Deck 2: Understanding and Treating Mental Disorders

Question 1

Leesa is prone to wanting to reason everything out. When she has to make a decision, she often creates lists of the pros and cons of her choices. From a psychodynamic point of view, Leesa is relying most on her ____.

A) ego
B) id
C) superego
D) subconscious

Answer 1

A

Question 2

According to Freud, the two most important instincts in people are ____.

A) pleasure and reality
B) responsibility and irresponsibility
C) sex and aggression
D) fear and happiness

Answer 2

C

Question 3

Which factor is a biological explanation of psychopathology?

A) family interactions
B) neurological dysfunctions
C) early childhood experiences
D) behaviors learned in the environment

Answer 3

B

Question 4

The scientific field that studies the effects of drugs on the mind and behavior is called ____.

A) psychopharmaceuticals
B) pharmaceuticals
C) psychopharmacology
D) pharmacology

Question 5

Which statement about neurotransmitters is accurate?

A) Neurotransmitters are released by dendrites and reabsorbed by the neuron body.
B) Abnormal neurotransmitter levels may be associated with symptoms of mental disorders.
C) Neurotransmitters have only excitatory effects on the human nervous system.
D) Neurotransmitters send neural impulses to the axons of receiving neurons.

Question 6

Dr. Young says, "My client faced such severe traumas in her first five years of life that she blocked the memories from conscious recall. The result is that although she is 29 years old, and cannot remember her childhood." Dr. Young is describing the psychodynamic concept of ____.

A) reaction formation
B) transference
C) resistance
D) repression

Question 7

Jason exploits other people and never feels guilty about it. He rarely helps other people and feels no pride when he does. According to psychodynamic thinking, Jason has an underdeveloped ____.

A) superego
B) ego
C) subconscious
D) id

Question 8

What term is used to describe the cause of a disorder?

A) genesis
B) etiology
C) psychiatric underpinnings
D) psychological underpinnings

Question 9

Models are often utilized by scientists to ____.

A) provide a clear and definitive explanation for a phenomenon
B) describe or explain a phenomenon they cannot directly observe
C) directly observe a phenomenon with unobservable causes
D) infer a phenomenon from something more abstract

Question 10

The function of neural dendrites is to ____.

A) release neurotransmitters
B) receive signals from other neurons
C) bind to receptors of other neurons
D) trigger synaptic excitation of other neurons

Question 11

Thuy is faced with a dilemma. She lives in a war-torn country in which for years, the economy has been severely disrupted. In order to feed herself and her children, she steals food, but she feels a great sense of guilt when she does. According to Freud, the personality structure involved in the guilt she feels for stealing the food is the ____.

A) ego
B) superego
C) id
D) subconsciousness

Question 12

Forebrain is to ____ as hindbrain is to ____.

A) alertness and attention; language, thought, and memory
B) serotonin-based systems; dopamine-based systems
C) higher mental functions; basic bodily functions and instincts
D) visual and spatial abilities; emotions and motivation

Question 13

A person's observable physical or behavioral characteristics are the ____.

A) same thing as their genotype
B) result of inheritance only
C) result of environmental factors only
D) same thing as their phenotype

Question 14

Which drug is most likely to be prescribed for a patient suffering from depression?

A) a benzodiazepine
B) chlorpromazine
C) a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor
D) lithium

Question 15

Because Joan suffers from depression, Dr. Adler has prescribed a medication that alters the reuptake of ____ and increases its availability in her brain. For Justin, who suffers from anxiety, Dr. Adler prescribes a drug that affects receptor reactivity to ____.

A) serotonin; GABA
B) GABA; serotonin
C) dopamine; acetylcholine
D) acetylcholine; dopamine

Question 16

A psychologist who uses the words neurological makeup when discussing disorders is most likely using which model?

A) social
B) psychological
C) sociocultural
D) biological

Question 17

Which statement about the biological model is accurate?

A) It has helped find effective drugs for treating disorders.
B) It has received support from diathesis-stress theory.
C) It has identified brain abnormalities for most mental disorders.
D) It has proven that inheritance is the direct cause of most disorders.

Question 18

An assumption of the multipath model of abnormality is that ____.

