Deck 3: Personal and Social Development

Question 1

Given what we know about the development of sense of self, three of the following are likely scenarios.Which scenario is not likely to occur?

A)Daniel knows he has many friends, but he wishes he were a better student.
B)Mike vacillates between thinking of himself as being very smart and as being extremely stupid.
C)Aaron thinks that kids his age don't like him, so he spends most of his spare time with his parents.
D)Rex knows he's good in math and science but thinks of himself as a total klutz when it comes to sports.

Answer 1

Mike vacillates between thinking of himself as being very smart and as being extremely stupid.

Question 2

Three of the following teachers are socializing their students in the way that schools typically do.Which teacher is not socializing students in a typical fashion?

A)Ms.Allen insists that her students complete their independent seatwork before they go to recess.
B)Ms.Bernetti has her students go to lunch by rows, letting the quietest rows go first.
C)Ms.Castanza does not permit her students to talk back to her in a disrespectful fashion.
D)Ms.Dobson suggests that Sean bang his fist against the wall a few times whenever he gets frustrated.

Answer 2

Ms.Dobson suggests that Sean bang his fist against the wall a few times whenever he gets frustrated.

Question 3

Three of the following are signs that a student is possibly the victim of child maltreatment at home.Which one is least likely to be a sign of maltreatment?

A)Frequent bruises and bone fractures
B)A tendency to be exceptionally outgoing
C)Coming to school without a jacket in snowy weather
D)Greater-than-average knowledge about sexual matters

Answer 3

A tendency to be exceptionally outgoing

Question 4

As a teacher, you are likely to be concerned about your students' self-concepts and self- esteem.Probably the best state of affairs for students' long-term development is that they:

A)Focus primarily on their weaknesses so that they know what skills and abilities they need to work on at school
B)Have as positive a view of themselves as possible, with an attitude that "The sky's the limit" in terms of what they will be able to do if they put their minds to it
C)Have reasonably accurate beliefs about their strengths and weaknesses, perhaps with a touch of optimism about what they can accomplish
D)Believe that they are smarter and in other ways more capable than most of their peers

Question 5

Which one of these examples best reflects the role that students' sense of self typically plays in their achievement and school behavior?

A)Melissa thinks of herself as physically fit, so she doesn't think she needs to participate in sports or other physical activities.
B)Kim doesn't want to take any more math classes because she knows she's already good at math.
C)Nettie doesn't think she is very popular, so she smiles at others and tries to talk to them so they will like her.
D)Linda knows she is a good reader, so she takes an advanced literature class as an elective.

Question 6

If we extend research findings regarding effective parenting styles to the classroom, teachers would be well advised to:

A)Allow students to make their own decisions regarding how they should and should not behave in the classroom.
B)Insist on strict obedience, with immediate punishment for infractions.
C)Reward good behavior and ignore inappropriate behavior.
D)Establish fair rules and high expectations, and provide loving support.

Question 7

Children's personalities are to some extent the result of the cultures in which they've been raised.Which one of the following children is behaving in a way that is inconsistent with the typical expectations of his or her culture?

A)Lian, who is Chinese, is independent and outgoing.
B)Elena, who is Mexican American, quietly listens as her teacher explains a new procedure.
C)Hiroshi, who is Japanese, is quiet and willingly follows his teacher's instructions.
D)Stanley, whose Irish great-grandparents immigrated to New Jersey many years ago, eagerly speaks his mind whenever he has an opinion on a topic.

Question 8

Which one of the following should you definitely do if you suspect that one of your students is the victim of abuse or neglect at home?

A)Keep a close eye on the student over the next few weeks, looking for additional evidence that either supports or disconfirms your suspicions.
B)Spend some one-on-one time with the student in an effort to get him or her to confide in you.
C)Immediately report your suspicions to a school administrator or social services.
D)Temporarily lower your expectations for the student's academic performance until conditions at home seem to improve.

Question 9

An authoritarian parenting style is seen in which one of the following examples involving junior high school students?

A)Molly's parents are very strict, letting her know their high expectations and imposing strong penalties for failing or breaking their rules.
B)Fern's parents allow her greater-than-average leeway in terms of bedtimes, curfews, and choice of friends.
C)Henry's parents have high expectations for him but often ask him for his opinion when they set guidelines for acceptable behavior.
D)Kelly's parents are very involved in their own lives and problems and do not provide Kelly with much warmth or emotional support.

