Deck 1: Background of Todays Advertising

Question 1

Advertising executive Claude Hopkins started researching the market in the 1920s. His methods included:

A)radio appeal responses.
B)coupon responses.
C)subliminal advertising research.
D)lifestyle analysis.
E)behavioral research.

Answer 1

B

Question 2

In the interactive era, control of the communication channel is not in the hands of the media but is in the hands of:

A)conglomerates.
B)consumers.
C)the power elite.
D)the government.
E)special interest groups.

Answer 2

B

Question 3

Despite various criticisms about modern advertising, consumers use it to:

A)learn what is relevant.
B)avoid cynicism and resentfulness.
C)seek information when making purchase decisions.
D)engage companies whose advertisements they see.
E)entertain themselves.

Answer 3

C

Question 4

Serious brand competition was underway by 1900 in which of the following product categories?

A)food and soap
B)soap and perfume
C)perfume and textiles
D)textiles and furniture
E)furniture and pharmaceuticals

Question 5

The earliest known evidence that advertising existed before the nineteenth century comes from studying the:

A)Greek empire.
B)Babylonian empire.
C)Roman empire.
D)Viking conquests.
E)English and French public houses.

Question 6

What is the role of advertising in an economy where products are scare but demand is high?

A)to trumpet the quality of products and services
B)to inform buyers where to purchase goods and services and for how much
C)to advise potential customers not to purchase inferior products
D)to help depress supply so it meets demand
E)to persuade customers the products and services were available

Question 7

Critics of advertising during the twentieth century focused concerns on such techniques as:

A)message creation and retention.
B)needs assessment and fulfillment.
C)demographic and psychographic differentiation.
D)multiple exposure rate effects and ad manipulation.
E)subliminal advertising and motivational research.

Question 8

Among elements of the industrial revolution that would NOT have helped accelerate development of modern-day advertising were:

A)creation of high-speed presses.
B)higher wages for workers.
C)growth of population in urban centers.
D)rise of mass-circulation newspapers and magazines.
E)lower wages for workers.

Question 9

In the fifty years after the Civil War, there were a number of factors that drove the growth of advertising. Which of the following was NOT one of those factors?

A)fulfillment of democratic ideals
B)the impact of the industrial revolution
C)increasing sensitivity to women's suffrage
D)instant telegraph communication
E)introduction of the railroads

Question 10

The period most closely associated with the rise of newspapers and magazines and the use of branding as a means of differentiating products is the:

A)mass communication era.
B)broadcast era.
C)interactive era.
D)research era.
E)premarketing era.

Question 11

One of the earliest conveyors of advertising-like messages were:

A)newspaper reporters.
B)copy editors.
C)assignment editors.
D)cargo ship captains.
E)town criers.

Question 12

One of the main reasons European inns in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries vied with one another to create attractive signs was:

A)the wealth of patrons.
B)the prevalence of color blindness.
C)the widespread illiteracy.
D)the intense competition sparked by removal of blue laws.
E)the desire to create a better image in order to attract even more visitors.

Question 13

________ provided the impetus for a sophisticated advertising and marketing structure based on product differentiation and consumer loyalty.

A)The completion of the continental railway
B)Increasing readership of regional magazines
C)Lowering production costs for newspapers
D)The lowering income of the middle class
E)The appearance of national brands

Question 14

Forces that encouraged development of modern advertising in the United States included:

A)reduction of mass-production techniques.
B)strong colonial work ethic.
C)publishing of mass circulation magazine and newspapers.
D)an aspiring upper class.
E)increased literacy due to public schooling.

Question 15

Advertisers increasingly came under fire in the late nineteenth century because of the advertising claims of which class of product?

A)automobiles
B)patent medicines
C)soap and cosmetics
D)iron stoves
E)electric motors and lights

Question 16

The company generally considered the first national marketer was:

A)Ford Motor Co.
B)Quaker Oats.
C)Sears and Roebuck.
D)Eastman Kodak Co.
E)J) C. Penney.

Question 17

In the last twenty years, advertisers have come to realize that a key to successful advertising is:

A)striving to meet consumer expectations.
B)competitive advertising.
C)keeping the public trust.
D)media saturation.
E)corrective and directive advertising.

