Deck 10: Emotion

Question 1

John spots a snake in the forest. He immediately runs away from it and then notes that he is scared as he is running. Which of the following theories would suggest that his feeling of fear directs multiple coordinated cognitive subprograms?

A) cognitive interpretation theory
B) constructivist theories
C) evolutionary theories
D) LeDoux's high road and low road theory

Answer 1

C

Question 2

John spots a snake in the forest. He immediately runs away from it and then notes that he is scared as he is running. Which of the following theories would suggest that his feeling of fear is due entirely to the fact that John notices his physiological response?

A) James-Lange theory
B) Cannon-Bard theory
C) Le-Doux's high road and low road theory
D) cognitive interpretation theory

Answer 2

A

Question 3

Which of the following structures of the limbic system is NOT involved in emotion?

A) hippocampus
B) orbitofrontal cortex
C) amygdala
D) brain stem nuclei

Answer 3

A

Question 4

Some theories of emotion employ a factor approach. In one conceptualization, the first factor is , or how pleasant or unpleasant the stimulus is, and the second factor is , or how intense the emotional response is.

A) arousal ; valence
B) valence ; arousal
C) excitation ; benignity
D) benignity ; excitation

Question 5

Which of the following is NOT considered one of the six basic facial expressions representing emotional states?

A) disgust
B) jealousy
C) surprise
D) fear

Question 6

John spots a snake in the forest. He immediately runs away from it and then notes that he is scared as he is running. Which of the following theories would suggest that his feeling of fear is dependent on language and culture?

A) cognitive interpretation theory
B) constructivist theories
C) evolutionary theories
D) LeDoux's high road and low road theory

Question 7

Which of the following is NOT a well-established basic emotion?

A) anger
B) sadness
C) contempt
D) surprise

Question 8

You conduct an experiment in which you expose a rat repeatedly to a 440 Hz tone and an electric shock. After a few trials, the rat begins to show signs of fear in response to the tone. In this paradigm, the electric shock is the while the tone is the .

A) conditioned stimulus ; unconditioned stimulus
B) unconditioned stimulus ; conditioned stimulus
C) conditioned response ; unconditioned response
D) unconditioned response ; conditioned response

Question 9

The is a small, almond-shaped structure in the medial temporal lobe, immediately adjacent to the anterior portion of the .

A) caudate ; hippocampus
B) caudate ; basal ganglia
C) amygdala ; basal ganglia
D) amygdala ; hippocampus

Question 10

Fear conditioning is a more specific instance of

A) classical conditioning.
B) operant conditioning.
C) explicit memory.
D) semantic memory.

Question 11

John spots a snake in the forest. He immediately runs away from it and then notes that he is scared as he is running. Which of the following theories would suggest that his feeling of fear is entirely independent of him noticing his physiological response?

A) James-Lange theory
B) Cannon-Bard theory
C) Le-Doux's high road and low road theory
D) cognitive interpretation theory

Question 12

Which of the following is NOT true of the amygdala?

A) It is highly interconnected with the forebrain.
B) It is involved in the encoding of memory.
C) It contains hormone receptors.
D) It contains peptide receptors.

Question 13

One theory of emotion and the brain from the mid 20th century implicated the hypothalamus, anterior thalamus, cingulate gyrus, and hippocampus. These structures were later named the circuit.

A) Lazarus
B) Zajonc
C) MacLean
D) Papez

Question 14

A patient reports feeling intense sadness. Which of the following signs would indicate that this is true?

A) facial expression
B) physiological reaction
C) brief duration
D) all of the above

Question 15

Which of the following is NOT considered a characteristic of emotions?

A) a physiological reaction to a stimulus
B) similarity to moods
C) a feeling
D) a behavioral response

Question 16

Emotions are responses to external or internal stimuli.

A) observable
B) experienced
C) perceivable
D) valenced

Question 17

In one conceptualization of emotions Davidson et al. 1990), some emotional states such as happiness and surprise create a tendency to , whereas other emotional states such as fear and disgust create a tendency to .

