Deck 8: Thinking, Language and Intelligence

Question 1

Why is categorization an efficient way of thinking?

A)It reduces the amount of information about a concept in memory.
B)It makes information about a concept more specific.
C)It reduces the number of concepts held in memory.
D)It prioritizes the important information in a concept.

Answer 1

A

Question 2

Your neighbor is upset because you borrowed his car without asking him.He is distressed because borrowing a car without asking is a violation of our social

A)schema.
B)attribute.
C)prototype.
D)concept.

Answer 2

A

Question 3

A picture of a carrot is an example of an) representation; the word carrot is an) representation.

A)symbolic; analogical
B)analogical; symbolic
C)analogical; analogical
D)symbolic; symbolic

Answer 3

B

Question 4

A grocery store manager decides to combat shoplifting by requiring customers to pay somewhat more than the estimated cost of their groceries when they enter the store and get their change when they leave.Customers are confused and unhappy about this change in the shopping

A)reasoning.
B)script.
C)prototype.
D)concept.

Question 5

In New York City, it might be a dress shoe.In Texas, it could be a cowboy boot.In Florida, it might be a sandal.In Montana, it could be a hiking boot.Each of these is an) of the shoe category for the culture of that city.

A)exemplar
B)prototype
C)schema
D)representation

Question 6

A problem with schemas is that they can easily

A)promote stereotypes.
B)incorrectly categorize examples.
C)confuse prototypes and exemplars.
D)miss defining attributes.

Question 7

The word tree is an example of an) , whereas a picture of a tree is an example of an) .

A)analogical representation; symbolic representation
B)symbolic representation; analogical representation
C)concept; analogical representation
D)analogical representation; prototype model

Question 8

You are startled when you pass an 18-wheeler driven by a woman.A woman driver violates your of a trucker.

A)schema
B)script
C)anchor
D)concept

Question 9

Even though Vince sits with Hannah in class, he asks Ruiz to be his study partner because Ruiz works harder than Hannah.In thinking about this decision, Vince used which one of the following mental concepts?

A)friend
B)notes
C)book
D)exam

Question 10

The main difference between the exemplar model and the prototype model is that the prototype model is defined by of the category and the exemplar model is defined by of the category.

A)the best example; all the examples
B)all the examples; the best example
C)the most common example; the best set of examples
D)the best set of examples; the most common example

Question 11

The expectation that a minister will give a sermon in church, whereas a professor will give a lecture in class, comes from which property of schemas?

A)categories contain exemplars
B)concepts contain prototypes
C)common situations have consistent attributes
D)people have specific roles within situational contexts

Question 12

can lead to the reinforcement of racism or sexism.

A)Exemplars
B)Schemas
C)Reasoning
D)Cognition

Question 13

An) is an) of a sequence of events.

A)procedure; outline
B)schema; script
C)script; schema
D)outline; procedure

Question 14

Consider two representations.Representation A is abstract and bears no systematic relationship to what it represents, whereas Representation B shares some features of what it represents.Representation A is an) and Representation B is an) .

A)symbolic representation; analogical representation
B)analogical representation; symbolic representation
C)analogical representation; analogical representation
D)symbolic representation; symbolic representation

Question 15

When David first moved to Austin, he had to rely on the GPS in his car.Over time, David found that he could navigate the city without using his GPS because he knew information about sections of the city and had a rough idea of its shape.David must have developed a of the city.

A)symbolic representation
B)mental map
C)prototype
D)analogical representation

Question 16

Mandy emails her roommate to tell her that she has adopted a kitten.The email says nothing more.Mandy's roommate's memory processes tell her that the kitten will be .

A)symbolic representation; living in their apartment
B)analogical representation; small, drink milk, and purr
C)mental imaging; going for walks on a leash
D)categorization; furry, meow, and need a litter box

Question 17

Their 5-year-old nephew asks Hallel and Hamdi what an aardvark looks like.Hallel finds a picture in a children's book about animals and shows it to him.Hamdi finds a description in the encyclopedia and uses it to describe an aardvark.Hallel's approach is similar to using an) ; Hamdi's approach is similar to using an) .

A)analogical representation; representation based on attributes
B)analogical representation; analogical representation
C)representation based on attributes; analogical representation
D)representation based on attributes; representation based on attributes

Question 18

Analogical representations correspond to characteristics of the object that they represent.Symbolic representations correspond to characteristics of the object that they represent.

