Deck 10: Prejudice and Discrimination

Question 1

Studies have revealed that prejudice is more common in:

A) collective societies.
B) there is no such pattern.
C) egalitarian societies.
D) majority groups.

Answer 1

there is no such pattern.

Question 2

The term 'prejudice' refers to:

A) the behavioural component of an attitude.
B) an instinctual emotional response to outgroup members.
C) a pre-judgement based on a person's group membership.
D) a set of beliefs arising from contact with members of an outgroup.

Answer 2

a pre-judgement based on a person's group membership.

Question 3

To deny individuals their dignity and humanity is referred to as:

A) genocide.
B) mortification.
C) prejudice.
D) dehumanisation.

Answer 3

dehumanisation.

Question 4

Gaertner and Dovidio (1977) used the bystander apathy paradigm to unearth prejudice. In an emergency situation, they found that when there were potential helpers:

A) neither black nor white participants aided the victim.
B) the rate of bystander apathy was no different to when there were no helpers.
C) black participants did not use the cue of the victim's race, but white participants did.
D) bystander apathy increased when the victim was black rather than white.

Question 5

Prejudice is most commonly directed towards groups whose categorisation markers are:

A) socially dysfunctional, narrow-minded and dull.
B) socially dysfunctional, omnipresent and dull.
C) socially functional, narrow-minded and vivid.
D) socially functional, omnipresent and vivid.

Question 6

Gaertner and Dovidio (1977) used a participant/victim research paradigm to study ________ to reveal hidden prejudice held by whites towards blacks.

A) the prisoner's dilemma
B) the substitute pipeline
C) the bystander effect
D) the trucking game

Question 7

A shared and simplified image of members of a group is referred to as:

A) a stereotype.
B) a schema.
C) a prototype.
D) prejudice.

Question 8

Broverman et al. (1970) asked mental health clinicians to describe a healthy, mature, socially competent individual who was either (1) 'a male', (2) 'a female', or (3) 'a person'. They found that:

A) both male and female clinicians described a healthy adult man and a healthy adult person in almost the same terms.
B) only men described a healthy adult man and a healthy adult person in almost the same terms.
C) only women described a healthy adult man and a healthy adult person in almost the same terms.
D) there was no difference between how clinicians described a healthy man or a healthy woman.

Question 9

Genocide is:

A) prejudging someone based on an attribute.
B) a public humiliation of a specific outgroup.
C) the discrimination of an entire social group.
D) the ultimate expression of prejudice by exterminating an entire social group.

Question 10

Behaviour is to discrimination as attitude is to:

A) prejudice.
B) cognition.
C) affect.
D) instinct.

Question 11

If certain prejudices persevere over time and eventually become enshrined in society, they:

A) eventually disappear as they lose their salience.
B) become illegal through a judicial process.
C) can become legitimised by the norms of the community.
D) are not necessarily accepted by all of society.

Question 12

According to Allport (1954), prejudice can be accounted for by the three-component attribute model of attitude. In this model your strong feelings about someone are the ________ component.

A) cognitive
B) affective
C) effective
D) conative

Question 13

In social psychology, the term 'prejudice' refers to:

A) people's expression of negative remarks about members of another group.
B) harmful behaviour directed toward someone by a member of another group.
C) racist, sexist or other derogatory comments about an individual.
D) unfavourable attitudes towards another group and its members.

Question 14

Steph has just started her first semester of studying psychology at university. She hasn't met many people on campus yet but has made a small group of friends in her psychology classes. At lunch time, the group starts chatting about other students around campus. Steph says that 'all engineering students drink a lot, are only interested in sport, and have really bad dress sense'. Steph is showing signs of:

A) prejudice.
B) prejudice and discrimination.
C) dehumanisation.
D) discrimination.

Question 15

Sara, who works at a flower shop, dislikes students. She knows that if students came into the shop she simply would not serve them. According to Allport (1954), her intention is which part of her attitude?

A) The effective part
B) The conative part
C) The cognitive part
D) The affective part

Question 16

According to Fiske (1998), one of the main differences between sex stereotypes applied to males and females is that:

A) there are several male subtypes whereas there is more or less only one female stereotype.
B) women are regarded as the less homogenous group.
C) male stereotypes are more likely to be based on competence.
D) male subtypes are more clear cut than female subtypes.

