Deck 4: Anxiety and Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders

Question 1

Anxiety disorders ____.

A) only occur before or during exposure to a feared stimulus
B) are fairly common
C) usually lead to the development of panic disorder
D) exhibit with roughly the same intensity

Answer 1

B

Question 2

Alma has recurrent terrifying episodes that last about twenty minutes. Her heart beats so fast that she thinks she is having a She has feared having another episode over the past two months. What is the most likely diagnosis?

A) panic disorder
B) posttraumatic stress disorder
C) agoraphobia
D) generalized anxiety disorder

Answer 2

A

Question 3

The public health director of an urban area in the Southwestern U.S. has just presided over the opening of a new clinic that provide services for clients with panic disorder. She knows from the research that the clinic will probably serve ____.

A) mostly Mexican Americans, as they are at a much higher risk than other groups
B) a large portion of the community; the lifetime prevalence is roughly 12 percent
C) twice as many women as men
D) a diverse population without any other mental disorders

Answer 3

C

Question 4

Fear circuitry in the brain and genetic influences are the two main ____ factors affecting anxiety disorders.

A) psychosomatic
B) biological
C) cognitive
D) psychological

Question 5

The biological indicator for generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) suggests ____.

A) a disruption of the prefrontal cortex's ability to modulate the response of the amygdala to threatening situations
B) a predominant role of genetic factors in the manifestation of GAD
C) unusually low activity of the anxiety circuit in the brain
D) awareness of the source of the anxiety by the person suffering from the disorder

Question 6

Anxiety disorders often have comorbid disorders. One of the most likely is ____.

A) depression
B) schizophrenia
C) Tourette's disorder
D) borderline personality disorder

Question 7

Anxiety symptoms turn into an anxiety disorder when they ____.

A) cause uneasiness
B) cause apprehension
C) no longer protect an individual from danger
D) interfere with day-to-day functioning

Question 8

Dr. Nakamura thinks that his client might be suffering from generalized anxiety disorder. Which fact would rule out that diagnosis (make it impossible)?

A) The client worries over both minor and major problems and constantly feels "on edge."
B) The client has experienced anxiety symptoms for almost exactly one month.
C) The client reports that the anxiety has interfered with her life activities.
D) The client's symptoms include physiological responses such as muscle tension.

Question 9

Which childhood experience increases the likelihood of developing panic disorder?

A) moving frequently
B) being overindulged
C) bedwetting
D) being bullied

Question 10

Which anticipatory human emotion produces bodily reactions that prepare us for fight or flight in the face of danger?

A) fear
B) anger
C) anxiety
D) hatred

Question 11

Marilyn is undergoing a series of neuroimaging techniques to shed light on her anxiety disorder. The tests will likely be used to determine ____.

A) which brain parts are/are not activated when she is exposed to fearful stimuli
B) which specific genes are involved in her anxiety disorder
C) why her gender plays a role in the development of anxiety disorder
D) why and how psychotherapy has affected her mood fluctuations

Question 12

Dr. Mahoney is a cognitive-behavioral therapist. When treating a client with panic disorder, she is most likely to focus on the client's ____.

A) thoughts before and during fearful episodes
B) family history of panic disorder
C) response to sodium lactate
D) early childhood experiences with sexuality

Question 13

Which of the following is an anxiety disorder?

A) somatic symptom disorder
B) depression
C) agoraphobia
D) substance abuse

Question 14

Laurel has been diagnosed with generalized anxiety disorder. To meet the criteria for making this diagnosis, she must have ____.

A) a specific situation that she fears and avoids
B) a consistent fear of leaving her home
C) symptoms lasting six months or more
D) had four or more panic attacks in the past year

Question 15

Holly describes herself this way: "I am always tense and worried. Sometimes I get so frightened, I feel like I'll die. I am terribly embarrassed by my behavior, but I can't control it. It is often so bad that it interferes with my work." Holly is probably suffering from what a(n) ____ disorder.