A) approach ; withdraw
B) withdraw ; approach
C) assess directly ; assess indirectly
D) assess indirectly ; assess directly

Question 18

John spots a snake in the forest. He immediately runs away from it and then notes that he is scared as he is running. Which of the following theories would suggest that his feeling of fear is dependent on parallel systems for emotional responses and their conscious identification?

A) cognitive interpretation theory
B) constructivist theories
C) evolutionary theories
D) LeDoux's high road and low road theory

Question 19

Klüver-Bucy syndrome is associated with damage to which brain structure or region?

A) the hippocampus
B) the perirhinal cortex
C) the amygdala
D) the parahippocampal cortex

Question 20

The amygdala consists of several subnuclei. During fear conditioning, information converges on the of the amygdala and from there projects to the .

A) lateral nucleus ; central nucleus
B) central nucleus ; lateral nucleus
C) lateral geniculate nucleus ; medial geniculate nucleus
D) medial geniculate nucleus ; lateral geniculate nucleus

Question 21

A rat's performance on the Morris water maze, a test of spatial ability and memory, will be affected in what way by a lesion to the amygdala?

A) The rat will be impaired in learning all aspects of the water maze.
B) The rat will not be impaired in a basic water maze task, but it will fail to show the stronger retention that would otherwise be expected if the task includes a physical stressor.
C) The rat will be impaired in the basic aspects of the water maze task, but it will still show an improvement in retention if the task includes a physical stressor.
D) The rat will be unimpaired in learning the water maze task because the amygdala is important only for the expression of previously learned conditioned responses.

Question 22

Research on racial stereotypes conducted by Phelps and colleagues 2000) suggested that when European-American participants viewed pictures of unfamiliar African-American men, activity in the of these participants was correlated with the results of behavioral measures of racial beliefs and attitudes.

A) orbitofrontal cortex ; direct or explicit
B) orbitofrontal cortex ; indirect or implicit
C) amygdala ; direct or explicit
D) amygdala ; indirect or implicit

Question 23

Emotional regulation refers to the processes that influence emotions in which of the following ways?

A) the type of emotions we have
B) when emotions occur
C) how emotions are experienced and expressed
D) all of the above

Question 24

Cunningham and colleagues 2004) suggested that although the amygdala plays a role in the automatic evaluation of social groups, controlled processing may implicate which of the following brain regions?

A) the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex
B) the parahippocampal cortex
C) the ventrolateral prefrontal cortex
D) the hippocampus

Question 25

Lesions to the amygdala unconditioned responses to aversive events, the ability to acquire and express a conditioned response to neutral stimuli.

A) do not block ; nor do they block
B) do not block ; but they do block
C) block ; but they do not block
D) block ; and they also block

Question 26

Which of the following is typically true of people with bilateral damage to the amygdala?

A) They do not produce a full range of facial expressions.
B) They are like controls in their implicit and explicit reactions to race.
C) They are unable to recognize emotional prosody.
D) All of the above.

Question 27

Neuroimaging of the perception of facial expression suggests that

A) the amygdala is selectively active when we view angry faces.
B) the amygdala responds most strongly to angry faces, but it also shows some response to other expressions.
C) the amygdala is selectively active when we view fearful faces.
D) the amygdala responds most strongly to fearful faces, but it also shows some response to other expressions.

Question 28

The implicit association test IAT) measures the degree to which social groups are automatically associated with positive and negative evaluations. Which of the following is FALSE regarding this test?

A) One variant of the test examines attitudes toward different racial groups.
B) The primary measures of this test are response latencies.
C) The IAT is designed to reflect declarative memories.
D) Part of this test involves categorizing words as good or bad.

Question 29

One of the two pathways of the amygdala is known as the "high road." This pathway can be characterized as and involves a .

