Deck 8: Race and Ethnicity

Question 1

According to the hypodescent rule, ______.

A) anyone with one black ancestor is considered black
B) anyone with at least two white grandparents is considered white
C) anyone who married a black person would be considered black in the eyes of the law
D) anyone whose skin tone was "hypodescent" or darker than a shade specified in the law was considered black regardless of parentage

Answer 1

A

Question 2

______ is based on some real or presumed physical or biological characteristic, such as skin or hair color.

A) Ethnicity
B) Race
C) Culture
D) Class

Answer 2

B

Question 3

According to the science of race, how many races are there?

A) 1,740 specific races
B) 4 major races
C) 30 races
D) Since race is a socially constructed category, there is no scientifically specific answer that is correct.

Answer 3

D

Question 4

The "separate but equal" doctrine of segregation was overturned in the famous ______ ruling of 1954.

A) Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka
B) Jim Crow v. the United States
C) Plessy v. Ferguson
D) Love v. Virginia

Question 5

______ refers to the belief that racial differences were the result of evolutionary differences among the races.

A) Cultural heritage
B) Ethnocentrism
C) Racial hypothesis
D) Social Darwinism

Question 6

______ is defined based on some real or presumed cultural characteristic, such as language or religion.

A) Ethnicity
B) Culture
C) Race
D) Biological heritage

Question 7

Former president Barack Obama is typically referred to as black or African American, not "half-black" or "half African American," even though he had one white parent and one black parent and was raised by his white mother and white grandparents. The text argues that this is a legacy of ______.

A) racism
B) the hypodescent rule
C) social Darwinism
D) eugenics

Question 8

While historical explanations of race favored ______ explanations, contemporary explanations of race tend to be based on ______.

A) pseudoscientific; cultural factors
B) geographic; genetic factors
C) legal; social and cultural factors
D) scientific; genetic

Question 9

The "separate but equal" doctrine of segregation started with an 1896 Supreme Court decision. The case was brought by a man who was one-eighth black, after being asked to leave a "whites only" train car when it was discovered that he was legally considered "colored." The name of this famous case is ______.

A) Brown v. Board of Education
B) Jim Crow v. the United States
C) Plessy v. Ferguson
D) Love v. Virginia

Question 10

Gregor Mendel's work on genetics and heredity during the nineteenth century led to the idea that ______.

A) races could not be distinguished from one another based on genetic makeup
B) race was related to the melanin levels in skin based on sun exposure
C) races could be distinguished from one another based on genetic makeup
D) aside from skin tone, people were the same physiologically, with the same number of genes

Question 11

How old is the concept of race?

A) It is a twentieth-century phenomenon.
B) It began around the Renaissance.
C) It goes back to ancient history.
D) Race is biological, so it has always been a category of importance.

Question 12

African Americans are defined primarily as a(n) ______.

A) ethnic group
B) racial group
C) cultural group
D) social group

Question 13

The lines between racial and ethnic groups are ______.

A) separated by nature and nurture
B) very obvious
C) vague and unclear
D) historically defined

Question 14

To show genetically based racial differences in intelligence in the early 1900s, what test was used?

A) blood type tests
B) skull measurements
C) IQ tests
D) taxonomic testing

Question 15

The name of the movement that notoriously argued for genetic improvements to the human population through scientific manipulation is______.

A) eugenics
B) social Darwinism
C) phrenology
D) the Human Genome Project

Question 16

It wasn't until the ______ census that people could officially identify with two or more races.

A) 1990
B) 1970
C) 2000
D) 1980

Question 17

During the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, folk ideas about race were supplemented with ______ justifications for treating people of other races differently.

A) realistic
B) irrational
C) legal
D) scientific

Question 18

When a minority group is defined as a race and then negative characteristics are attributed to that group, it is called ______.

A) ethnocentric
B) racialism
C) racism
D) racial profiling

Question 19

The minority group is in a subordinate position in terms of wealth, power, and prestige, while a majority group is in the dominant position on those dimensions. This definition of group categories comes from sociologist ______.

A) Karl Marx
B) Max Weber
C) Émile Durkheim
D) Herbert Spencer

Question 20

John is very proud of his Italian and French background. Therefore, it can be said that John is very proud of his ______.

