-male bias

Question 34

Contrary to Crocker and Major's view,attributions to prejudice in an ambiguous incident have been shown by Schmitt and Branscombe to have a substantial .Such an attribution causes the prejudice to be ,thus causing the target to be more likely to for the incident.

A)internal component; more threatening; take responsibility
B)external component; less threatening; avoid responsibility
C)internal component; less threatening; take responsibility
D)external component; less threatening; blame the other person
E)internal component; more threatening; avoid responsibility

Question 35

All other factors being equal,differential may play a contributing role in the difficulty of women in attaining higher-status jobs.

A)respect
B)age
C)place of birth

Question 36

people are generally viewed thanas)people.

A)poor; more positively; rich
B)married; more positively; single
C)convicted felons; more positively; honest hard-working people
D)health-care workers; more negatively; cab drivers
E)couples living together; more positively; couples in long-distance relationships

Question 37

Jackson et.al.2001)had male and female participants evaluate male and female applicants for high- and low-status jobs.Participants rated applicants on whether to hire,completed a measure of gender stereotype consistency for each applicant,and indicated level of respect for each applicant. received higher hiring recommendations,and levels of respect.Having traits rated as consistent with gender stereotypes predict hiring recommendations.

A)Males; higher; did not
B)Males; higher; did
C)Males; lower; did not

Question 38

Cognitive frameworks for organizing,interpreting,and recalling information are known as .

A)stereotypes
B)schemas
C)in-group differentiation

Question 39

One result of tokenism is that .

A)it increases the likelihood of minority group protests
B)it helps to improve the self-esteem of women and minority group members
C)it damages the self-esteem of biased majority-group members
D)it increases the likelihood of affirmative action lawsuits
E)it helps to maintain the perception that the existing system is fair

Question 40

Garcia 2005)demonstrated that complaining about discrimination may be perceived by the complainer's in-group members as suggesting to members that the is given to .

A)out-group; in-group; unjustified griping
B)in-group; out-group; unjustified griping
C)out-group; out-group; acting unjustifiably superior
D)in-group; in-group; justifiably griping
E)out-group; in-group; legitimate concern

Question 41

One emotional response that can be experienced when individuals become aware of harmful wrongdoing by members of their own in-group is .

A)collective guilt
B)empathy
C)benevolent racism

Question 42

Automatically-triggered connections between group membership and evaluative like/dislike)responses are known as .

A)minimal groups
B)incidental feelings
C)implicit associations

Question 43

Jacob is a summer camp counselor director who has decided to group his campers into one of three groups; each of these groups will be situated in separate areas of the campground.What is the MOST likely outcome due to this situational context?

A)The campers will develop a strong attachment to their own group and may grow to hold very negative views of the other groups.
B)The campers will be equally likely to have friends in all three groups.
C)The campers will become bored with their own group and,consequently,will seek out friends in the other two groups.
D)The campers will be inclined to develop friendships with their own group only if the camp counselor director encourages them to do so.
E)The campers will develop a strong attachment to their own group and will develop close friendships with members of the other groups.

Question 44

Wilma,who is white,will likely show a greater care not to act in a prejudiced manner if .

A)her parents do not hold prejudicial attitudes
B)she had contact with,but no real interaction with,Black persons during high school
C)her parents showed fairly indifferent attitudes about racial issues
D)she had unpleasant interactions with Black persons during elementary school
E)her parents admonish her about prejudice even though they sometimes act in prejudicial ways themselves

Question 45

In a study,Jews were asked to think about Jews and Germans as two separate groups,or as part of one larger group,humans.Jews in the condition indicated they were to forgive Germans for the past.

A)second; more likely
B)first; more likely
C)second; less likely

Question 46

Attributing bigoted opinions to sources other than prejudice and/or expressing biased attitudes in some "safe" areas but not publicly is a part of .

A)modern racism
B)reverse discrimination
C)shifting standards

Question 47

One approach to reducing prejudice and bias is to encourage individuals to recategorize out-group members and in-group members as both being part of a larger single social entity.This approach is known as .

A)the common in-group identity model
B)the social learning model
C)the inclusiveness model

Question 48

The social group to which an individual belongs is known as .

A)a disadvantaged group
B)an in-group
C)a superordinate group

Question 49

The perspective that prejudice is acquired through direct and indirect experiences is known as .

A)the common in-group identity model
B)the social learning view
C)the recategorization view

Question 50

Alice's friend,Zoë,is very concerned and troubled about many of Alice's prejudices.Although she has pointed this out to her many times,Alice's views have not been altered.Another possible effective strategy that Zoë might use to convince Alice who has two children)to change her views would be to .

A)convince her that she is an immoral person for holding such views
B)ask her to explain when and where she acquired her prejudices
C)tell her that,if she alters her views,she may show a decrease in anxiety and anger-even though these emotions are justified
D)inform her that she will likely see an immediate boost to her self-esteem if she changes her views
E)inform her that she and her children are not able to enjoy everyday activities and life to the fullest due to her prejudices

Question 51

Encouraging majority members to think about the advantages they have enjoyed as a result of their majority status increases their which,in turn racism.

A)collective guilt; increases
B)collective guilt; reduces
C)individual guilt; increases

Question 52

Incidental feelings are .

A)potentially an effective means of changing prejudice on a large scale
B)those that give rise to prejudices because of their association with judgments about an out-group
C)irrelevant to the group being judged,even though they can have an effect on the judgments being made
D)the underlying foundation for prejudice and discrimination in Western societies
E)pertinent to the group being judged,but irrelevant to the group that is making judgments about another group

Question 53

Candy is washing the dishes and asks her brother to help by drying them.Her brother says that dishes are women's work,which makes their father smile.Her brother sees the smile and walks away.This scenario is an example of prejudice as a result of .