A)do; do
B)do not; do not
C)do; do not
D)do not; do

Question 19

The type of schema that helps us understand how a series of events progress in a situation is

A)mental shortcut.
B)stereotype.
C)script.
D)exemplar.

Question 20

Which of the following statements about categorization is a problem for the defining attribute model?

A)All attributes are equally important.
B)It is difficult to specify defining attributes.
C)Category membership is not all-or-none.
D)Categories cannot be well specified by attributes alone.

Question 21

Your best strategy would be to use a heuristic if is most important; your best strategy would be to use an algorithm if is most important.

A)being thorough; ease
B)ease; being thorough
C)time; being right
D)being right; time

Question 22

Suppose you need to make a decision, but you must think quickly and so you don't consider all the evidence.What type of thinking are you using?

A)heuristic
B)algorithm
C)insight
D)forecasting

Question 23

Your friend wants to make a bet with you, and he gives you two options.If you choose Option 1, you will have an 80 percent chance of winning $100, but a 20 percent chance of losing $100.If you choose Option 2, you are guaranteed to win $5.If you are like most people when it comes to making decisions, you would probably choose because of .

A)Option 1; the availability heuristic
B)Option 1; confirmation bias
C)Option 2: loss aversion
D)Option 2: anchoring

Question 24

Lauren is baking a cake for her boyfriend's birthday.She starts to panic because she does not have all the ingredients, but she calms down when she realizes that the important thing is to bake a cake, not to have specific ingredients.She first tries to find substitutes for the missing ingredients.She then looks for cake recipes that will work with the ingredients she has.Lauren is engaging in

A)problem solving.
B)decision making.
C)heuristic reasoning.
D)algorithmic reasoning.

Question 25

Two longtime friends, Joyce and Laurie, want to get back in touch with their childhood friend Rhonda, but they do not know whether she still lives in the area.Joyce randomly selects phone numbers from the local phonebook and asks people if they know Rhonda.Laurie calls numbers listed in the local phonebook for people who have the same last name as Rhonda.Joyce has approached the problem with an) approach, whereas Laurie has approached the problem with an) .

A)heuristic; trial-and-error approach
B)trial-and-error; algorithm
C)algorithm; utility theory
D)trial-and-error; heuristic

Question 26

If you are choosing among various alternatives by weighing the criteria associated with each, you are engaging in

A)reasoning.
B)decision making.
C)problem solving.
D)framing.

Question 27

When Xavier is looking for a book to buy, he takes recommendations from the staff at the local bookstore.Even though he sometimes winds up with a book that he does not like, he keeps using the staff recommendations because his strategy is an) that .

A)algorithm; usually works
B)heuristic; usually works
C)algorithm; is easy
D)heuristic; is easy

Question 28

Samantha has always bought Japanese cars because she believes they are more reliable than cars made in the United States.Samantha has formulated an) for buying cars that may help her save time and money on her next car purchase.

A)anchor
B)affective forecast
C)algorithm
D)heuristic

Question 29

One week before Solange's rent is due, she is short $100.Rather than ask her parents for the money, she decides that she will work one weekend for her friend's landscaping company.By doing this, she will then have enough money for rent.This strategy is an example of

A)affective forecasting.
B)anchoring.
C)problem solving.
D)framing.

Question 30

If we assess the available evidence to try to determine when dinosaurs roamed the earth, we are engaging in

A)reasoning.
B)decision making.
C)problem solving.
D)framing.

Question 31

The expectation that someone will sell you nails in a hardware store, whereas someone will sell you dresses in a boutique, comes from which of the following properties of schemas?

A)Categories contain exemplars.
B)Concepts contain prototypes.
C)Situations have consistent attributes.
D)Schemas have prototypes.

Question 32

Gas & Go, one of your local gas stations, offers a 10 percent discount for customers who pay with cash.Fuel Central, a competing gas station, states that there is a 10 percent surcharge for paying with a credit card.is more likely to attract customers because of .

A)Gas & Go; the availability heuristic
B)Fuel Central; base rate information
C)Gas & Go; base rate information
D)Gas & Go; framing effects

Question 33

Jamail is trying to decide whether to major in biology or psychology.Kevin is trying to figure out what major might allow him to get a good job right after college.Jamail is engaged in ; Kevin is engaged in .