Question 10

Three of the following factors appear to influence the parenting styles that parents use in bringing up their children.Which one has not been shown to be influential?

A)The children's existing temperaments
B)The disciplinary styles of children's teachers
C)The culture in which the parents have grown up
D)The economic conditions in which the family lives

Question 11

Children's self-concepts become increasingly stable, and therefore increasingly more difficult to change, as they grow older.Using what you have learned about the development of students' sense of self, choose the most likely explanation for the increasing stability of the self-concept over time:

A)Maturational factors play a major role in the formation of the self-concept; these factors continue to unfold throughout childhood.
B)Research studies indicate that the self-concept has a strong genetic component.
C)Many teachers intuitively sense how students feel about themselves, and such intuitions invariably influence teachers' behaviors toward the students.
D)Children will behave in ways consistent with their self-concepts, thereby reaffirming their views of themselves.

Question 12

Three of the following tend to be fairly stable personality traits that children have to varying degrees.Which one would psychologists not characterize as a relatively stable personality trait?

A)How often children have negative emotions such as anger or depression
B)How outgoing and friendly children are with their peers
C)How quickly children solve math problems
D)How dependable children are in doing their work carefully and following through on assigned tasks

Question 13

Mr.King runs a tight ship in his middle school math classes.At the beginning of each class, he gives a 10-minute explanation of a new concept or procedure, and then he hands out worksheets that students complete independently at their desks.Which one of the following students has a temperament that is probably the best match with Mr. King's classroom?

A)Jayson is quiet and diligent.
B)Donna is cheerful and outgoing.
C)Fiona is always full of energy.
D)Grant loves risk and adventure.

Question 14

Which one of the following fifth graders most clearly shows signs of healthy attachment to one or more parents or other primary caregivers?

A)Miranda seems withdrawn and frightened much of the time.
B)Mike seems unusually preoccupied with an attractive young actress who stars in a popular television show.
C)Shelly has no friends and behaves aggressively toward the other girls in her class.
D)Jeffrey is self-confident and often likes to work independently.

Question 15

Which one of the following best describes socialization as developmental psychologists use the term?

A)Regularly interacting with age-mates in socially appropriate ways
B)Molding children's behavior to enable effective functioning within their culture
C)Consistently following the Golden Rule: "Do unto others as you would have them do unto you."
D)Thinking about the personal, social, and motivational factors that may underlie other people's behaviors.

Question 16

Which one of the following pairs of children best illustrates a difference in temperament?

A)Ann enjoys dancing; Alice prefers basketball.
B)Bob likes to spend his time reading; Bill would rather watch a good movie.
C)Carol is very sociable and outgoing; Chris is more quiet and reserved around peers.
D)Dan likes to think about abstract ideas; David learns more effectively when he can manipulate concrete objects.

Question 17

Which one of the following most accurately describes the general concept of temperament?

A)The extent to which people like or dislike themselves
B)An inherited predisposition to interact with one's environment in certain ways
C)The extent to which people use or don't use their inherited intellectual potential
D)The ways that individuals have learned to react to environmental stimuli as a result of their past experiences

Question 18

Authoritative parents can best be characterized as having which type of relationship with their children?

A)High expectations, loving support, and shared decision making
B)Few expectations, loving support, and considerable freedom for children to make their own decisions
C)Little emotional support or interest in their children's needs
D)High expectations, strict rules, and little give-and-take in decision making

Question 19

Other things being equal, which student is most likely to have come from a home in which his or her parents exhibit an authoritative parenting style?

A)Rhoda is anxious and unhappy.
B)Patrick is selfish and unmotivated.
C)Margaret is impulsive and disobedient.
D)Frank is well-behaved and self-confident.

Question 20

Three of the following suggestions are apt to be helpful when teachers work with students and their parents.With the textbook's discussion of parenting styles in mind, choose the strategy that is apt to be counterproductive.