A) racial background
B) interpersonal background
C) ethnicity
D) social heritage

Question 21

When Latinos and blacks are portrayed in violent video games as criminals and members of gangs, this is an example of ______:

A) stereotypes
B) mental representations
C) internal representations
D) pigeonholes

Question 22

According to your text, who is MOST likely to rely on social security benefits?

A) white men over the age of 65
B) black women over the age of 65
C) Asian men over the age of 65
D) Hispanic women over the age of 75

Question 23

During the 1950s, blacks and whites had separate bathroom facilities, attended separate schools, and used different water fountains. This is an example of ______.

A) genocide
B) assimilation
C) segregation
D) pluralism

Question 24

Marco grew up in Puerto Rico and considers himself Hispanic. He is also gay and in his late 30s. Marco's experiences are not only affected by his ethnicity but by his membership in multiple categories, a concept called ______.

A) multiracialism
B) pluralism
C) intersectionality
D) hegemony

Question 25

When Irish immigrants came to the United States in the early 1900s, many whites called them names and treated them in a very negative manner. This is an example of ______.

A) homophobia
B) altophobia
C) xenophobia
D) structural racism

Question 26

White consumption of black culture in the United States has historically been ______.

A) broad and general
B) highly selective
C) not done at all
D) punishable by law

Question 27

Mary is a waitress who refuses to wait on black customers. This is an example of ______.

A) prejudice
B) discrimination
C) intersectionality
D) stereotyping

Question 28

______ is the idea that members of a minority group are affected by the nature of their position in other systems or forms of social inequality.

A) Multiracialism
B) Pluralism
C) Intersectionality
D) Hegemony

Question 29

When a set of ideas that reflects the point of view of a white person is accepted as the taken-for-granted understanding of how to interpret culture, it is referred to as ______.

A) white privilege
B) white racial frame
C) xenophobia
D) institutional racism

Question 30

Recent Hispanic immigrants often perform better in school than those who have been here longer. This is called ______.

A) the immigrant advantage
B) immigrant motivation
C) immigrant paradox
D) first-generation pressure

Question 31

According to your text, an example of racialized marketing is ______.

A) alcohol
B) automobiles
C) menthol cigarettes
D) ethnic foods

Question 32

Prejudice is a(n) ______, whereas discrimination is a(n) ______.

A) action; attitude
B) process; belief
C) activity; action
D) attitude; action

Question 33

When immigrants come to the United States, many of them feel compelled to give up their native language to learn English. This is an example of ______.

A) segregation
B) genocide
C) assimilation
D) pluralism

Question 34

The U.S. Census Bureau has estimated that in 2044, the non-Hispanic white population will be in the minority when compared with the combined nonwhite population groups. Non-Hispanic white will still be the largest single category in the United States, however. This is called ______.

A) a demographic flip
B) an unmarked minority category
C) a majority-minority population
D) a minority-majority population

Question 35

Neo-Nazis and the Klu Klux Klan are examples of ______.

A) xenophobic groups
B) hate groups
C) racial groups
D) hegemonic groups

Question 36

Juan and Sue are emergency room nurses. Within 5 years, Juan has been promoted twice and has doubled his salary. His boss, when interviewed, believes that Juan is more capable at the job than Sue because he is male. This is an example of which concept?

A) the glass room
B) the invisible ceiling
C) prejudicial bias
D) the glass escalator

Question 37

Which one of the following statements is FALSE regarding prejudice and discrimination?

A) One can't discriminate without holding prejudicial attitudes.
B) One can be prejudicial and not discriminate against others.
C) Prejudice and discrimination don't always go hand in hand.
D) One can discriminate and not be prejudicial.

Question 38

A classic argument in sociology is as follows: "If men define situations as real, they are real in their consequences." The text author uses this to demonstrate that ______.

A) majority groups cannot think of themselves as minority groups
B) minority groups often suffer from stereotype threats
C) even though majority and minority statuses are socially constructed, they are treated as "objective"
D) people rarely change their attitudes about race

Question 39

Many tourists are attracted to attend a luau when they visit Hawaii. This is an example of ______.