A) the biological perspective best explains the complexities of human behavior
B) most psychological disorders are due to one or two primary factors
C) biological, psychological and social factors contribute equally to most disorders
D) different individuals exposed to different factors may develop similar mental disorders

Question 19

The two main distinguishing ideas in the psychodynamic model are that ____.

A) disorders result from childhood experiences and anxieties operate unconsciously
B) the causes of disorders are largely conscious and culture determines the symptoms
C) diathesis is a predisposition to illness and stress is an environmental trigger for illness
D) abnormalities are inherited or the result of mutations and symptoms start with biology

Question 20

Dopamine is related to several mental disorders, including ____.

A) anxiety and depression
B) Parkinson's disease and schizophrenia
C) obsessive-compulsive disorder and Parkinson's disease
D) schizophrenia and depression

Question 21

According to the psychodynamic model, people use unconscious strategies to protect their egos from anxieties. The general term for these strategies is ____.

A) defense mechanisms
B) anti-anxiety mechanisms
C) ego distortions
D) reaction formations

Question 22

Watson and Rayner's famous research in classical conditioning was designed to explain the development of ____.

A) cognitive disorders
B) neuroses
C) phobias
D) depression

Question 23

Dr. White says, "Psychopathology is learned through a person's interactions with his or her environment." Dr. White's statement reflects which psychological model?

A) behavioral
B) psychodynamic
C) cognitive
D) biological

Question 24

Of the following, which client would be most likely to benefit from psychoanalysis?

A) a poor person with limited verbal skills
B) an older woman in immediate crisis
C) a rich anxious young woman
D) a psychotic older man

Question 25

Which model of psychopathology considers unconscious influences to be the motivation for behavior?

A) existential
B) psychodynamic
C) cognitive
D) humanistic

Question 26

Unlike traditional psychoanalysts, post-Freudians tend to ____.

A) deemphasize instinctual drives as the cause of behavior
B) view all behavior as originating predominantly from conscious thought
C) deemphasize the importance of personal choice and future goals
D) feel that talking in therapy is a waste of time

Question 27

Dr. O'Brien says, "Psychodynamic theory has had a significant impact on psychology because it is based largely on observations in controlled conditions. Further, the theory emphasizes freedom of choice, and the therapy is effective with all disorders." Which part of Dr. O'Brien's statement is accurate?

A) Psychodynamic therapy is effective with all disorders.
B) Psychoanalysis has had a significant impact on psychology.
C) Psychodynamic theory is based on observations in controlled conditions.
D) Psychodynamic theory emphasizes freedom of choice.

Question 28

Psychodynamic theory ____.

A) is often considered to be the first gynocentric theory
B) used advanced research methodology for Freud's time
C) can be applied to a wide range of disorders including schizophrenia
D) helps clients resolve childhood conflicts that affect current relationships

Question 29

Constance was instructed by her therapist to say whatever came to mind, even if it was illogical or embarrassing. Her therapist was using which psychodynamic technique?

A) dream analysis
B) free association
C) resistance
D) catharsis

Question 30

According to psychodynamic therapists, defense mechanisms ____.

A) operate consciously
B) protect individuals from anxiety
C) are used only by neurotic people
D) provide a realistic perspective

Question 31

A psychologist who sees a client's problems as caused by a lack of useful, productive behaviors and lack of consequences following inappropriate actions probably supports which model of psychopathology?

A) existential
B) psychodynamic
C) behavioral
D) humanistic

Question 32

Classical conditioning is a form of associative learning. What exactly is associated?

A) internal models of the world and behavior
B) a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus
C) a behavior and its consequence
D) unconscious motivations and internal needs

Question 33

After three sessions, Molly decides she is madly in love with Dr. Arnold. As a psychoanalyst, Dr. Arnold will most likely ____.

A) ignore these feelings and continue with therapy
B) see this as a sign of other relationship issues in Molly's life
C) encourage her feelings as a way to help her feel secure in her relationships
D) correct her mistaken impression and discontinue therapy

Question 34

Which statement about classical conditioning is accurate?

A) It was first described by Edward Thorndike after observing the behavior of cats.
B) It assumes that behavior is entirely volitional and controlled by its consequences.
C) It can successfully explain most human behavior, including instincts and reflexes.
D) It was discovered by Ivan Pavlov when he was studying the digestive processes of dogs.