A)Keep in mind that many children do well in school despite less-than-optimal parenting styles at home.
B)Acknowledge that authoritarian methods may be quite appropriate if families live in dangerous neighborhoods.
C)Point out that parents who use authoritarian methods may be causing some of their children's behavior problems.
D)Keep in mind that many parents from Asian cultures effectively combine elements of authoritative and authoritarian parenting.

Question 21

We can most effectively enhance students' self-concepts and self-esteem when we:

A)Hold high yet achievable expectations for their performance
B)Hold expectations for performance that we know they can achieve with little or no effort
C)Encourage them to think more positively about themselves
D)Talk about the advantages of having high self-esteem

Question 22

Jules is discovering that by being able to write all his letters, he is winning the approval of his teacher.Without knowing anything else about Jules, the best guess is that he is in Erikson's stage of:

A)Trust versus mistrust
B)Autonomy versus shame and doubt
C)Initiative versus guilt
D)Industry versus inferiority

Question 23

Which one of the following best illustrates Erikson's stage of identify versus role confusion?

A)Arnold is always wishing things were different than they are.
B)Beth can't keep a steady boyfriend.
C)Craig is trying to decide what career he wants to pursue.
D)Dawn underestimates her ability to learn mathematics.

Question 24

If we consider Erikson's theory of personal development, which one of the following issues would we expect secondary students to be most concerned about?

A)Trying to decide who they really are and the role they will play in adult society
B)Wanting to form a close and intimate relationship with another human being
C)Needing to gain the recognition of parents and teachers through their academic activities and achievements
D)Finding a way to wiggle out of doing difficult tasks

Question 25

Which one of the following examples illustrates how the imaginary audience can be a factor in the adolescent's developing self-concept?

A)Annette talks to an invisible "friend" when she is having problems and feels she has no one else to turn to.
B)Bernita feels as if everyone must be looking at her when she walks down the hall with her friends.
C)Candy feels detached, as if she has no life of her own but is only watching everyone else live their lives.
D)Dora feels self-conscious when she has to get up in front of her class and give a speech from memory.

Question 26

The four teachers below are hoping to improve their students' sense of self.Which one will probably be least effective in doing so?

A)Mr.Anderson helps his students be successful at math word problems.
B)Ms.Berry tells her students how wonderful they are.
C)Mr.Carrera helps his students improve their creative writing skills.
D)Ms.D'Amato helps her students throw a softball farther than they could before.

Question 27

Which one of the following best illustrates a sense of identity?

A)Carlos sees himself as a caring individual who is truly concerned about other people's lives and needs.
B)Shea knows she could be a better dancer if she practiced more often.
C)Drew wonders whether she should be a doctor or a lawyer.
D)Noah feels confident that he will make new friends when he moves to a new school district next year.

Question 28

One of the most important stages in a child's early years is Erikson's stage of initiative versus guilt, in which children learn to:

A)Control their bodily functions so they don't feel badly about having "accidents"
B)Take initiative in feeding and dressing themselves
C)Plan and carry out some of their own activities
D)Persevere at difficult tasks

Question 29

Of the following four alternatives, the formation of children's self-concepts is most strongly influenced by:

A)Their inherited temperaments
B)Their athletic ability
C)How other people treat them
D)The self-concepts of their parents

Question 30

With the textbook's discussion of sense of self and negative feedback in mind, choose the statement that most accurately reflects the appropriate use of negative feedback in a school setting.

A)Negative feedback should be vague and general, to avoid hurting a student's feelings.
B)Negative feedback should be given in front of classmates, who can then learn by example.
C)Negative feedback should never be given in a school setting.
D)Negative feedback should be given within the context of a warm, respectful relationship.

Question 31

Sharon is a student who does not believe that she can be academically successful. Considering the textbook's discussion of factors that promote positive self-perceptions, you should:

A)Tell her at least once a day that she is smarter than she thinks she is
B)Tell her that social skills are more important than academics anyway
C)Put her in situations in which she will experience academic success
D)Foster a friendship between Sharon and a student who is academically gifted

Question 32

According to Erik Erikson, students' ability to trust those around them initially stems from:

A)Early experiences with teachers
B)Experiences with adults during infancy
C)Peer behaviors during the elementary years
D)Friendships formed during the teenage years

Question 33

Which one of the following best illustrates self-efficacy rather than self-concept or self- esteem?