A)problem solving; decision making
B)inductive reasoning; deductive reasoning
C)decision making; problem solving
D)deductive reasoning; inductive reasoning

Question 34

A grocery store owner places a new item at the front of each aisle every few days.He wants people to think that these items are in front because they are special or on sale.The grocery store owner is trying to use to sell the items at the front.

A)loss aversion
B)framing
C)confirmation bias
D)prospect theory

Question 35

Elna prefers to drive instead of flying because she is afraid that the plane might crash.However, she is not worried about the possibility of a car crash.Elna is falling victim to

A)affect-as-information reasoning.
B)the representativeness heuristic.
C)loss aversion.
D)the availability heuristic.

Question 36

You've just met Johanna, and find that she is outgoing, funny, and great at telling stories and jokes.If you were relying on the representativeness heuristic to guess what Johanna does for a living, you would be more likely to guess that she is a because you are .

A)cashier; ignoring information about base rates
B)stand-up comedian; paying attention to base rates
C)stand-up comedian; ignoring information about base rates
D)cashier; paying attention to base rates

Question 37

In problem solving, a person

A)moves from a present state to a goal state.
B)selects among a set of alternatives.
C)evaluates a conclusion for validity.
D)reasons from general to specific information.

Question 38

Your friends introduce you to Jane, who they have described as creative, intelligent, and very detail-oriented.After meeting Jane, your friends ask you to guess whether Jane works as an artist or as a cashier.You guess that Jane is an artist.Your response was most likely due to your use of

A)the availability heuristic.
B)implicit decision making.
C)the representativeness heuristic.
D)affect-as-information reasoning.

Question 39

Shannon and Sayid go out for coffee.He holds the door for her, pulls out her chair, and takes the check.He is very confused when she becomes irritable with him for doing these things.You could help him understand Shannon's reactions by explaining that they probably have conflicting for a man and woman going out.

A)concepts
B)scripts
C)prototypes
D)heuristics

Question 40

Scripts are good because they , but can be bad because they .

A)provide a guide to behavior in a given situation; reinforce stereotypical behaviors
B)reinforce stereotypical behaviors; provide a guide to behavior in a given situation
C)provide a guide to behavior in a given situation; take time to activate
D)provide a flexible way to assess a situation; reinforce stereotypical behaviors

Question 41

The availability heuristic can cause people to incorrectly assess the probabilities of various events because

A)the most available event is not always the most frequent.
B)the most likely event is not always the most frequent.
C)it is too difficult to compute joint probabilities of events.
D)it is too difficult to distinguish between probabilities and likelihoods.

Question 42

Annie is moving from one apartment to another.She has three cats and only one cat carrier.She puts one cat in the carrier, the second inside her large crock pot, and the third under a laundry basket on the passenger seat of her car.Annie clearly does not have a problem with

A)mental sets.
B)functional fixedness.
C)working backward.
D)restructuring.

Question 43

After struggling to solve a math problem, you suddenly see the solution.For no apparent reason, the method for solving the problem just came to your mind.You have experienced

A)insight.
B)clarity.
C)restructuring.
D)fixedness.

Question 44

Sahndra and Yosef each need to buy cereal.Sahndra goes to the convenience store that stocks only three kinds of cereal.Yosef goes to the grocery store that stocks 15 kinds.If the brands in each store represent at least reasonable choices, is more likely to buy cereal.If they both buy cereal, is more likely to be happy with the cereal.

A)Sahndra; Sahndra
B)Yosef; Yosef
C)Yosef; Sahndra
D)Sahndra; Yosef

Question 45

Lucia won the bronze medal in gymnastics.What might you expect her to say to reporters after the ceremony about her feelings?

A)"If only I had ..."
B)"Things might have been different if ..."
C)"I can't stop thinking about how close I came."
D)"I am glad that at least I won a medal."

Question 46

When a friend asks you to recommend a restaurant, you send her to the place where you ate last Saturday because it comes most quickly to mind.This way of thinking is an example of

A)confirmation bias.
B)the framing effect.
C)insight.
D)the availability heuristic.

Question 47

Nkeis decides to buy a small car because it is good for the environment.When she goes to look at small cars, she is surprised that they come in luxury versions because she expected them to be very basic and uncomfortable.Nkeis has been using

A)confirmation bias.
B)the framing effect.
C)the representativeness heuristic.
D)the availability heuristic.

