Deck 9: Water and Minerals

Question 1

Mucus and synovial (joint) fluid exemplify water's role as a

A) lubricant.
B) solvent.
C) transport medium.
D) participant in chemical reactions.

Answer 1

A

Question 2

Water constitutes ________ percent of body weight.

A) 10 to 20
B) 25 to 45
C) 50 to 70
D) 75 to 95

Answer 2

C

Question 3

Adult women need how much total water intake per day?

A) 1.5 liters (6 cups)
B) 2 liters (8.5 cups)
C) 2.7 liters (11 cups)
D) 3 liters (13 cups)

Answer 3

C

Question 4

Which of the following people is likely to have the highest percentage of body water?

A) A highly trained male athlete
B) A highly trained female athlete
C) An obese woman
D) An elderly man

Question 5

Which of the following is a symptom of dehydration?

A) Sweaty skin
B) High blood pressure
C) Rapid heart rate
D) Pale yellow urine

Question 6

A liter of perspiration lost by the body represents a heat loss of approximately ________ kilocalories.

A) 200
B) 400
C) 600
D) 800

Question 7

Which of the following foods has the lowest water content?

A) Lettuce
B) Whole grain bread
C) Tomato
D) Sirloin steak

Question 8

Who should be concerned about dehydration?

A) An athlete participating in a triathlon
B) An elderly man
C) A child who is ill with diarrhea
D) All of these choices are correct.

Question 9

A rise from 98.6°F to 99.6°F results in a ________% rise in basal metabolic rate.

A) 10
B) 7
C) 5
D) 1

Question 10

Water regulates body temperature through heat loss via

A) conduction.
B) radiation.
C) respiration.
D) evaporation.

Question 11

Joe is a wrestler, and during his workouts, he loses 2 pounds. How much water would he have to drink to replenish this water weight loss?

A) 2 to 3 cups
B) 3 to 4 cups
C) 4 to 6 cups
D) 6 to 8 cups

Question 12

If the intracellular concentration of ions is greater than the extracellular concentration of ions, which will happen in order to maintain balance?

A) Fluid will move into the cell.
B) Fluid will move out of the cell.
C) Ions will move into the cell.
D) Ions will move out of the cell.

Question 13

After an intense workout, Christa's weight was down 3 pounds. To rehydrate adequately, Christa should drink ________ cups of water over the next hour or two.

A) 1 to 2
B) 2 to 3
C) 4 to 6
D) 6 to 9

Question 14

Adult men need how much total water intake per day?

A) 2.0 liters (8.5 cups)
B) 2.7 liters (11 cups)
C) 3.0 liters (13 cups)
D) 3.7 liters (15 cups)

Question 15

Which of the following is not true about the regulation of fluid in the body?

A) Thirst is a reliable indicator of how much water should be consumed to replenish body fluids during illness.
B) Antidiuretic hormone is released to force the kidney to conserve water.
C) There is a limit to how concentrated the kidney can make the urine.
D) Even though the kidney can effectively conserve water, insensible water losses must be replenished.

Question 16

The two main extracellular ions are

A) sodium and chloride.
B) phosphate and potassium.
C) potassium and sodium.
D) chloride and potassium.

Question 17

Aldosterone signals the kidneys to conserve

A) sodium.
B) potassium.
C) chloride.
D) phosphate.

Question 18

The two main intracellular ions are

A) sodium and chloride.
B) phosphate and potassium.
C) potassium and sodium.
D) chloride and potassium.

Question 19

Inadequate hydration may increase the risk for

A) hyponatremia.
B) kidney stones.
C) hypertension.
D) hypokalemia.

Question 20

The amount of water in each body compartment mainly is controlled by

A) oxygen concentration.
B) glucose concentration.
C) the presence of fatty acids.
D) ion concentration.

Question 21

________ is a hormone released by the adrenal glands that is responsible for regulating fluid volume in the body.

A) Aldosterone
B) Antidiuretic hormone
C) Angiotensin
D) Insulin

Question 22

Composed primarily of water, metabolic wastes, and minerals, the body's major waste product is

A) urine.
B) sweat.
C) feces.
D) bile.

Question 23

For a healthy adult, the largest percentage of daily water output is attributed to

A) feces.
B) urine.
C) perspiration.
D) lung respiration.

Question 24

Most bottled water has ________ fluoride content than municipal tap water.

A) a lower
B) a higher
C) the same

Question 25

Of the following minerals, the daily requirements are highest for

A) iron.
B) iodine.
C) calcium.
D) copper.

Question 26

Minerals are categorized based on the amount we need per day. Which of the following statements is correct?