A)Anne is pretty sure she can win a spot on the school's dance squad if she practices her routine every day until the tryouts.
B)Brandi thinks of herself as being more intelligent than most of her classmates.
C)Connor has little faith in his academic abilities, and so he does whatever he can to avoid doing assigned classroom tasks.
D)Darvin is convinced that no one likes him, even though most people do.

Question 34

Which one of the following illustrates developmental theorists' notion of the personal fable?

A)Olivia becomes very popular with her peers when she makes up a story that she is from a small European country and has royal blood in her family.
B)Wendy has trouble getting along with teachers because she believes herself to be especially vulnerable to illness and injury and so shouldn't be held to the same standards for performance as other students.
C)Jonathan feels he is just like everyone else-a nobody-so he isn't very popular.
D)William feels he is invincible, immortal, and immune to the problems others face.

Question 35

Sixteen-year-old Reynelda has known since she was 4 years old that she will become a teacher.Her grandmother was a teacher, and her mother and two aunts are teachers. She's never really even thought about any other occupation.Reynelda can best be described as showing:

A)Identity diffusion
B)Moratorium
C)Foreclosure
D)Identity achievement

Question 36

Given what we know about changes in children's and adolescents' self-esteem over the years, which teachers should be especially careful to help students feel good about themselves and their abilities to succeed?

A)Third-grade teachers
B)Junior high school teachers
C)High school teachers who teach advanced courses
D)High school coaches and physical education teachers

Question 37

Which one of the following best describes Erik Erikson's theory of psychosocial development?

A)A series of stages, each of which has a unique developmental task to be addressed
B)A process of becoming increasingly self-confident through the years as one's competence improves
C)A series of stages in which people develop increasingly sophisticated social skills
D)A progression of increasingly abstract understandings of social situations

Question 38

On average, students who attend schools for gifted children have a lower academic self- concept than students of equal intelligence who attend regular schools with students of widely varying abilities.If we consider research about factors affecting students' self- concepts and self-esteem, we can explain this finding in the following way:

A)Children who attend gifted programs typically have more assertive parents, and such parents tend to undermine their children's self-esteem.
B)Having a label of any kind-even the label "gifted"-tends to lower self-esteem.
C)Identifying a child as gifted requires an intensive evaluation, and evaluations inevitably lower self-esteem.
D)Children form their self-concepts in part by comparing their own performance to the performance of those around them.

Question 39

Three of the following teachers are using strategies that should promote their students' sense of self.Which one probably will not?

A)Mr.Abrams tells Susan, "The short story you wrote yesterday was a really good start.The main character seems a little flat, though.Let's sit down and brainstorm some ideas as to how you might give her more life."
B)Ms.Barnes hopes to motivate her students to succeed by having them participate in various academic competitions.
C)Ms.Crumb tells her students she fully expects that all of them will be able to succeed in her class if they work hard and seek her help when they need it.
D)When Matthew is hospitalized with a broken leg, Ms.Danetta comes by to see how he is doing and to bring him some assignments to do during his absence from class.

Question 40

At which of Erikson's stages do children realize that they can obtain the recognition of teachers and parents by producing things?

A)Industry versus inferiority
B)Identity versus role confusion
C)Initiative versus guilt
D)Generativity versus stagnation

Question 41

Peer relationships, like parent-child relationships, are essential to a child's development.Which one of the following is not one of the ways that peer relationships influence the developing child?

A)Peer relationships provide opportunities to develop and practice social skills.
B)Peers are the first individuals to whom a child becomes truly attached.
C)Peers can be a source of emotional support during difficult times.
D)Peers provide information about which behaviors are desirable and which are not.

Question 42

Danny is a quiet 11-year-old who usually keeps to himself.Some of the other boys in class like to tease him when the teacher isn't looking because they know they can provoke him to fight, and then Danny will get in trouble.The type of aggression Danny exhibits is called:

A)Proactive aggression
B)Prosocial aggression
C)Action-reaction aggression
D)Reactive aggression

Question 43

Lamont worries that he has unintentionally hurt a classmate's feelings.From this information alone, we can reasonably conclude that Lamont:

A)Must be at least 12 years old
B)Has developed a theory of mind
C)Has reached Kohlberg's conventional level of moral reasoning
D)Has a hostile attributional bias

Question 44

The textbook suggests that the effects of peer pressure have been overrated.Three of the following are factors that ameliorate, or "soften," the potential effects of peer pressure.Which statement is not necessarily accurate?