Question 17

Prejudice and discrimination shown towards individuals based on their gender is referred to as:

A) gender bias.
B) dehumanisation.
C) sexism.
D) sex role.

Question 18

When discrimination is levelled against women it is usually associated with:

A) sexual ambivalence in men.
B) matrilineal societies.
C) the exercise of intergroup power.
D) domination of male attributes.

Question 19

Which of the following is not a component of Allport's (1954) three-component attitude model?

A) Cognitive
B) Affective
C) Conative
D) Behavioural

Question 20

Recent research on sex-typical attributes has shown that female-stereotypical traits are:

A) valued in certain professions
B) more effective in achieving goals
C) less valued in society
D) rare in today's society

Question 21

Studies have suggested a decline in racial prejudice against African Americans over a long period. However, a study by Devine and Elliot (1995) indicated that:

A) half of the respondents characterised African Americans as criminal.
B) a previously held stereotype is still prevalent, albeit in different form.
C) almost half of the participants thought that African Americans are athletic.
D) racial prejudice has disappeared in Western industrial nations.

Question 22

To test the idea that men's and women's work can be distinguished, Eagly and Steffen (1984) had participants rate 'a homemaker' on sex-stereotypical job dimensions. The results showed that:

A) males were more likely to be considered 'homemakers'.
B) there was no significant difference in ratings between gender and employee.
C) female homemakers were rated as more feminine than male homemakers.
D) homemakers were rated as more feminine than full-time employees.

Question 23

James and Liz work for the same company, doing the same job. Although both succeed, their rather traditional co-workers still:

A) think that Liz's success is due to her ability to lead.
B) put Liz's achievement down to her successful performance.
C) attribute James's achievement to his good looks and charm.
D) think that James's success is due to his intelligence.

Question 24

Terms such as 'regressive racism', 'modern racism' and 'symbolic racism' refer to:

A) a concern for the rights and values of ethnic majorities in the underground world.
B) hatred of the rights and values of the majority group between egalitarian societies.
C) a conflict between egalitarian values and a deep antipathy towards racial outgroups.
D) a concern for the rights and values of ethnic minorities in public expression and norms.

Question 25

We can detect modern forms of racism by using:

A) structured interviews.
B) double-blind designs.
C) unobtrusive measures.
D) either Thurstone or Likert scales.

Question 26

Although people generally no longer derogate the physically handicapped, they often are still uneasy in their presence and unsure about how to interact with them.

A) This is an example of outgroup anxiety by Millennials
B) This can intentionally produce patronising attitudes and behaviour
C) This can potentially emphasise and perpetuate handicap
D) This promotes traditionalists perspectives of value differences

Question 27

According to Broverman et al. (1970), sex-typical traits perceived in healthy women included being:

A) more submissive than healthy men.
B) equal in excitability to healthy men.
C) more competent than healthy men.
D) more personality oriented than healthy men.

Question 28

The majority of secretaries, nurses, librarians and telephone operators have been women. This indicates that certain occupations are:

A) sex-typed.
B) reserved.
C) demeaned.
D) gender appropriate.

Question 29

The glass ceiling effect:

A) refers to men finding it difficult to attain top leadership positions.
B) can affect only females if gender stereotypes are inconsistent with the organisation's norms.
C) is a common practice to gender differences in high-powered leadership positions.
D) prevents women and minorities from gaining top leadership positions.

Question 30

In times when sex-typical roles are being renegotiated, one predicted outcome is that:

A) there will be no change in sex stereotypes and sex roles.
B) traditionally female roles taken up by women will be devalued.
C) as men take up feminine roles, the glass cliff will exist.
D) as women enter masculine roles, the role is typically devalued.

Question 31

Attribution theory has been applied to the study of sex-stereotyping. This has generated findings that if a task has successfully been completed by:

A) a woman it is attributed to competence.
B) a woman it is attributed to intelligence.
C) a man it is attributed to luck.
D) a man it is attributed to effort.

Question 32

The tendency for visual media to show a person's face when the person is male, but also the torso when the person is female is referred to as:

A) sales strategy.
B) face-ism.
C) mediated sexism.
D) impression formation.