Question 18

Which of the following was NOT a factor that influenced development of advertising?

A)the general business climate
B)social mores
C)public attitudes toward advertising
D)increasing demand for luxury goods
E)social conventions

Question 19

One of the most important developments in advertising in the past quarter century is the increased recognition of the significance of fulfilling:

A)stock price expectations.
B)social responsibility.
C)lifelong learning.
D)consumer ideals.
E)the emotional needs of the viewer.

Question 20

What elements were missing in most advertising during the very early twentieth century?

A)a system for easily accessible national distribution of goods
B)an ethical framework for creating promotional messages and valid, reliable research to measure effectiveness
C)an association that monitored the efforts of advertisers
D)a movement toward urbanization and public education
E)product images and slogans

Question 21

Among reasons magazines began to succeed in the late nineteenth century was:

A)fragmented means of communication.
B)speaking to prejudices of American families.
C)articles by major writers.
D)cheaper paper with the opening of the Pacific Northwest.
E)postal rate reductions.

Question 22

This advertising medium established and proved the financing model that focuses on generating advertising revenue rather subscription income.

A)high-circulation newspapers
B)syndicated radio broadcast networks
C)regional general interest magazines
D)pamphlets and broadsides
E)acta diurna

Question 23

Alfred Sloan should be thought of primarily as:

A)the first manufacturer to introduce mass production in the assembly of horse buggies.
B)a collaborator with Henry Ford to promote cars as low-cost transportation.
C)the man who introduced the tailfin in automobile advertising.
D)the father of the automotive dealership distribution method.
E)the first to view ownership of particular types of automobiles as a status symbol.

Question 24

This piece of legislation allowed the FTC to extent its protections to consumers.

A)the Federal Trade Commission Act of 1914
B)the Pure Food and Drug Act of 1936
C)the Taft-Hartley Act of 1940
D)the Wheeler-Lea Act of 1938
E)the Consumer Protection Act of 1954

Question 25

The vigilance committees of the Associated Advertising Clubs of the World today are known as:

A)the Better Business Bureau.
B)the American Advertising Federation.
C)the National Advertising Council.
D)the Audit Bureau of Circulations.
E)the American Association of Advertising Oversight Council.

Question 26

Among reasons that magazines did NOT succeed initially in the United States was:

A)their local scope.
B)too much focus on political and religious issues.
C)poor transportation systems for distribution.
D)favorable postal regulations.
E)poor content such as serial stories.

Question 27

The first American newspaper to carry advertising was:

A)the acta diurnal.
B)Publick Occurrences.
C)the Oxford Gazette.
D)the New York Sun.
E)the Boston Newsletter.

Question 28

This act passed in 1906 to protect consumers by addressing public health issues related to patent medicines.

A)the Public Health Commission Act
B)the Pure Food and Drug Act
C)the Cosmetic Safety and Patent Medicine Control Act
D)the Heinz-Pillsbury Act
E)the Federal Consumer Safety Act

Question 29

The publication responsible for establishing the model statute for state regulation of advertising is:

A)Advertising Age.
B)Printer's Ink.
C)Adweek.
D)Variety.
E)Ad Inc.

Question 30

Volney Palmer is remembered as the:

A)publisher of Advertising Age.
B)founder of the first advertising agency in the United States.
C)developer of the survey questionnaire technique.
D)first chairman of the FTC.
E)creator of the first cigarette advertising.

Question 31

Despite the devastating depression that closed out the 1920s, during that decade:

A)door-to-door truck delivery of products from manufacturers to retailers spurred the growth of chain stores.
B)supermarkets appeared.
C)passenger car business boomed.
D)self-service stores appeared.
E)all of the above

Question 32

By the 1920s, magazines became a major advertising media because of their:

A)decreased emphasis on editorials and stories.
B)high quality color reproduction.
C)high cost per thousand (CPM).
D)lower subscription rates.
E)attraction to specific psychographics.

Question 33

Early advertisements often focusing on the needs of clergy seeking jobs were:

A)acta diurnal.
B)siquis.
C)et laboris ergo sum.
D)non compos opus.
E)penurium.