A)Students may give an outward impression of acting "cool" or "going along with the crowd" while secretly behaving in accordance with their own standards.
B)Students tend to hang out with peers whose values and interests are similar to their own.
C)Students retain some of the values they have acquired from their families.
D)Most adolescents have developed abstract moral principles that guide their daily decision making.

Question 45

Many of the students at Buchanan Junior High know that John and Sara have been "going out" for the past two months.Given what we know about students' early dating habits, it is most likely that John and Sara:

A)Have confided in each other about very personal and private matters
B)Have many of the same interests and greatly enjoy each other's company
C)Find each other attractive but don't know each other very well
D)Have begun to experiment in sexually intimate ways

Question 46

If we want to promote perspective taking in our students, probably the best strategy is to:

A)Encourage them to keep an open mind about things
B)Have them work closely with, and perhaps tutor, children at a younger grade level
C)Engage them in discussions in which they express diverse points of view
D)Punish them when they act in an extremely self-centered fashion

Question 47

As a 17-year-old high school senior, Julian has no sense of direction.Over the past year he has dabbled in auto mechanics, photography, and Buddhism, but nothing has held his interest for more than a month or so.Julian can best be described as showing:

A)Foreclosure
B)Moratorium
C)Identity achievement
D)Identity diffusion

Question 48

Luanne's parents are in the process of getting a divorce.She is so distracted and upset by the situation that she sometimes has trouble paying attention in class, and her performance on assignments and quizzes has slipped a bit.She worries that her teachers might think she simply doesn't care about her schoolwork, when nothing could be further from the truth.Luanne is showing:

A)An attributional bias
B)Prosocial reasoning
C)Induction
D)Recursive thinking

Question 49

Friendships are especially important in social development because children and adolescents:

A)Can practice cooperation and reciprocity only with people they care deeply about
B)Are deeply committed to those relationships and will develop the skills needed to maintain them
C)Develop high self-esteem only if they participate in enjoyable recreational activities at least twice a week on average)
D)Develop internal standards for behavior only when friends reinforce such standards

Question 50

A large social group in which the members show strong loyalty to each other, have strict rules, and often have some sort of initiation rites is known as:

A)A clique
B)A subculture
C)A norm group
D)A gang

Question 51

Dallas and his friends think that Billy is "grouchy" simply because Billy never says anything to them.They don't consider other possible reasons why Billy isn't more outgoing.If we take developmental trends in perspective taking into account, we would suspect that Dallas and his friends are at what grade level?

A)In the early elementary grades
B)In middle school
C)In ninth or tenth grade
D)In eleventh or twelfth grade

Question 52

When asked which students they would most like to do things with, most middle school students choose classmates who:

A)Are cooperate and sensitive
B)Are the best athletes
C)Enjoy teasing others
D)Always like to be in charge

Question 53

Kevin tells himself, "Even though Grandpa just died, I mustn't cry at school today, or the other kids will laugh at me." This situation illustrates:

A)The personal fable phenomenon
B)Self-socialization
C)Gender differences in hormones
D)Resilience

Question 54

Julie, a sixth grader, nearly always eats lunch with the same five or six girls.The girls usually spread out at their table so that no one else can join them.Sometimes they even plan together what they will wear to school the next day.Julie's group is an example of:

A)A norm group
B)A subculture
C)A clique
D)A gang

Question 55

Which one of the following is most likely to be true for students who have a strong ethnic identity?

A)They are apt to speak a language other than English even when others in the group are speaking English.
B)On average, they tend to suffer from low self-esteem.
C)On average, they tend to be academically and socially successful.
D)On average, they tend to see little value in getting an education and often drop out before twelfth grade.

Question 56

Which one of the following is the best example of social cognition?