Question 33

Discrimination, sometimes unintentional, is involved in the case of:

A) failing to provide ramp access into public buildings
B) funding for research into mental illness
C) voting for homosexual couples' right to marry
D) referring to AIDS as the gay disease

Question 34

Using a word association task, Gaertner and McLaughlin (1983) attempted to prime racial stereotypes about Blacks and Whites. They found that:

A) negative words were more quickly associated with Blacks.
B) positive words were more quickly associated with Whites.
C) most participants refused to take part.
D) word associations actually failed.

Question 35

According to Dovidio and his colleagues (1996), the trend among Whites to describe African Americans in derogatory terms has:

A) remained almost the same from 1933 to 1993.
B) diminished dramatically since 1933.
C) diminished slightly since 1933.
D) diminished dramatically since 1993.

Question 36

There is evidence that when a woman experiences a tyre puncture on a busy road she can expect to receive reasonably prompt aid. This is likely to be due to:

A) male chauvinism.
B) sex stereotyping.
C) the way she dresses.
D) women's incompetence.

Question 37

Perceived psychological sex differences between men and women are:

A) quite acceptable.
B) just and proper.
C) important.
D) not very reliable.

Question 38

According to Glick and Fiske (1996), both hostile and benevolent attitudes towards women can be detected by using:

A) the ambivalent sexism inventory.
B) the method of gender norm violation.
C) unobtrusive observation.
D) different-sex interviewers.

Question 39

Millennials value meaningful work and typically:

A) expect that their parents will continue to be happy and healthy.
B) will actively seek council from the elderly population around them.
C) have negative views of Generation X members in the community.
D) believe the elderly are socially unskilled members in the community.

Question 40

Using the ambivalent sexism inventory, Glick and Fiske (1996) found that:

A) traditional women hold benevolent attitudes towards sexists.
B) sexists hold hostile attitudes towards non-traditional women.
C) bisexuals and heterosexuals hold similar social attitudes.
D) benevolent sexism is evaluated more negatively than hostile sexism.

Question 41

The self-fulfilling prophecy is:

A) derived from reverse racism.
B) based on regression to the mean.
C) also known as ambiguous racism.
D) a form of a stereotypical belief.

Question 42

Mr Uppity thinks that immigrant kids who can't speak fluent English should not be in his classroom, so he doesn't give them too much of his time. Then, as he expects, they do not perform too well in the tests he marks. Here we have a clear case of:

A) the failure of immigration policies.
B) a melted pot policy.
C) the need for special classes for immigrant children.
D) a self-fulfilling prophecy.

Question 43

Rasputin has been living all his life according to rigidly defined rules. One is to salute a picture of his President, the leader of a fringe group, in his bedroom. He knows the difference between black and white, right and wrong. Whenever he gets angry, he kicks his dog or screams at his wife. We could say that he:

A) is characterised by dogmatism.
B) has an 'authoritarian personality'.
C) needs to visit his village counsellor urgently.
D) is indoctrinated.

Question 44

Western society's discrimination against the mentally ill is reflected in:

A) low funding for research into mental illness.
B) adequate resources for care and therapy of psychiatric patients.
C) institutionalisation of chronic psychiatric patients.
D) common statements such as 'You must be mad'!

Question 45

Some people have a characteristic that provides them with an identity, but is also sometimes devalued. This is called:

A) a social stigma.
B) negative self-esteem.
C) tokenism.
D) prejudice.

Question 46

Individuals from a minority group who believe they have been employed by a company as a token often:

A) take their employers to court.
B) act as negative role models.
C) suffer from lower self-esteem.
D) surprise their employers with their skills.

Question 47

The frustration-aggression hypothesis:

A) purports that all frustration leads to aggression, and all aggression comes from frustration.
B) purports that people with high-trait aggression are more easily frustrated.
C) is grounded in cognitive psychology theory.
D) provides an explanation for why irritating and frustrating individuals are more likely to be physically attacked.

Question 48

The concept of tokenism can be summed up by which of the following statements?

A) I actually really like them.
B) This gesture is a token of good faith and there's more to come.
C) I really hate them.
D) If I make this gesture I won't need to do any more.

Question 49

You've been reading about the frustration-aggression hypothesis, and find that a scapegoat refers to:

A) an animal that is slaughtered as a sign of goodwill.
B) a group member who must be sacrificed for the greater good.
C) a virulent form of a catharsis.
D) a target against whom one can legitimately aggress without fear.

Question 50

People's fear of confirming stereotypes by which they might be judged is referred to as:

A) discrimination threat.
B) social stigmatisation.
C) self-fulfilling prophecy.
D) stereotype threat.