A) Major minerals are needed in amounts of 500 mg per day or greater.
B) Trace minerals are needed in amounts of 100 mg per day or less.
C) Trace minerals are needed in amounts of 10 mg per day or less.
D) Major minerals are needed in amounts of 200 mg per day or greater.

Question 27

Softening of hard water may increase its ________ content.

A) sodium
B) magnesium
C) calcium
D) fluoride

Question 28

Which of the following statements is not correct when describing the role of minerals in the body?

A) They facilitate the transfer of nerve impulses.
B) They are constituents of important body compounds.
C) They provide 4 kilocalories per gram.
D) They help maintain water balance.

Question 29

Potassium and phosphate are the major ________ electrolytes.

A) intracellular
B) extracellular

Question 30

Which government agency regulates and monitors the safety of bottled water?

A) United States Department of Agriculture (USDA)
B) Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)
C) Food and Drug Administration (FDA)
D) All of these choices are correct.

Question 31

Active transport of ________ from the lumen of the intestine into the cells lining the intestine facilitates absorption of water from the gastrointestinal tract.

A) sodium
B) glucose
C) amino acids
D) phosphorus

Question 32

Metabolic water refers to

A) rehydration beverages that contain electrolytes.
B) water that is formed as a byproduct of the breakdown of macronutrients for energy.
C) water that is conserved by the kidneys.
D) fluids that are absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract.

Question 33

Which of the following is true about mineral bioavailability?

A) Minerals from plants are better absorbed than minerals from animal products.
B) Minerals from animal products are better absorbed than minerals from plants.

Question 34

Which of the following individuals would benefit most from choosing a sports drink instead of water?

A) A student who needs to stay up late to study for an exam
B) An athlete who competes in a marathon
C) An athlete who competes in the 100-meter dash
D) An elderly adult

Question 35

Oxalic acid, a component of fiber, can inhibit the absorption of

A) vitamin A.
B) thiamin.
C) calcium.
D) protein.

Question 36

Chronic dehydration increases a man's risk of developing

A) gallstones.
B) calcium deposits.
C) a fever.
D) kidney stones.

Question 37

Interstitial fluid, lymph, gastrointestinal fluid, spinal fluid, plasma, and synovial fluid are part of ________ fluid.

A) extracellular
B) intracellular

Question 38

Which of the following conditions leads to the breakdown of plastic water bottles?

A) Being left in a hot car
B) Being used to hold lemonade
C) Being cleaned in the dishwasher
D) All of these conditions break down plastic.

Question 39

The movement of water across a semipermeable membrane (e.g., the cell membrane) is known as

A) osmosis.
B) diuresis.
C) osteoporosis.
D) nerve impulse transmission.

Question 40

A person cannot drink too much water; the kidneys and sweat glands make water excretion quick and efficient, protecting the body from overhydration.

Question 41

Consumption of vitamin C

A) enhances absorption of iron.
B) limits absorption of iron.
C) does not affect absorption of iron.

Question 42

The primary site of micronutrient absorption is the

A) small intestine.
B) liver.
C) stomach.
D) large intestine.

Question 43

About 95% of Americans exceed the Upper Level for

A) water.
B) sodium.
C) potassium.
D) calcium.

Question 44

Excessive intake of zinc can decrease the absorption of

A) copper.
B) calcium.
C) iron.
D) vitamin C.

Question 45

The adequate intake (AI) for sodium for adults under 51 years of age is ________ milligrams per day.

A) 500
B) 1000
C) 1500
D) 2000

Question 46

For a healthy individual, a high-salt diet tends to ________ urinary excretion of sodium.

A) increase
B) decrease

Question 47

Which of the following 1-ounce portions of food would have the least amount of sodium?

A) Hamburger
B) Ham
C) Deli chicken
D) Cheese

Question 48

The sodium concentration of the blood is primarily regulated by the

A) kidneys.
B) small intestine.
C) large intestine.
D) spleen.

Question 49

When starting a reduced-salt diet, how long will it take before you can sense salt at a lower taste threshold?

A) 2 weeks
B) 8 weeks
C) 12 weeks
D) 18 weeks

Question 50

Which of the following population groups requires the least sodium?

A) Adults through age 50
B) Adults ages 51 to 70
C) Adults age 71 and older
D) Sodium requirements are the same for all adults.

Question 51

Which of the following is an example of a trace mineral?

A) Iron
B) Calcium
C) Sodium
D) Potassium

Question 52

Which of the following populations is especially sensitive to the effects of excess sodium intake on blood pressure?

A) Caucasians
B) Hispanics
C) African-Americans
D) Native-Americans

Question 53

Of the following foods, which one is lowest in sodium?