A)Max refuses to do the tasks his teacher assigns because he doesn't want to look foolish when he fails at them.
B)Julie and Isabelle giggle as they try to imitate the haughty snobbishness of the obnoxious head cheerleader.
C)Rhonda needs to be around other people all the time; she gets bored when she has to entertain herself.
D)Luke tries to anticipate how Sheila might respond if he backs out of the science project the two of them have agreed to do together.

Question 57

Which one of the following is the best example of relational aggression?

A)Judy and Martha stop speaking to their friend Claudia when she starts dating a boy they don't like.
B)Rich accidentally drops his books on Marcie's foot.
C)When the school bully pushes Nolan to the ground, his friend Jay-normally a well-behaved student-gives the bully a black eye.
D)Emilia screams at her boyfriend when he cancels their date so that he can go drink beer with his buddies.

Question 58

With regard to developmental trends in romantic relationships, which one of the following scenarios would be most typical?

A)Didi, a third grader, feels as if she's the only girl in her class without a boyfriend.
B)Jake, a fifth grader, has taken Andrea to the movies several times and thinks about her constantly.
C)Sonia, a seventh grader, has a crush on her science teacher and giggles with her friends whenever he walks by.
D)Sally, an eighth grader, has a sexually intimate relationship with her boyfriend Brad.

Question 59

Most days Jenny keeps to herself at school, and her classmates don't even seem to be aware that she is nearby.Jenny can best be described as:

A)A rejected student
B)A neglected student
C)A student at Kohlberg's conventional level
D)A student at Kohlberg's preconventional level

Question 60

After a tragic drag race that kills several students, a high school faculty wants to take action to reduce risk-taking behaviors among its student body.If the faculty considers recent research on risk taking in adolescence, its best course of action would be to:

A)Identify and sponsor opportunities for reasonable, supervised risk taking
B)Invite guest speakers whose lives have been adversely affected by the poor choices they made as teenagers
C)Present national statistics regarding the probabilities of serious consequences when adolescents drive at high speeds, engage in unprotected sex, and so on
D)Ask the police department to increase late-night supervision in parts of town where students have been known to do foolish things

Question 61

Three of the following strategies should encourage positive interactions among students with diverse backgrounds or needs.Which strategy is unlikely to do so?

A)Letting students choose their own seats in the classroom.
B)Forming cooperative learning groups that include students from different ethnic backgrounds.
C)Encouraging all students to participate in extracurricular activities.
D)Teaching students about the specific nature of the disabilities that some of their peers may have.

Question 62

Fourteen-year-old Wayne has a history of aggressive behavior toward other students, and so his classmates have naturally kept their distance from him over the years.But Wayne has worked extensively with the school counselor in recent months, and his interpersonal behavior has improved quite a bit.Wayne's teachers must remember, however, that:

A)Such improvement is likely to be short-lived
B)Wayne's self-esteem regarding his ability to succeed at academic tasks is likely to have decreased in the meantime
C)Other students will continue to reject Wayne unless they can be convinced that he has changed
D)Wayne's aggressive behavior is likely to reappear whenever he is placed in a competitive situation

Question 63

Three of the following strategies should foster the development of students' social skills.Which strategy, although possibly beneficial in other ways, will not foster more appropriate social skills?

A)When Ms.Ackerman sees two students having a disagreement they can't resolve by themselves, she meets with them and asks each of them to look at the situation from the other person's perspective.
B)Mr.Brightman conducts cooperative learning activities at least once a week.
C)During an important district-wide achievement test, Ms.Chambers reminds her students to keep their eyes on their own papers.
D)Mr.Dunn will not tolerate sexist or racist jokes in his classroom and openly tells his students so.

Question 64

Which one of the following is most typical of the moral development of high school students?

A)Empathy for the victims of a widespread famine or epidemic
B)Tendency to disregard rules if no authority figure is present
C)Reluctance to share possessions with others
D)Shame, but not guilt, about harm that one has unintentionally caused another

Question 65

Three of the following statements accurately describe the diversity we are likely to see in students' social skills and peer relationships.Which statement is not accurate?

A)Students from cultures that place a premium on maintaining group harmony may have especially good negotiation skills.
B)Students with a mild form of autism known as Asperger syndrome have difficulty with social cognition.
C)Girls tend to hang out in smaller, more intimate peer groups than boys do.
D)Some cultures promote an "every man for himself" attitude and never teach the importance of working effectively with others.