Question 48

People tend to have difficulty solving problems that require them to find a new use for an object that has a clear purpose.This mind-set is a result of

A)mental sets.
B)restructuring.
C)working backward.
D)functional fixedness.

Question 49

If you are shopping for a bathrobe and buy the first soft robe you see, you are likely an) .If you go on to look for robes in every store in town before purchasing one, you are likely an) .

A)minimizer; optimizer
B)optimizer; minimizer
C)maximizer; satisficer
D)satisficer; maximizer

Question 50

A surgical team was operating in a rural hospital without a backup electrical generator.The power went out.To provide light for the surgery, they collected all the cell phones in the hospital and turned them on.The operation was able to proceed because the surgical team avoided and the problem.

A)functional fixedness; restructured
B)mental sets; correctly analyzed
C)affective forecasting; gained insight into
D)the availability heuristic; reframed

Question 51

A critical property of insight is that the solution to the problem

A)has clear subgoals.
B)emerges in a single step.
C)emerges over several steps.
D)ignores important subgoals.

Question 52

When Mandy and Joe meet, Joe tells her that he loves math and computers and his favorite hobbies have always involved building things.Mandy concludes that Joe must be an engineering student rather than a liberal arts student, even though there are many more liberal arts than engineering students at their school.Mandy is using the heuristic and ignoring .

A)representativeness; base rates
B)availability; base rates
C)representativeness; subjective likelihood
D)availability; subjective likelihood

Question 53

Restructuring a problem often reveals a new and more successful approach to solving the problem. This fact suggests that a critical step in problem solving is

A)analyzing subgoals.
B)brainstorming strategies.
C)replicating potential solutions.
D)formulating the problem.

Question 54

Lakshmi has been trying to work out her class schedules for the fall and spring semesters.No matter what she tries, she cannot seem to work in all the classes she needs to take.She suddenly realizes that she could also take some classes during the summer session, and she is able to quickly work out her schedules.Lakshmi solved the problem by using

A)restructuring.
B)validity.
C)subgoal analysis.
D)framing.

Question 55

Jack and Kate, a married couple, have demanding jobs and too little time for their relationship.They decide that one of them needs to step down in his or her career, but they cannot agree on who should do it.Their marriage counselor is trying to get them to see that other solutions are possible.In doing this, the counselor is encouraging them to their problem.

A)define
B)minimize the impact of
C)avoid
D)restructure

Question 56

Marco never had to study in high school, and he starts college the same way.After his first exams, he realizes he needs to study.He decides to go to the library every night and study for 6 hours straight.However, when he finds he cannot study for that long, he does not know what to do and gives up. Marco's approach to solving his problems with studying failed because he

A)was exhibiting functional fixedness.
B)was expecting to do poorly.
C)did not establish reasonable subgoals.
D)did not have a clearly defined goal.

Question 57

Gerardo's former girlfriend used to cheat on him.He knew when she was being unfaithful because she would be gone a lot, claiming that she needed to work.When his new girlfriend tells him that she has a lot of work to do and will not be able to see him as much right now, he assumes she is seeing another man.Gerardo's suspicions result from his

A)insight.
B)emotional heuristic.
C)mental set.
D)affective forecasting.

Question 58

In a psychology study, people are asked which is more likely: an earthquake that kills 100,000 people or an earthquake in California that kills 100,000 people.Far more people said that the earthquake in California is more likely, even though there are clearly more earthquakes than there are earthquakes in California.This way of thinking is an example of the

A)confirmation bias.
B)framing effect.
C)representativeness heuristic.
D)availability heuristic.

Question 59

Ngwama has been asked to interview for a very prestigious job.She knows that very few people who are interviewed will be offered jobs by this company.She turns down the interview because she is afraid of how terrible she will feel if she interviews and is not offered a job.In refusing the interview, Ngwama was influenced by

A)affective forecasting.
B)projected regret.
C)confirmation biases.
D)subjective likelihoods.

Question 60

What is the paradox of choice?

A)Not having any choices is what makes us happiest.
B)Having a lot of choices makes us happy.
C)Having unlimited choices makes us happiest.
D)Having some choice is better than none, but too many choices can make us unhappy.

Question 61

Lauren recently began having difficulty interpreting the prosody of others' speech, understanding sarcasm, and understanding proverbs.She likely has a lesion in her

A)right hemisphere.
B)left parietal lobe.
C)Broca's area.
D)Wernicke's area.