A) anxiety
B) avoidance
C) factitious
D) somatoform

Question 16

Which explanation for panic disorder would most likely be offered by a cognitive-behavioral theorist?

A) "A malfunction in the receptors monitoring oxygen in the blood causes the patient to feel that he or she is suffocating when, in fact, he or she isn't."
B) "Abnormalities of benzodiazepine receptors in the brain cause a person to feel mounting anxiety that leads to a panic attack."
C) "When ego defenses have weakened because of overuse, forbidden sexual impulses threaten to break into consciousness, causing an attack."
D) "When small changes in the body are misinterpreted as dreadful events, these beliefs start a positive-feedback loop that brings on an attack."

Question 17

Professor Lutz is conducting twin studies of generalized anxiety disorder (GAD). He is most likely to find ____ for GAD.

A) a strong genetic influence
B) some genetic influence
C) a complete genetic profile
D) no genetic markers

Question 18

Collette is in a crowded room and starts to feel as if she cannot breathe. Her heart rate is increasing, and she thinks she is going to have a heart attack. This has happened before when she is in similar situations. Collette is experiencing ____.

A) a psychotic break
B) depression
C) a panic attack
D) arachnophobia

Question 19

According to the cognitive-behavioral perspective, panic attacks are due to a feedback loop involving ____.

A) bodily sensations and thoughts
B) id impulses and ego defenses
C) neurotransmitters and receptors
D) the amygdala and the hippocampus

Question 20

John describes himself as feeling tense, nervous, and on edge. He is restless and has problems sleeping He often experiences restlessness and muscle tension. He says that he seems to worry about everything, including finances, whether his family is eating a proper diet, his job performance, and whether people like him. What diagnosis would John most likely be given?

A) panic disorder
B) agoraphobia
C) generalized anxiety disorder
D) obsessive-compulsive disorder

Question 21

What role does inheritance play in the development of anxiety disorders?

A) Inheritance plays only a very weak role.
B) Inheritance plays a very strong role.
C) Inheritance plays only a modest role.
D) Although inheritance plays a role in developing anxiety disorders, it is much stronger in GAD than other anxiety disorders.

Question 22

Patrick is an orchestra conductor, but he is terrified of conducting in public venues and speaking to the audience between pieces. He is perfectly comfortable during rehearsal sessions, but sometimes has to cancel concerts because of these fears. According to the DSM-5, Patrick probably has ____.

A) agoraphobia due to earlier panic attacks
B) social anxiety disorder of the generalized type
C) social anxiety disorder of the limited interactional type
D) social anxiety disorder of the performance-only type

Question 23

A strong, persistent, and unwarranted fear of some specific object or situation is referred to as ____.

A) a phobia
B) generalized anxiety
C) negative appraisal
D) panic disorder

Question 24

Tiffany is typical of many children who suffer from phobias. Karen is typical of adults with phobias. How aware would each of them be that their fears are excessive?

A) Both would realize that their fears are excessive.
B) Neither would realize that their fears are excessive.
C) Tiffany, but not Karen, would realize that they are excessive.
D) Karen, but not Tiffany, would realize that they are excessive.

Question 25

What are the three subcategories of phobias?

A) cognitive, behavioral, and somatic
B) agoraphobic, panic, and social anxiety disorders
C) general, specific, and situational
D) specific, social anxiety disorder, and agoraphobia

Question 26

Larry is so afraid of being alone in public places that he cannot bring himself to leave his house. The mere thought of leaving produces overwhelming panic. Larry probably suffers from ____.

A) obsessive-compulsive disorder
B) generalized anxiety disorder
C) social phobia
D) agoraphobia

Question 27

What is the first step in treating anxiety disorders?

A) getting the client to relax
B) teaching the client some simple cognitive strategies
C) ruling out possible medical or physical causes
D) explaining various perspectives about the disorders to the client

Question 28

Which area of the brain alerts the other brain structures when a threat is present?

A) the amygdala
B) the hippocampus
C) the prefrontal cortex
D) the hypothalamus

Question 29

Gina has been diagnosed with agoraphobia. If we ask her how the symptoms of the disorder started, we can expect she will say that ____.