Question 51

Which of the following is NOT a reason why stigmas remain persistent within society?

A) Individuals and groups gain a positive sense of self and social identity if they compare themselves with individuals or groups that are stigmatised
B) Stigmatised outgroups allow for downward comparison targets
C) Stigmas cause relatively little harm or negative consequences for individuals so their presence in society is not overly problematic
D) Stigma can legitimise inequalities of status and resource distribution that favour a dominant group

Question 52

Lisa is an excellent student who always studies hard and has a good grasp of the concepts taught during her mathematics classes. However, Lisa is also aware that there is a stereotype associated with females being poor at mathematics. As such, she always gets very nervous whenever she is asked to answer a question in class. This is an example of:

A) sexism.
B) stereotype threat.
C) female students typically being more socially anxious than males.
D) reverse discrimination.

Question 53

The subjective experience of stigma hinges on two factors:

A) predictability and controllability.
B) visibility/concealability and controllability.
C) visibility/concealability and predictability.
D) visibility/concealability and valence.

Question 54

Reverse discrimination:

A) is the act of publically favouring members of a group to deflect accusations of prejudice.
B) has lasting, long term benefits for prejudiced minority groups within social standing.
C) is the act of minority groups showing discrimination against majority groups privately.
D) is more common in today's society than it was before human rights were an issue.

Question 55

Frank got a bad grade on his assignment. Taking the bus back home he has to stand because of overcrowding, and when he gets off he realises that he has forgotten his umbrella. At home he yells at his flatmate, 'why isn't dinner ready yet?' We feel sorry for the new flatmate who has just fallen victim to:

A) scapegoating.
B) accentuation.
C) assimilation-contrast.
D) bus rage.

Question 56

Social stigmas such as homosexuality and smoking are often perceived to be:

A) concealable.
B) controllable.
C) inevitable.
D) inborn.

Question 57

Reverse discrimination:

A) has been shown to have long-lasting positive effects on the minority group.
B) is a genuine attempt to rectify disadvantage.
C) counteracts tokenism.
D) can be difficult to distinguish from an honest attempt to improve a situation.

Question 58

Linda is quite happy for refugees to stay 'where they are', in run-down houses in the outer suburbs of her city. But to show that she 'has no problem' with these groups, she has collected some of their artworks which she displays in her living room. This is a sign of:

A) affirmative action.
B) cognitive dissonance.
C) tokenism.
D) reverse discrimination.

Question 59

In intergroup aggression, a step leading to scapegoating is:

A) authoritarian personality.
B) displacement.
C) relative deprivation.
D) dogmatism.

Question 60

Tokenism, reluctance to help and reverse discrimination are:

A) outcomes of stigmatisation.
B) forms of discrimination.
C) effects of prejudice.
D) illegal.

Question 61

The concept of authoritarianism is limited as an explanation of prejudice because it:

A) implies that one's personality can give a sufficient account.
B) emphasises sociocultural factors and powerful situations.
C) downplays situational factors and cultural factors.
D) is not measured by an acquiescent response set.

Question 62

Individuals who are characterised by a social dominance orientation:

A) seek out those who also dominate others.
B) usually have lower intelligence.
C) strive to dominate their partner in as many aspects as possible.
D) desire their own group to be superior to outgroups.

Question 63

After what he has read, George really dislikes 'The Ocean Men'. But it is not their skin colour that bothers him it is what they give credence to. It sounds like George is a practitioner of:

A) the tit-for-tat procedure.
B) displacement.
C) the inverse halo effect.
D) belief congruence theory.

Question 64

In an experiment using the minimal group paradigm based upon picture preferences, Billig and Tajfel (1973) found that children who were asked to reward other children:

A) only did so when 'pressured' by at least two others.
B) favoured children who were categorised as belief similar.
C) acknowledged the membership of other children in a minimal way.
D) rewarded all other children in a minimal way.

Question 65

According to Rokeach (1960), dogmatism refers to:

A) a syndrome related to democracy.
B) resistance to belief change.
C) open-mindedness.
D) rigid behavioural expectations.

Question 66

Altemeyer has noted that conventionalism, and authoritarianism with elements of both aggression and submission, is called:

A) right-wing authoritarianism.
B) dogmatism.
C) closed-mindedness.
D) left-wing authoritarianism.