Question 62

If people cannot restructure a problem that they are having trouble solving, they could try the easier approach of finding an)

A)effective algorithm.
B)appropriate analogy.
C)useful heuristic.
D)working frame.

Question 63

Khoury has very little food in his kitchen.Rather than inventorying his ingredients before starting dinner, he considers recipes and looks to see if he has the required ingredients.Khoury is solving the problem of making dinner by

A)restructuring.
B)working backward.
C)developing an analogy.
D)using an algorithm.

Question 64

If a child is using telegraphic speech, he will

A)say only single words, not sentences.
B)speak in complex sentences.
C)speak in simple, three- to four-word sentences.
D)speak in simple, two-word sentences.

Question 65

Across individuals, language development is characterized by

A)similar stages but variations in the rate of acquisition.
B)similar rates of acquisition.
C)differences in the order in which the stages occur.
D)similarity in the rate at which vocabulary is developed but large differences in the acquisition of the rules of grammar.

Question 66

The existence of brain areas like Wernicke's and Broca's areas support which linguist's beliefs about language development?

A)B.F.Skinner
B)Benjamin Whorf
C)Laura-Ann Petitto
D)Noam Chomsky

Question 67

You get home only to find you have lost your keys.Instead of trying to think of every place that you have been that day, you try to remember the last time you saw your keys.This strategy is a good analogy for

A)restructuring.
B)working backward.
C)developing an analogy.
D)using an algorithm.

Question 68

Babies typically generate their first words at around

A)6 months.
B)1 year.
C)18 months.
D)2 years.

Question 69

If you observed babies in many different cultures just as they were beginning to use language, you would find that

A)the stages they go through in acquiring language depend on the culture in which they are being raised.
B)children use only words they have heard from other children.
C)their first words identify objects or are simple action words.
D)the rate at which they acquire language does not depend on the culture in which they grow up.

Question 70

Cara is a mechanic at the local garage.This morning she has seen three cars that would not start, all of which needed new batteries.When a fourth car that will not start is brought in, Cara assumes the problem is the battery.Cara's assumption reflects .If the problem is actually with the car's transmission, Cara will need to to solve the problem.

A)functional fixedness; restructure
B)her mental set; restructure
C)functional fixedness; reframe
D)her mental set; reframe

Question 71

Research has demonstrated that infants

A)do not develop a preference for sounds from their own language until they are about 1 year old.
B)show a preference for sounds from their own language by the time they are 1 week old.
C)cannot distinguish sounds from their own language and other languages until they start to speak.
D)cannot distinguish sounds from their own language and other languages until their vocabulary includes well over 1,000 words.

Question 72

The sentences Jill was kissed by Jack and Jack kissed Jill have the same

A)phonemes.
B)morphemes.
C)surface structure.
D)deep structure.

Question 73

Until about 6 months of age, a baby

A)can understand only the sounds of his native language.
B)can discriminate all the speech sounds that occur in all languages.
C)speaks in single words.
D)overgeneralizes syntactic rules.

Question 74

Josh was trying to decide which of two people to hire for a job.A colleague told him a story about her parents deciding to get two cats when they could not decide which one to buy.Josh recognized that hiring both people would solve his problem as well.Josh has

A)restructured his problem.
B)worked backward from an end state.
C)used an appropriate analogy.
D)overcome a mental set.

Question 75

The average adult knows about

A)20,000 words.
B)40,000 words.
C)60,000 words.
D)20,000 to 60,000 words, depending on which language the adult has learned.

Question 76

Phonemes are

A)the basic sounds of a language.
B)the smallest units of language that have meaning.
C)equivalent to syllables.
D)sounds that are similar across various languages.

Question 77

If a child is using telegraphic speech, she is most likely aged

A)about 2 years old.
B)at least 4 years old.
C)under 1 year old.
D)12 to 15 months old.

Question 78

The disorder that results in difficulties with being able to produce speech is called

A)Korsakoff's syndrome.
B)global aphasia.
C)Wernicke's aphasia.
D)Broca's aphasia.

Question 79

Morphemes are

A)the basic sounds of a language.
B)the smallest units of language that have meaning.
C)equivalent to syllables.
D)sounds that are similar across various languages.

Question 80

Which of the following statements is an example of telegraphic speech?

A)"Ball."
B)"Ba ba ba ba."
C)"Daddy, ball!"
D)"Daddy, please throw ball."