Question 35

Dr. Al-Suwaidi explains his clients' psychological problems by considering biological, psychological, social, and sociocultural explanations. He is using what the text refers to as the ____ model.

A) multipath
B) biopsychosocial
C) multicultural
D) eclectic

Question 36

Which statement about classical conditioning is accurate?

A) The conditioned response the automatic response to the UCS.
B) Classical conditioning does not occur unless the stimuli are reinforced.
C) A reliable pairing of the UCS and the UCR leads to learning.
D) Classical conditioning involves involuntary responses.

Question 37

Classical conditioning has been useful in the field of abnormal psychology primarily by ____.

A) explaining the acquisition of phobias and other human behaviors
B) emphasizing the voluntary nature of most human behavior
C) exploring how abnormal behavior is learned through observation
D) demonstrating the importance of the consequences of behavior

Question 38

Which statement about short-term psychodynamic psychotherapy is accurate?

A) It rejects the importance of childhood experience as a cause of adult disorder.
B) It is a cognitive approach used to understand family dynamics.
C) It involves exploration of past interpersonal relationships.
D) It employs a humanistic-existential set of concepts.

Question 39

If a loud siren is sounded, any newborn infant will automatically scream. In classical conditioning terminology, the siren is a(n) ____.

A) conditioned response
B) unconditioned response
C) unconditioned stimulus
D) conditioned stimulus

Question 40

In his original experiments, Pavlov paired a bell tone with the presentation of food. After a while, the bell tone alone could provoke salivation. When the bell provoked salivation, the ____.

A) bell had become a conditioned stimulus
B) food had become a conditioned stimulus
C) animal had lost interest in the food
D) salivation had become an unconditioned response

Question 41

Dr. Alcott makes the following statement about Janet's depression: "Your depression may be due to your misperception of this unfortunate situation and your tendency to blame yourself for events that are beyond your control. What we need to do is help you to recognize and modify your irrational beliefs." Dr. Alcott's comments are characteristic of the ____.

A) behavioral model
B) cognitive-behavioral model
C) humanistic model
D) psychodynamic model

Question 42

Erin has an exaggerated fear of flying. She refuses to board an airplane and avoids airports altogether. A behavioral therapist would be most likely to use ____ in treating her fear

A) cognitive restructuring
B) systematic desensitization
C) Gestalt approaches
D) psychodynamic processing

Question 43

A kindergarten teacher wants to reduce the amount of aggressiveness children display in her class and on the playground. Using operant conditioning principles, the teacher should ____.

A) use negative reinforcers to decrease the behavior
B) pair aggressiveness with some pleasant stimulus
C) eliminate the reinforcement associated with aggressiveness
D) encourage the children to get the aggressiveness out of their systems

Question 44

Cognitive-behavioral theorists emphasize that disturbed individuals ____.

A) come from disturbed families
B) live in stressful environments
C) have irrational and maladaptive thoughts
D) are deficient in interpersonal skills

Question 45

Which scenario best illustrates operant conditioning?

A) A man gets sick when he smells the same kind of food that caused him food poisoning.
B) A man asks for a raise because, in the past, his requests have been successful.
C) A woman has been frightened by thunderstorms all her life and her fears are getting worse.
D) A child watches a friend steal from a store, so he thinks he might steal in the future.

Question 46

Unlike behaviors in classical conditioning, operant behaviors are ____.

A) learned by observing others
B) unconscious
C) voluntary and controllable
D) instinctive

Question 47

Dr. Danvers is a firm believer in Ellis's REBT theory. Given that, what can we expect Dr. Danvers to say?

A) "People are less troubled by their thoughts regarding the events in their lives than the actual events themselves."
B) "Belief that an event is unfortunate leads to a healthier consequence than belief that an event is a catastrophe."
C) "Our reactions are due to our learned associations and there is little we can do about them."
D) "Depression is something you are most likely born with and can never really escape."

Question 48

In classical conditioning, behaviors are controlled by events that ____ the response, whereas in operant conditioning, they are controlled by events that ____ the response.

A) intensify; reduce
B) follow; precede
C) precede; follow
D) increase; decrease

Question 49

One strength of the behavioral model is that it ____.