Question 34

Contributions made by Marion Harper include:

A)providing a newspaper directory, which provided circulation estimates.
B)founding a holding company, Interpublic, that would allow its separate agencies to serve competing accounts with integrated marketing communications services.
C)creating the American Association of Advertising Agencies (AAAAs).
D)funding the public libraries in Marion, OH, with the proceeds from his wildly successful advertising agency.
E)supporting the idea for a forerunner to the Ad Council.

Question 35

The father of behavioral research in the field of advertising is:

A)Marion Harper.
B)Alfred P. Sloan.
C)Elton J. Sears.
D)John Wanamaker.
E)John Watson.

Question 36

Advertising was first used as an instrument for direct social action during:

A)the Civil War.
B)the Spanish American War.
C)World War I.
D)World War II.
E)the Korean Conflict.

Question 37

Henry Ford should is considered a visionary for:

A)realizing mass circulation was a key to wise media buying.
B)recognizing the value of brand differentiation.
C)recognizing the success of mass production depended on selling a product in high volume at an affordable price through advertising.
D)instilling the notion that design rather than quality was most important.
E)understanding that paying minimum wages would increase profitability.

Question 38

The Pure Food and Drug Act was passed to address:

A)product safety issues.
B)fraudulent claims made by manufacturers.
C)the government's role in production of food.
D)the government's role in labeling of drug and cosmetic products.
E)public health concerns.

Question 39

By the end of the nineteenth century, major agencies were providing all of the following EXCEPT:

A)creative services.
B)basic research.
C)brand image strategies.
D)media placement.
E)an strategy for interactivity.

Question 40

The person most associated with the idea of selling products on the basis of style and luxury rather than just focusing on the utility of the product is:

A)Marion Harper.
B)Alfred P. Sloan.
C)Elton J. Sears.
D)John Wanamaker.
E)John Watson.

Question 41

During WWII, advertising found its greater purpose in promoting:

A)social, political, and philanthropic causes.
B)all kinds of readily available consumer products.
C)jobs for male heads of households.
D)relaxed scrutiny over information revealed by Americans.
E)jobs for female heads of households.

Question 42

The transcontinental railroad effectively slowed the growth of advertising.

Question 43

One critical aspect of current twenty-first century advertising will be:

A)an increased focus on price competition.
B)greater emphasis on generic selling.
C)companies will take greater and greater control of the marketing channels.
D)a reduced emphasis on branding and differentiation.
E)companies developing new markets through globalization and diversity.

Question 44

A country's cultural, economic, and political circumstances provide appropriate perspectives in which to study advertising.

Question 45

Development of national magazines and coast-to-coast railroad distribution supported the creation of national brands, leading to a sophisticated advertising and marketing structure.

Question 46

This development in the 1980s caused advertising revenues to drop significantly for many types of media in the 1990s.

A)audience consolidation
B)media fragmentation
C)overuse of consumer credit
D)changes in technology
E)the advent of cable TV

Question 47

The War Advertising Council, started in 1942, eventually became the:

A)AAF.
B)Advertising Council.
C)AAAAs.
D)ANA.
E)AIDA.

Question 48

Which of the following was NOT a major governmental change that affected advertisers in the 30 years following World War II?

A)Commercial radio was deregulated.
B)The Department of Justice ruled that advertising agencies could negotiate fees.
C)The use of outdoor advertising was limited.
D)The FTC introduced corrective advertising.
E)Creativity and doses of humor became hallmarks of advertising.

Question 49

A change in the American consumer market caused advertising to increase in importance in the mid-1950s. What had changed?

A)The pent-up consumer demand from WWII was still unmet.
B)Focus shifted from purchasing stylish products to buying necessities.
C)Companies needed to differentiate their products from competing brands.
D)Increased federal legislation reduced consumer choice.
E)Companies reaped rewards from having differentiated their products.

Question 50

Advertising during World War II was created to:

A)encourage the purchase of consumer goods.
B)encourage Americans to conserve and volunteer.
C)encourage Americans to purchase surplus products.
D)encourage Americans to buy products in short supply.
E)encourage Americans to look for fashionable products.