A) Pepperoni pizza
B) Macaroni salad
C) 2% Milk
D) Grape juice

Question 54

The process of nerve impulse transmission starts with the flow of ________ ions into the nerve cell.

A) potassium
B) sodium
C) chloride
D) phosphate

Question 55

About ________ of adults are sodium sensitive.

A) 10% to 15%
B) 25% to 30%
C) 45% to 50%
D) 70% to 75%

Question 56

The major source of ________ in the American diet is processed foods.

A) sodium
B) potassium
C) calcium
D) phosphorus

Question 57

Compared to whole grain products, refined grains are ________ in trace minerals.

A) lower
B) higher
C) equivalent

Question 58

The typical American diet contains approximately ________ milligrams of sodium.

A) 700 to 1200
B) 1300 to 2200
C) 2300 to 4700
D) 5000 to 10,000

Question 59

Which of the following meals would be suitable for a person following a low-sodium diet?

A) Chicken noodle soup, oyster crackers, and a tossed green salad with ranch dressing
B) Chicken tenders, French fries, and sliced apples from a fast food restaurant
C) A homemade chicken casserole made with canned green beans and cream of mushroom soup
D) Homemade oven-baked chicken, buttered rice, and steamed fresh green beans

Question 60

All foods in their unprocessed form tend to be low in sodium except

A) milk and dairy products.
B) whole grains.
C) legumes.
D) fruits.

Question 61

Higher intake of which of the following minerals is associated with lowered blood pressure?

A) Sodium
B) Potassium
C) Cadmium
D) Chloride

Question 62

Adequate intakes of ________ support optimal bone health.

A) calcium, vitamin D, and protein
B) vitamin E, folate, and protein
C) protein, iron, and vitamin B-6
D) sodium, phosphorus, and vitamin C

Question 63

Which of the following is a function of potassium?

A) Maintenance of night vision
B) Regulation of fluid balance
C) Neutralization of free radicals
D) Production of stomach acid

Question 64

Which of the following is a function of chloride?

A) Participates in digestion
B) Neutralizes free radicals
C) Activates enzymes
D) Mineralizes bone

Question 65

A good indicator of bone health is

A) bone mineral density.
B) frame size.
C) curvature of the spine.
D) blood calcium concentration.

Question 66

Depletion of chloride is mostly likely to occur with excessive

A) dieting.
B) vomiting.
C) diarrhea.
D) sweating.

Question 67

Which of the following population groups is at risk for high blood potassium?

A) Vegetarians
B) Alcoholics
C) People with eating disorders
D) People with kidney disorders

Question 68

The major source of chloride in the diet is

A) nuts.
B) milk.
C) cheese.
D) table salt.

Question 69

Which of the following electrolytes is especially important for proper heart rhythm?

A) Sodium
B) Potassium
C) Chloride
D) Phosphate

Question 70

Potassium is found in the largest quantities in

A) milk and dairy products.
B) meats.
C) fruits and vegetables.
D) refined grains.

Question 71

Which of the following population groups is at high risk for low blood potassium?

A) Vegetarians
B) Individuals with lactose intolerance
C) People with eating disorders
D) Physically inactive adults

Question 72

Switching from an omnivorous diet to a vegetarian diet would most likely ________ your intake of potassium.

A) increase
B) decrease
C) not affect

Question 73

The mixture of calcium and phosphorus that forms the structure of bone is called

A) dentin.
B) calcium citrate.
C) calcium carbonate.
D) hydroxyapatite.

Question 74

Fluid balance is dependent on

A) potassium.
B) iron.
C) vitamin C.
D) niacin.

Question 75

Cortical bone

A) has a dense structure.
B) has a spongy structure.
C) is more likely to become fractured than trabecular bone.
D) is more rapidly remodeled than trabecular bone.

Question 76

Reducing dietary intake of sodium will ________ urine production.

A) decrease
B) increase
C) not change

Question 77

Which of the following foods is the most nutrient-dense source of potassium?

A) Squash
B) Skim milk
C) White bread
D) Canola oil

Question 78

Trabecular bone

A) has a porous structure.
B) is the site of blood cell synthesis.
C) is more rapidly remodeled than cortical bone.
D) All of these choices are correct.

Question 79

Accumulation of bone mass occurs primarily during childhood and adolescence. Later in life, the rate of bone degradation exceeds the rate of bone synthesis. For average, healthy men and women, gradual bone loss begins around age

A) 20.
B) 30.
C) 40.
D) 50.

Question 80

The ratio by weight of sodium to chloride in table salt is

A) 30:70.
B) 40:60.
C) 50:50.
D) 60:40.