A)social learning
B)social assimilation
C)incidental feelings

Question 54

In Sherif's 1961)Robber's Cave experiment,researchers were able to reduce the tension between two groups by .

A)allowing friendships to form between members of different groups
B)ignoring the taunts and attacks made against each group
C)giving the groups a goal that required cooperation to be achieved
D)encouraging competition between the groups for desirable prizes
E)praising each group and telling the group members they were the superior group

Question 55

Steve,who is Jewish and has friends who are mostly Jewish,attends a high school where most of the students are Christian.Steve eventually becomes good friends with Jake,who is Christian and has friends who are mostly Christian.As a result of this new friendship,which of the following events is the MOST likely to occur?

A)Steve will gradually begin to adopt some of the anti-Jewish sentiments displayed by his Christian friends.
B)Steve's Jewish friends will be more inclined to feel positively toward Jake's Christian friends,though Jake's Christian friends will be less inclined to feel positively toward Steve's Jewish friends.
C)Both Steve's friends and Jake's friends will be increasingly likely to feel that members of their respective out-groups do not necessarily dislike their respective in-groups.
D)There will likely be an increased level of animosity between Steve's friends and Jake's friends.
E)The anti-out-group norms from each of the respective groups will probably stay about the same in intensity.

Question 56

Goals that can only be reached by cooperation between groups are known as .

A)intrapersonal goals
B)interpersonal goals
C)superordinate goals

Question 57

In Western societies,overt racism has in public life; automatic prejudice has .

A)continued; decreased
B)decreased; continued
C)decreased; decreased

Question 58

One technique that can be used to reduce feelings of collective guilt is to .

A)perceptually magnify the amount of harm done by the ingroup to the outgroup
B)increase one's level of inherent prejudice
C)repress the awareness of the injustice
D)distance oneself further from the out-group
E)argue that only a small minority of the in-group is responsible for the negative actions that led to the collective guilt

Question 59

Mike harbors many prejudicial feelings towards homosexuals; in fact,whenever he encounters a homosexual,he is likely to make more negative,cynical,disgusted comments than he normally would although none directly related to homosexuality,or to the homosexual nature of the person he is talking to).This example illustrates that prejudice is often in nature.

A)planned
B)implicit
C)subliminal

Question 60

The tendency to divide the social world into separate groups,including our in-group and a number of different out-groups is known as .

A)social categorization
B)in-group differentiation
C)contact hypothesis

Question 61

are cognitive frameworks that have been developed from social learning.

Question 62

Prejudice and bias are usually decreased when two or more groups must work together to achieve a
goal.

Question 63

Mike finds that the more contact he has with individual members of a group he hates,the less he hates them.This is best explained by the .

Question 64

When prejudiced people are convinced that other members of their group do not share their prejudice,they tend to become less prejudiced.This is due to .

A)collective guilt
B)recategorization
C)social influence

Question 65

Describe the relationship between prejudice and the emotions that underlie prejudice.Make sure to include a brief description of the relationship between the types of behavior that can arise as a result of different emotional causes for prejudice.

Question 66

Explain attitudes toward single people compared to married people.What is atypical about this situation? What might be a reason for the prejudice and discrimination?

Question 67

Do stereotypes ever change? Under what circumstances might we expect stereotypes to change? Who is more likely and who less likely)to hold on to a stereotype?

Question 68

Prejudice based on guilt may cause an individual to members of the target out-group.

Question 69

Palestinians and Israelis are in conflict over territory - and this gives rise to prejudice within both groups,according to .

Question 70

Training individuals to refute their own stereotypes is known as and has the effect of .

A)stereotype negation training; increasing stereotype activation
B)stereotype incrementation training; reducing stereotype activation
C)social influence training; strengthening stereotype activation
D)stereotype negation training; reducing stereotype activation
E)stereotype incrementation training; increasing stereotype activation

Question 71

After thinking about racial inequality in the U.S.,White participants either wrote down disadvantages to Blacks due to their race,or wrote down advantages to Whites due to their race.collective guilt was found in conditions).

A)More; the "White advantages"
B)Less; the "White advantages"
C)More; the "Black disadvantages"

Question 72

are composed of group members who do not seem to fit the group's stereotype.

Question 73

When our membership in a group is salient,a stereotype about an out-group)that our in-group endorses is more likely to our about that out-group.

A)overcome; personal beliefs
B)overcome; in-group prejudice
C)become less important than; personal beliefs

Question 74

involves using a stimulus to activate,or make available,information that is stored in memory.

Question 75

A stereotype is considered the component of an attitude toward a social group.

Question 76

Collective guilt can the level of prejudice that people display.

Question 77

Suppose John has completed a study where he engaged in "stereotype negation training." Given this scenario,John will likely .

A)be extremely confused by the procedure and,consequently,offer neutral responses
B)feel guilty about the fact that he associated certain racial stereotypes with the racial group toward which the stereotypes are typically targeted
C)continue to associate the racial stereotype with the member of the race in question
D)be much less inclined to associate the racial stereotype with the picture of the member of the matching race
E)display much less overt stereotyping but become more covertly prejudiced

Question 78

The common in-group identity model suggests that including out-group members as part of a larger in- group prejudice.

Question 79

Explain the relationship between stereotyping,prejudice,and discrimination.

Question 80

Explain what is meant by "shifting standards" when judging members of different groups.Give an example.