Question 51

American politics changed forever in the 1952 presidential campaign when:

A)Richard Nixon's sweaty and nervous appearance on a televised debate led to a dramatic drop in his poll numbers.
B)Lyndon Johnson used "fireside" radio broadcasts in his bid for reelection.
C)President Truman's re-election results were broadcast live on television.
D)Rosser Reeves used 60-second TV spots to promote Dwight Eisenhower.
E)Life magazine mistakenly put the loser on the cover in anticipation of his victory.

Question 52

Advertising is based upon a consumer's perceptions that owning a particular product can provide status, fulfill a need, and indicate keeping up with change.

Question 53

Medieval European and English pub signage provides the earliest evidence of advertising in the world.

Question 54

The focus of the earliest advertising companies in the United States was on providing advertising space rather than creativity in design.

Question 55

The exchange of goods, with its need to link buyers to sellers, has been a concern for humans since prehistoric times.

Question 56

Clay tablets, town criers, and tavern signs were among the earliest and best ways to reach potential customers for various services and products.

Question 57

Valid and reliable research were missing from most advertising in the early twentieth century.

Question 58

Earliest forms of advertising research were centered on psychographics and aimed at finding out what motivated purchase behavior.

Question 59

In the 1920s, this sales technique allowed most Americans to enjoy the "good life" that included electric refrigerators and washing machines.

A)revolving credit cards
B)personal checking accounts
C)installment purchasing plans
D)cash & carry
E)mortgages

Question 60

One of the significant developments in marketing and advertising in this new millennium was:

A)defining and using new technology to reach prospects.
B)returning the "human touch" to marketing with technology.
C)limiting the use of creativity in advertising.
D)use of more durable colors for brighter digital displays.
E)infecting PCs with viral advertisements.

Question 61

Since the beginning of mass advertising in the late 1980s, measuring the return on investment (ROI)of advertising dollars has been relatively easy.

Question 62

The Pure Food and Drug Act of 1906 had loopholes that made enforcement of the pure foods and patent medicines provisions of the law difficult. These loopholes were closed by passage of the Pure Food and Drug Act in June of 1938.

Question 63

Audience fragmentation beginning in the 1980s led to a decline, if not the actual end, of traditional mass-market strategies.

Question 64

Characteristics of the ________ era include efforts on the part of advertisers to reach and motivate mass audiences using ever-increasingly sophisticated techniques for targeting audiences with specifically prepared messages.

Question 65

Favorable mailing rates passed by Congress in 1794 allowed national magazines to dominate the advertising market for most of the colonial period.

Question 66

The federal agency charged with ensuring that advertising claims and sales practices meet reasonable standards for honesty and truthfulness is the ________.

Question 67

Historically, radio has been the primary medium for information and commerce since the late nineteenth century.

Question 68

Advertising practitioners today are far more likely to be marketing specialists, using consultants to evaluate research and to understand the psychology of consumer behavior, than were their predecessors.

Question 69

During WWII, advertisers increased their product advertising efforts in order to build up pressure for rationed goods, which lead to the post-war boom in consumer goods.

Question 70

Laissez-faire business policies and corrupt politicians led to the excesses of big business in the beginning of the twentieth century, which resulted in stricter regulations on advertising.

Question 71

The move toward full-scale global advertising began when American agencies established overseas offices as early as the 1930s.

Question 72

If owners of food processing operations had emulated the efforts of H. J. Heinz, they may have averted the need for Congress to protect public health with passage of various acts.

Question 73

________ is the term that describes the mutually beneficial relationship between advertising and media.

Question 74

Credit Benjamin Day and his New York Sun for introducing the concept that allowed advertisers and readers extensive access to inexpensive newspapers.

Question 75

Local advertising clubs are the main constituency of the American Advertising Federation, whose primary focus continues to be elimination of misleading advertising.

Question 76

________ is considered to be the first national marketer.

Question 77

Prior to 1920, radio was not viewed as a viable commercial medium.

Question 78

The principle of ________, introduced by Alfred Sloan, Jr., of General Motors, prompts consumers to discard their possessions not because of loss of utility but rather because of loss of status.

Question 79

In the last 50 years, America, once respected around the world for its technical and productive expertise, has been transformed into a country focused on providing services.

Question 80

Advertising can be a cause and sometimes a participant in changes in technology, the social and cultural environment, and business conditions.