A) "slow and analytical" ; direct signal from the thalamus to the amygdala.
B) "slow and analytical" ; project to the cortex.
C) "quick and dirty" ; direct signal from the thalamus to the amygdala.
D) "quick and dirty" ; projection to the cortex.

Question 30

Which of the following is true about the role of the amygdala in explicit emotional learning?

A) The amygdala performs a modulatory role in declarative memory.
B) The amygdala is thought to enhance explicit memory retrieval in the hippocampus.
C) The amygdala is thought to enhance the initial encoding of explicit memories.
D) None of the above: The amygdala is primarily involved in implicit, not explicit, emotional learning.

Question 31

Patient S.P., who had bilateral damage to the amygdala, participated in a study involving the pairing of a blue square with an electric shock. S.P.'s skin conductance response SCR) and verbal report indicated that

A) she had an explicit expectation that the shock would occur after seeing the blue square and demonstrated an implicit fear-conditioning SCR response.
B) she had an explicit expectation that the shock would occur after seeing the blue square but did not demonstrate any implicit fear-conditioning SCR response.
C) she did not have any explicit expectation that the shock would occur after seeing the blue square but did demonstrate an implicit fear-conditioning SCR response.
D) she did not have an explicit expectation that the shock would occur after seeing the blue square, nor did she demonstrate any implicit fear-conditioning SCR response.

Question 32

The amygdala responds to fearful facial expressions

A) regardless of whether the face is consciously perceived.
B) only in cases where the face is consciously perceived.
C) only in cases where the face is not consciously perceived.
D) more strongly if the face is consciously perceived.

Question 33

The mechanism through which the amygdala modulates hippocampus-based learning may be related to the observation that

A) arousing stimuli decay less quickly than nonarousing stimuli do.
B) arousing stimuli decay more quickly than nonarousing stimuli do.
C) arousing stimuli are more likely to create interference effects.
D) arousing stimuli are less likely to create interference effects.

Question 34

Which of the following is true regarding the amygdala and emotional learning?

A) The amygdala plays a role in the expression of fear responses, regardless of whether the initial learning was implicit or explicit.
B) The amygdala plays a role in the expression of fear responses only when the initial learning was implicit.
C) The amygdala plays a role in the expression of fear responses only when the initial learning was explicit.
D) The amygdala does not play a role in the expression of fear responses but does play a role in their acquisition.

Question 35

Which of the following results best supports the notion that the amygdala modulates the consolidation of hippocampus-based memories?

A) Hippocampus-based learning occurs only if the learner is not experiencing stress or arousal.
B) Modulation of hippocampus-based learning occurs only if the learner is stressed or aroused.
C) Modulation of hippocampus-based learning by arousal occurs only if the arousal is initiated prior to learning.
D) Modulation of hippocampus-based learning by arousal occurs after the initial encoding of the task, during retention.

Question 36

In a fear-conditioning experiment, you find a person who shows a normal skin conductance response to a conditioned stimulus such as a blue square) but who does not consciously remember the pairing of the conditioned stimulus with the unconditioned stimulus such as a shock). This person may have damage to the

A) amygdala.
B) hippocampus.
C) anterior cingulate.
D) basal ganglia.

Question 37

One of the two pathways of the amygdala is known as the "low road." This pathway can be characterized as and involves a .

A) "slow and analytical" ; direct signal from the thalamus to the amygdala
B) "slow and analytical" ; projection to the cortex
C) "quick and dirty" ; direct signal from the thalamus to the amygdala
D) "quick and dirty" ; projection to the cortex

Question 38

Which of the following is a way in which the amygdala interacts with hippocampus-dependent memories?

A) inhibiting the parahippocampal cortex during encoding of emotional memories
B) encoding the temporal relationship between conditioned and unconditioned stimuli
C) filtering emotional stimuli and preventing the hippocampus from processing them
D) enhancing the strength of explicit or declarative memories for emotional events

Question 39

Which of the following is true regarding the amygdala and indirect evaluations of racial bias?