A) she has had obsessive-compulsive disorder
B) she might have been worried about having a panic attack
C) she had never had any problems with anxiety before
D) she had symptoms that came on suddenly without any apparent reason

Question 30

Which type of disorder is most common in the United States?

A) posttraumatic stress disorder
B) phobia
C) generalized anxiety disorder
D) obsessive-compulsive disorder

Question 31

Which approach appears to be the most effective long-term treatment for GAD?

A) medication
B) psychoanalysis
C) cognitive behavioral therapy
D) behavioral therapy

Question 32

Research by Fox (2005) suggests that which child would be most likely to display behavioral inhibition (i.e., shyness)?

A) a child who has a long allele 5-HTTLPR and whose parents provided low levels of social support
B) a child who has a long allele 5-HTTLPR and whose parents provided excessive levels of social support
C) a child who has a short allele 5-HTTLPR and whose parents provided low levels of social support
D) a child who has a short allele 5-HTTLPR and whose parents provided excessive levels of social support

Question 33

Shane is ready to break up with Kayla. He is extremely frustrated with her and does not know what to do. One of his favorite activities is to eat out and try new restaurants. Kayla, however, hates eating in restaurants. She has told Shane that she loses her appetite at the mere thought of having to eat out. When he pushed her for an explanation, Kayla explained that she is afraid that she might spill something on herself or do something equally foolish in front of other people. Even though she knows how frustrated Shane is with her, Kayla cannot bring herself to act any differently. What diagnosis would be most appropriate for Kayla's fears?

A) agoraphobia
B) social anxiety disorder
C) specific phobia
D) xenophobia

Question 34

According to the model developed by Wells (2005), the roots of generalized anxiety disorder lie in ____.

A) beliefs regarding the function of the actual worrying itself
B) beliefs that worry can provide effective ways to cope with aversive situations
C) beliefs that worry can provide solutions to a client's challenges
D) ineffective methods for dealing with difficult situations

Question 35

Which treatment focuses on muscle relaxation to reduce the anxiety associated with phobias?

A) systematic desensitization
B) antidepressants
C) cognitive restructuring
D) modeling

Question 36

Dr. Fried believes that it is easier for humans to learn fears for which we are physiologically predisposed, such as fear of heights or snakes. She accepts which view of the development of fear reactions?

A) inactive amygdala
B) preparedness
C) psychodynamic
D) disgust

Question 37

Who is at highest risk for developing social phobia?

A) Marni, whose parents exhibited no emotional warmth
B) Maryanne, whose mother was overprotective
C) Marcie, who was rejected by her parents
D) Mariel, whose parents used shame as a method of control

Question 38

Which of the following is a cultural factor that contributes to anxiety disorders?

A) behavioral inhibition
B) genetic predispositions
C) cognitive distortions
D) exposure to discrimination and prejudice

Question 39

Current research on the influence of genes on anxiety disorders suggests that ____.

A) the disorders are present in people who inherit the serotonin transporter gene 5-HTTLPR
B) the disorders are absent in people who inherit the serotonin transporter gene 5-HTTLPR
C) while genes may predispose a person to develop an anxiety disorder, expression of the disorder depends on environmental factors
D) little, if any, relationship has been found that links genes with the development of anxiety disorders

Question 40

Which anxiety disorder is equally common in both men and women?

A) phobias
B) panic disorder
C) obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)
D) agoraphobia

Question 41

Tina is afraid of dogs. She has never had a bad experience with dogs, but her father was injured by a dog when he was a young boy. Tina's father goes to great lengths to avoid contact with dogs. What behavioral theory best explains Tina's fear of dogs?

A) classical conditioning
B) avoidance response
C) operant conditioning
D) observational learning

Question 42

Which phobia is easiest to eliminate?

A) fear of flying
B) fear of public speaking
C) fear of meeting new people
D) prepared fears

Question 43

What is a major drawback when using benzodiazepines to treat phobias?