A) intersectionality
B) xenophobia
C) commercialization of ethnicity
D) assimilation

Question 40

Sue is a 22-year-old African American female who has been passed over for a promotion for 5 years at her company. She feels as if her age, race, and sex have prevented her from climbing the executive ladder. This is an example of which concept?

A) Hyposectionality
B) Hypersectionality
C) Horizontal mobility
D) Intersectionality

Question 41

Prejudice is an attitude and discrimination is an action.

Question 42

Whites often quite unconsciously conceal their racism in their front stage, but when they are back stage with those they are confident hold similar views, they are more comfortable making overtly racist comments.

Question 43

In ______ expulsion, minority ethnic groups are ejected by the majority through military and other government action.

A) direct
B) involuntary
C) voluntary
D) passive

Question 44

John believes that people who have a Latino background are lazy. This would be referred to as discrimination.

Question 45

New Mexico and Texas are two states that have a majority-minority population.

Question 46

The Holocaust is an example of a(n) ______.

A) assimilation
B) genocide
C) amalgamation
D) segregation

Question 47

Institutional discrimination can be found within the educational and health care systems.

Question 48

A bank has a history of giving low-interest loans to whites and charging high-interest loans to minority groups. This is an example of individual racism.

Question 49

Institutional discrimination is harder to detect when compared to individual discrimination.

Question 50

Diaspora refers to the dispersal, typically involuntary, of a racial or ethnic group from its traditional homeland.

Question 51

Racism involves defining a majority group as a race and attributing negative characteristics to that group.

Question 52

A racial group is defined primarily by cultural characteristics.

Question 53

Women would be categorized as a minority group, whereas men would be categorized as a majority group.

Question 54

______ refers to the establishment by the dominant group of policies that allow or require the forcible removal of people of another ethnic group.

A) Assimilation
B) Genocide
C) Ethnic cleansing
D) Pluralism

Question 55

People who are French would be considered an ethnic group.

Question 56

______ refers to the dispersal, typically involuntary, of a racial or ethnic population from its traditional homeland and over a wide geographic area.

A) Assimilation
B) Genocide
C) Segregation
D) Diaspora

Question 57

A racial group is defined primarily by physical characteristics, whereas an ethnic group is defined primarily by cultural characteristics.

Question 58

A stereotype is a generalization about an entire category of people.

Question 59

Raina decides to spray paint racial slurs on her neighbor's car because she believes it is fun and enjoyable to do so. This is example of a criminal-materialist motive.

Question 60

When hospitals give preferential treatment to whites as opposed to members of minority groups, this is referred to as ______.

A) prejudicial bias
B) individual bias
C) institutional discrimination
D) individual discrimination

Question 61

Define a majority and a minority group. Give an example of each type of group.

Question 62

Describe the ways in which racism is perpetuated in media, whether it be music, television, ads, or movies. Please provide examples. How is this problematic in society?

Question 63

Define the term ethnocentrism. Have you ever participated in or witnessed ethnocentrism? Please provide an example.

Question 64

Today, no nation states engage in genocide.

Question 65

What is intersectionality? Name one group, political movement, or protest that failed to highlight intersectionality. How would the group you mention benefit from greater intersectionality?

Question 66

In what ways can minority groups use social media to receive greater visibility?

Question 67

Ethnic cleansing is defined as the establishment by the minority group of policies that allow or require the forcible removal of people of another racial group.

Question 68

Migrants bring with them cultures, religions, and practices that are greatly at variance from those that exist in their destinations

Question 69

How is institutional racism embedded in schools?

Question 70

Discuss institutional racism and provide an example (the example can be hypothetical). Differentiate individual racism from institutional racism. Can institutional racism happen when an individual is not racist?

Question 71

What techniques did blacks and progressive allies use to resist racial oppression during the civil rights movement? How did racist whites and their representatives often respond?

Question 72

Differentiate between race and ethnicity and give two examples of each type of group.

Question 73

The two forms of expulsion cannot occur in concert with each other.

Question 74

What is the difference between prejudice and discrimination? Give an example of each. Can a person be prejudicial without being discriminatory? Explain your answer. Can a person be discriminatory without being prejudicial? Explain your answer.