A) White participants who show greater amygdala activity during the presentation of black faces tend to have stronger racial bias as measured by an implicit behavioral task.
B) People with bilateral amygdala damage do not show evidence of a racial bias on implicit behavioral tasks.
C) Choices a and b are both correct.
D) Neither a nor b is correct.

Question 40

A double dissociation has been demonstrated between people with damage to the , who show impairment in the explicit or declarative aspects of fear conditioning, and people with damage to the , who show impairment in the implicit or nondeclarative aspects of fear conditioning.

A) frontal lobe ; hippocampus
B) hippocampus ; amygdala
C) amygdala ; basal ganglia
D) basal ganglia ; frontal lobe

Question 41

Describe a potential real-world scenario in which you might experience fear conditioning. What are the conditioned and unconditioned stimuli in your scenario?

Question 42

When someone is emotionally aroused, the hippocampus plays a modulatory role in strengthening the consolidation of amygdala-based memory.

Question 43

Are there hemispheric differences in emotional regulation? Describe evidence to support your answer.

Question 44

Evidence from cognitive neuroscience suggests that the recognition of the six basic facial expressions of emotion is processed in the amygdala.

Question 45

A friend comes into your house and eats all the chocolate in your pantry. You come in and at first are very angry. Then you think to yourself, "That's actually better for me. Now I don't have to eat all those calories." What have you done?

A) antecedent-focused regulation
B) reappraisal
C) reduction of your anger
D) all of the above

Question 46

The role of the amygdala in emotion and memory has been studied using a form of classical conditioning known as fear conditioning.

Question 47

How might you investigate the assertion that basic facial expressions of emotion are universal, rather than being culturally relative? Describe an experiment that might inform this issue.

Question 48

The Papez circuit includes the hypothalamus, anterior thalamus, cingulate gyrus, and hippocampus.

Question 49

Paul Ekman argued that the perception of facial expressions of emotion is highly relative across cultures.

Question 50

The insula is involved in which of the following?

A) happiness
B) disgust
C) love
D) none of the above

Question 51

EEG studies have found that those with more activity are better able to suppress negative emotion voluntarily.

A) anterior
B) posterior
C) right-sided
D) left-sided

Question 52

The role of the amygdala in learning to respond to stimuli that have come to represent aversive events through fear conditioning is primarily implicit.

Question 53

What are some functions of the amygdala in emotional processing? In your answer, describe two experiments that illustrate the conditions in which the amygdala does or does not) play a role.

Question 54

How do the hippocampus and amygdala interact in learning and memory? Under what conditions will the amygdala play a role in hippocampus-based learning? Under what conditions will it not?

Question 55

What is an implicit measure? Describe a study covered in your text or in class that investigated cognition using both implicit and explicit measures.

Question 56

Which area of the frontal lobe does NOT show increased activity in the cognitive control of emotion?

A) left lateral prefrontal cortex
B) left dorsomedial prefrontal cortex
C) left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex
D) left rostromedial prefrontal cortex

Question 57

Patient S.M., who had damage to the amygdala, had difficulty recognizing sadness in the expressions of other people.

Question 58

In some of the fear-conditioning experiments described in your text, simple shapes like a blue square are used as the conditioned stimulus CS).

Question 59

A common conditioned stimulus CS) in fear-conditioning experiments is an electric shock.

Question 60

One pathway through which information about unconditioned or conditioned stimuli reaches the amygdala is known as the "high road" and has a cortical component.

Question 61

Describe the brain areas involved in love. Is this brain activity similar to or different from that observed in other emotions? Provide evidence to support your view.

Question 62

Describe the role of the insula in emotion.

Question 63

Describe the different brain areas involved in emotion. What role does the amygdala play in these systems? How does it differ from the role of other brain areas?

Question 64

What is emotional regulation? Describe the different forms of regulation and the neural structures involved.