A) Symptoms often recur when the patient stops taking the medication.
B) Drugs don't work for a large percentage of patients with anxiety disorders.
C) Medications cannot be individualized for each patient.
D) Most medications are too expensive to be taken on a regular basis.

Question 44

Dr. Baldwin is explaining a cognitive model for the development of panic disorder. She describes a connection between cognitions and somatic symptoms that begin with physical changes that create catastrophic thoughts, which result in fear and more physiological changes. She is describing the beginning steps of the ____.

A) classical conditioning loop
B) circular pattern of anxieties
C) feedback loop
D) observational learning

Question 45

Research indicates genetic, psychological, social, and sociocultural components in the development of phobias. This statement suggests that ____.

A) the manifestations of phobias are complicated and thus poorly understood
B) there can be multiple pathways involved in the development of phobias
C) phobias develop from predispositions
D) defective genes are transmitted to offspring resulting in phobias

Question 46

The case of Little Albert is used by behaviorists to explain ____.

A) phobias
B) obsessive-compulsive disorder
C) generalized anxiety disorder
D) posttraumatic stress disorder

Question 47

Barbara was told by her psychiatrist that she is being treated with the "medication of choice" for her generalized anxiety disorder. She is not sure what drug she is taking, but she knows it works. This drug is likely to be ____.

A) an antipsychotic
B) a benzodiazepine
C) a tricyclic or SSRI antidepressant
D) lithium carbonate

Question 48

Dr. Duran is a cognitive-behavioral therapist. When treating patients with anxiety disorders, he is most likely to focus on ____.

A) the interaction between their genetic predisposition and familial support
B) the medical aspects of their disorder
C) how their thoughts influence their experiences of anxiety
D) the relationship they have with their parents currently and in the past

Question 49

The fact that some people fear using public restrooms and eating in public places diminishes the capacity for which explanation to account for all phobias?

A) substitution
B) preparedness
C) classical conditioning
D) modeling

Question 50

Dr. Vannucci says, "Some individuals have high social anxiety and interpret others' actions more negatively than other individuals; they overestimate the chances of unpleasant things happening generally. This is the background for developing a phobia." Dr. Vannucci probably supports which perspective on phobias?

A) classical conditioning
B) cognitive-behavioral
C) operant conditioning
D) biological

Question 51

Tamisha is so afraid of heights that she cannot enter buildings with more than two floors. Her cognitive-behavioral therapist would probably diagnose her with ____ and explain the problem in terms of ____.

A) generalized anxiety disorder; faulty reasoning
B) agoraphobia; genetic markers
C) social phobia; repression and denial
D) specific phobia; cognitive distortions

Question 52

Melissa's therapist encourages her to interpret her emotional and physical tension as "normal anxiety" and to redirect her attention from herself to others in social situations. The therapist is using which behavioral treatment?

A) exposure therapy
B) systematic desensitization
C) modeling
D) cognitive restructuring

Question 53

In a research study, cancer patients, prior to undergoing chemotherapy, are given a drink in a container with a bright orange lid. After pairing the drink with chemotherapy, the patients experience distress and nausea when presented with the container. This study supports what theory of phobias?

A) observational learning
B) psychodynamic
C) classical conditioning
D) cognitive-behavioral

Question 54

A pediatrician is interested in phobias that typically begin in childhood. One phobia that he might study is ____.

A) agoraphobia
B) animal phobia
C) social phobia
D) claustrophobia

Question 55

Momoko is Japanese. Because she suffers from Taijin Kyofusho, we would expect her to fear ____.

A) snakes
B) offending other people
C) social situations
D) public places

Question 56

Sam has persistent and distressing thoughts of germs; he cannot eat without washing his hands three times before and three times after every meal. Although his hands are raw from the washings, he is overwhelmed with anxiety if he doesn't wash using this method. Sam's problems illustrate ____.