A) emphasizes the impact of environment on behavior
B) is applied to explain intrapsychic conflict
C) is not restricted by adherence to scientific methodology
D) highlights the subjective life of the individual

Question 50

Which technique increases the frequency of a behavior because it removes or reduces an aversive (punishing) event?

A) positive reinforcement
B) vicarious conditioning
C) negative reinforcement
D) modeling

Question 51

Unlike operant or classical conditioning, in observational learning, ____.

A) direct reinforcement is necessary to establish behavior
B) new behaviors can be learned solely by watching others
C) reinforcement must precede the person's action
D) reinforcers are not necessary to maintain a behavior

Question 52

Dr. Ansorg believes that her clients can acquire appropriate social skills by watching her interact with other people in a social setting. Dr. Ansorg assumes which paradigm of learning?

A) classical conditioning
B) observational learning
C) operant conditioning
D) psychodynamic

Question 53

When Stanley is afraid of meeting a woman, he finds an excuse to run off by himself. The immediate effect of running away is to make him feel less anxious and more at ease. Stanley's behavior illustrates the ____.

A) role of negative reinforcers in avoidance behavior
B) fact that shaping can result in maladjusted behavior
C) role of partial reinforcement in abnormal behavior
D) power of positive reinforcement

Question 54

When John was growing up, he saw his older brother severely beaten by their father after the brother was caught drinking a beer. Since then, John has never had a beer in his life. What form of learning does this best illustrate?

A) classical conditioning
B) instrumental learning
C) observational learning
D) operant conditioning

Question 55

From an operant conditioning point of view, self-injurious behavior may be learned through the use of ____.

A) reinforcement
B) personalization
C) implosion
D) modeling

Question 56

Mykael's therapist says: "Your interpretation of the events in your life brings on your behaviors. If you can see yourself as less of a failure and more of a success, your behaviors will change." The therapist probably supports which approach to abnormal behavior?

A) cognitive-behavioral
B) operant conditioning
C) psychodynamic
D) family systems

Question 57

Who developed the REBT theory of personality and irrational beliefs?

A) Ellis
B) Minuchin
C) Beck
D) Satir

Question 58

The term irrational thoughts plays an important role in which model of psychopathology?

A) family systems
B) behavioral
C) cognitive-behavioral
D) multicultural

Question 59

Patty knows that if she cries, she will get her way. Paul knows that if he cries, he will be ignored. Which model of behavior suggests that Patty will increase her crying and Paul will decrease his crying?

A) classical conditioning
B) operant conditioning
C) psychodynamic theory
D) observational learning

Question 60

Which quote is most similar to the theory of operant conditioning?

A) "Emotions are a function of beliefs, not events."
B) "Emotions are the outgrowth of passive associations."
C) "Most of our behavior is motivated by unconscious factors."
D) "We do more of whatever behavior pays off."

Question 61

Joseph is a hardheaded scientist who puts high value on objective investigation and the clear definition of terms. The model of psychopathology he is most likely to value is ____.

A) humanistic
B) psychoanalytical
C) behavioral
D) existential

Question 62

The conjoint family therapeutic approach developed by Virginia Satir stresses ____.

A) the importance of teaching message-sending and message-receiving skills to family members
B) the importance of shifting the balance of power from the identified patient to the entire family
C) that most family problems arise because family members are too involved with one another
D) that most family problems arise because family members are not sufficiently involved with one another

Question 63

The humanistic approach has been most successful at ____.

A) explaining the relationship between inheritance and stress
B) creating a coherent theory of behavior
C) describing the human condition
D) developing a scientific body of evidence for its concepts

Question 64

According to Rogers, which aspect of a therapeutic relationship is most important?

A) well-developed counseling techniques
B) interpretation of transference
C) the therapist's attitude
D) insight into the client's problems

Question 65

Which approach would be most likely to emphasize how other people, especially significant others, influence our behavior?

A) family systems
B) existentialist
C) behavioral
D) cognitive

Question 66

A major contribution of the humanistic perspective is its ____.

A) insistence on rigorous empirical studies
B) primary focus on persons with serious disorders
C) positive view of the individual
D) emphasis on blocked instinctual forces

Question 67

Anita's therapist suggests that she enter into a therapy group that the therapist is starting. Which feature is least likely to be a benefit Anita will experience from participating in group therapy?