A) posttraumatic stress disorder
B) obsessive-compulsive disorder
C) agoraphobia
D) generalized anxiety disorder

Question 57

Julie suffers from agoraphobia. Her therapist urges her to take longer and longer walks outside the home with the therapist. What kind of therapy is Julie receiving?

A) cognitive restructuring
B) exposure therapy
C) systematic desensitization
D) substitution therapy

Question 58

Sue screams for her husband every time she sees a spider or a spider web. Even if the spider is dead, she starts to shake in terror. She often calls her husband and begs him to deal with the spider immediately. Sue finally agrees to see a therapist. Over several sessions, she views videos of people picking up spiders, then watches her therapist pick up a plastic spider in the office, and then a real spider. Finally, Sue is able to pick up a spider herself and place it outside. The therapy described is known as ____.

A) flooding
B) modeling
C) systematic desensitization
D) exposure

Question 59

Jack has been diagnosed with obsessive-compulsive disorder. He has persistent thoughts that are upsetting and engages in ritualistic actions to reduce anxiety. He feels that he has control over his thoughts and actions, but chooses not to stop them. Jack's case is unusual is that OCD patients usually ____.

A) do not feel they have control over their thoughts and actions
B) do not have upsetting thoughts
C) do not engage in ritualistic actions
D) are not male

Question 60

Ahmad has a specific phobia about elevators. His therapist teaches him how to relax and then has him relax when he is in a building with elevators. Next, he practices being relaxed when pushing an elevator button and finally, when taking an elevator ride. What kind of therapy is Ahmad experiencing?

A) systematic desensitization
B) modeling
C) cognitive graduated exposure
D) flooding

Question 61

Drugs that most successfully treat obsessive-compulsive disorder raise the level of which neurotransmitter in the brain?

A) acetylcholine
B) dopamine
C) serotonin
D) norepinephrine

Question 62

What is a symptom of obsessive-compulsive disorder?

A) difficulty controlling intrusive and irrational thoughts
B) thoughts or behaviors are identified by the individual as reasonable and justifiable
C) preoccupation with imagined defects in appearance
D) recurrent picking resulting in lesions

Question 63

Cognitive-behaviorists propose obsessive-compulsives repeat behaviors in order to ____.

A) reduce anxiety
B) eliminate threats systemically
C) get in touch with their inner self
D) understand the world

Question 64

Sharlisa suffers from OCD. What is the first step her therapist will take with her when using exposure therapy with response prevention?

A) education about OCD and the rationale for the treatment
B) development of an exposure hierarchy
C) exposure to the fearful situations
D) flooding

Question 65

For days after visiting Disneyland, the words and tune for "It's a Small World" keep invading Jessica's thoughts. She cannot get them out of her head. Jessica's experience is similar to the ____.

A) obsessions seen in obsessive-compulsive disorder
B) fear seen in generalized anxiety disorder
C) compulsions seen in obsessive-compulsive disorder
D) avoidance seen in social phobias

Question 66

When her boyfriend asks her about today's therapy session, Jamie responds, "It wasn't very fun. My therapist had me sit right next to her trash can, which was brimming full of garbage and half-eaten food. I could almost see the germs jumping right out at me. Now she wants me to touch something I think is contaminated at least once a day every day this week." Jamie has probably been diagnosed with ____ and is being treated using ____.

A) a specific phobia; exposure
B) obsessive-compulsive disorder; exposure
C) a specific phobia; systematic rational restructuring
D) obsessive-compulsive disorder; systematic rational restructuring

Question 67

Cheryl spends four hours every day in the shower, scrubbing her skin raw with a loofa brush for fear that she is contaminated with urine or feces. She sees a cognitive-behavioral therapist for treatment. The cognitive-behavioral therapist is most likely to write which note about Cheryl's case?

A) "Guarding against own unacceptable urges; uses reaction formation as a general defense."
B) "Engages in superstitious behavior; probably associating hand washing with some previous situation where it led to reinforcement."
C) "Neurotransmitters not functioning properly; needs medication."
D) "Need to correct dysfunctional beliefs in order to reduce anxiety over cleanliness."