A) getting special attention from her therapist that she would not get in private sessions
B) developing new communication skills, social skills, and insights
C) becoming involved in a social situation so the therapist can observe Anita's behavior
D) getting strong social and emotional support from those with similar issues

Question 68

Sandy inherited a biological predisposition toward impulsive behavior. However, she grew up in a religious family, and has several close friends who help to moderate her behavior. Sandy has ____ that reduce her impulsive behavior.

A) safeguards
B) defense mechanisms
C) mitigating circumstances
D) protective factors

Question 69

A mother says to her daughter, "I value you regardless of your behavior. I may disapprove of what you do, but I will still respect and love you." According to Rogers, this mother is ____.

A) increasing the incongruence in the child's self-concept
B) expressing conditions of worth toward her daughter
C) providing unconditional positive regard
D) teaching the girl irrational beliefs

Question 70

As a person-centered therapist, Dr. Finn wants his clients to discover their strengths and their full potential. As a result, Dr. Finn will most likely ____.

A) provide unconditional positive regard and empathy to the client
B) make suggestions for ways his clients can increase their strength and potential
C) point out how his clients get in the way of developing their strength and potential
D) reinforce the behaviors his clients use that promote their strength and potential

Question 71

Which technique is most consistent with person-centered therapy?

A) Express and communicate respect.
B) Tell a client how to think about a problem.
C) Help a client achieve insight into inner motivations and desires.
D) Recognize the connections between thoughts, feelings, and behaviors.

Question 72

Shelly says, "I think that everyone has an inherent tendency to strive toward their full potential. It shows in our creativity and delight in discovering new things." Shelly's thoughts illustrate ____.

A) Maslow's term "self-actualization"
B) Thorndike's principle "the law of effect"
C) Freud's view of unconscious influences on our development
D) Ellis's concept of rational beliefs

Question 73

Humanistic therapists ____.

A) emphasize the use of specific techniques in therapy
B) withhold unconditional positive regard when therapeutically useful
C) need limited training because it is their attitude that is paramount
D) believe that people are able to advance and grow on their own

Question 74

Dr. Weinberg is a humanistically-oriented psychotherapist. Which comment about cognitive therapy is she most likely to make?

A) "People have the ability to make free choices and they are responsible for their own decisions."
B) "Therapists who use the ABC-theory are too passive; they should be more like teachers than listeners."
C) "Cognitive therapists put too much emphasis on childhood experiences and not enough on choices one makes in life."
D) "Thoughts are not observable, so they have no place in science, which should only focus on behavior."

Question 75

Which of the following refers to a tendency to act quickly without careful thought?

A) carelessness
B) impulsivity
C) extroversion
D) foolishness

Question 76

Many of the structures relevant to psychopathology are in the ____.

A) midbrain
B) hindbrain
C) forebrain
D) cerebral cortex

Question 77

A psychologist who supports the multicultural model would most likely say that ____.

A) some cultures value family identity more than individuality
B) Western cultures value "belongingness" over individualism
C) European American therapists ignore problems within the person
D) almost all non-Western cultures value individuality over collectivity

Question 78

Dr. Abdul explains to his students, "There are two key things to understand about this therapeutic approach. First, the best way to understand an individual's behavior is to see the world from that person's point of view. Second, people are able to make free choices in life." Which theoretical approach is Dr. Abdul discussing?

A) psychodynamic
B) humanistic
C) cognitive
D) behavioral

Question 79

Alicia and Isaac are planning to get married. Before they begin to make plans, they want to ensure that they can deal effectively with conflicts that might arise from being raised in very different cultures. Among the potential problems they might encounter are their respective roles in the relationship and how to communicate their feelings to each other. They would most likely seek out a therapist who specializes in ____.

A) cognitive therapy
B) behavioral therapy
C) couples therapy
D) group therapy

Question 80

Tuyet-Hoa says, "I tend to focus on the individual and how that person can reach his or her full potential. I am optimistic that people can fulfill themselves when they are free of society's burdening expectations." Tuyet-Hoa's ideas sound most like ____.

A) Ellis's A-B-C theory of personality
B) Thorndike's "law of effect"
C) humanistic thinking
D) existential thinking