Question 68

GAD is most likely to occur among which group?

A) married white males
B) Asian females with higher socioeconomic status
C) African American females living in poverty
D) white males working in jobs they hate

Question 69

V.J. suffers from obsessive-compulsive disorder. According to the biological perspective, he is likely to show ____.

A) preparedness in the objects he uses for compulsive behavior
B) abnormally low levels of metabolism in the locus ceruleus
C) an excess of the neurotransmitter serotonin
D) increased metabolic activity in the frontal lobe of the left hemisphere

Question 70

David has been diagnosed with OCD. It is likely that David ____.

A) is overconfident about the accuracy of his memory and judgment
B) has no problems with his memory or his judgment
C) does not trust his memory or his judgment
D) trusts his memory, but not his judgment

Question 71

Before Hannah can leave the house, she must turn all four gas burners on her stove on and off 24 times, each in sequence. She performs this ritual because she does not trust her memory and fears she can't be sure the burners are actually off without doing this. Hannah is demonstrating which cognitive characteristic of OCD?

A) probability bias
B) disconfirmatory bias
C) morality bias
D) confirmatory bias

Question 72

Which statement is a cognitive characteristic of individuals with obsessive-compulsive disorder?

A) "I have to be absolutely certain that I turned off the computer."
B) "Thinking about throwing little Timmy under the bus isn't as bad as actually doing it."
C) "If I just find a way to relax, then everything will be okay."
D) "My thoughts are always rational."

Question 73

Judy is in therapy for her compulsive hand washing. Her therapist conjures up several images of filthy clothes and digging in dirt. Judy gets the feeling of being "contaminated" but is not allowed to resort to the usual ritual of hand washing. This therapy is called ____.

A) desensitization and relapse prevention
B) exposure with response prevention
C) systematic desensitization
D) cognitive restructuring

Question 74

Aisha is plagued with obsessions about locking her door so that someone does not break in and kill her. What cognitive characteristic is she demonstrating?

A) morality bias
B) disconfirmatory bias
C) control
D) exaggerated probability of harm

Question 75

Which individual has the highest risk for developing OCD?

A) Samantha, a 45-year-old married woman who hates her job
B) Sam, a 45-year-old married man who hates his job
C) Dylan, a 20-year-old married man who is unemployed
D) Darren, a 20-year-old divorced man who is unemployed

Question 76

Wanda is obsessed with thinking about washing her hands and cannot stop these intrusive thoughts. This demonstrates which cognitive characteristic of OCD?

A) control
B) probability bias
C) exaggerated estimates
D) lack of confidence bias

Question 77

As Sheldon learns about obsessive-compulsive disorder, he is likely to learn that it ____.

A) is an extremely rare disorder
B) may be under diagnosed
C) is one of the most common anxiety disorders
D) is most common among middle-aged married people

Question 78

When explaining the cause of obsessive-compulsive disorder, a psychologist who supports a cognitive-behavioral approach would be likely to make which statement?

A) "Excessive use of defense mechanisms helps the person redirect his or her unacceptable impulses into more acceptable behaviors."
B) "Thoughts and actions that reduce anxiety are done repetitively."
C) "Some individuals' personalities need high levels of autonomic nervous system arousal, and repetitive thoughts and behaviors satisfy that need."
D) "Certain thoughts and actions are the result of abnormal activity in particular brain centers."

Question 79

Dr. Stanley is a behavioral therapist. We would therefore expect that he attributes the maintenance of anxious behaviors to ____.

A) unconscious feelings of guilt
B) a chemical imbalance
C) social factors
D) their ability to reduce anxiety

Question 80

Angel is worried that her intrusive, unacceptable thoughts are signs of obsessive-compulsive disorder. Research suggests that ____.

A) unless the thoughts are bizarre, she does not have the disorder
B) she probably has the disorder because it is defined by intrusive thoughts
C) she cannot have the disorder unless she engages in compulsive behaviors
D) such thoughts are common unless they cause her discomfort or are uncontrollable