Question 66

Which one of the following statements is most accurate concerning research findings about technology and peer relationships?

A)The prevalence and adverse effects of cyberbullying outweigh any potential benefits that technological forms of communication can offer.
B)Cyberbullying is extremely rare; news media overplay its harmful effects, misleading the public to believe it is more common than it really is.
C)Although it can occasionally cause significant psychological harm, appropriate use can enhance students' social connectedness and general sense of well-being.
D)Only a small minority of teenagers in Western societies know how to use the Internet; the great majority rely almost exclusively on cell phones.

Question 67

Three of the following are examples of prosocial behavior.Which one is not?

A)Ashley lends a shoulder to cry on when Sarah breaks up with her boyfriend.
B)Bruce shares his lunch with a classmate who forgot hers.
C)Carla and Suellen cooperate on their history project.
D)Dustin asks Maureen for help on his homework.

Question 68

Which one of the following statements reflects Kohlberg's preconventional moral reasoning?

A)"It's okay to cheat on this exam because the teacher isn't watching me."
B)"It isn't fair to the students who studied hard if I cheat."
C)"Cheating is against school rules, so I shouldn't do it."
D)"The most popular boy in school cheats all the time, so I guess I can too."

Question 69

If we consider Kohlberg's theory of moral development, we could best characterize children's moral development as a process of:

A)Progressing through a series of stages from self-centeredness to increasing concern about the needs and rights of others
B)Learning to obey the rules that society, government, and religion have established
C)Remaining extremely self-centered until well into adolescence
D)Being almost exclusively a function of how directly students have been instructed about morality and moral issues

Question 70

Away from the watchful eye of playground supervisors, 10-year-old Sam often makes fun of Vernon, a small, friendless 9-year-old who cannot easily defend himself. Sometimes Sam physically attacks Vernon, knocking him to the ground, taking his glasses, rubbing his face in the dirt, and so on.Sam's bullying behavior must, of course, be actively discouraged.Three of the following strategies are reasonable courses of action to take with Vernon.Which strategy is least likely to help Vernon?

A)Keep Vernon away from Sam, but in other respects let him develop his own methods for handling bullies.
B)Consistently show Vernon that you like him and are concerned about his well- being.
C)Arrange for Vernon to meet with the school counselor, who might be able to help him acquire social skills.
D)Provide opportunities for Vernon to work with and develop friendships with classmates who share some of his interests.

Question 71

Anita's idea of how to interact with her classmates is to tease or insult them.Not surprisingly, she has few friends.Her teacher can best help her by:

A)Asking the principal to move her to a different classroom
B)Explicitly teaching her more effective ways to interact with her peers
C)Doing nothing, because her peers are the most effective teachers of what she needs to know
D)Encouraging other students to reciprocate by teasing and insulting her so that she will know how such treatment feels

Question 72

Three of the following strategies are consistent with the textbook's discussion of bullying.Which one is not consistent?

A)Offer emotional support to the victims of bullies, and help them make friends with students who might protect them against future bullying.
B)Ignore minor incidents of bullying if the victims are emotionally immature and need some "toughening up."
C)Help students get a good understanding of what bullying is, pointing out that it can involve either physical or psychological harm.
D)Create a system through which students can anonymously report incidents of bullying they see in the halls, on the playground, and elsewhere.

Question 73

Three of the following statements describe typical behaviors of children who are predisposed to aggressive behavior.Which one is not a typical description?

A)Jordan pushes Lisa because he is sure that Lisa bumped into him on purpose.
B)Kari throws her pencil at Jack because she thinks he is laughing at her but then is immediately sorry and tells him so.
C)Other children always give in to Bobby's demands because they are afraid he will push them down if they don't, but Bobby thinks the other students respect him for his actions.
D)Derek wants to join the soccer game currently in progress on the playground, so he runs into the middle of the field and trips Nathan so he can get the ball.

Question 74

Which one of the following best illustrates a hostile attributional bias?

A)Howard thinks other students will like him better if he projects a "tough guy" image.
B)Kenneth gets a thrill out of threatening children younger than himself and watching them squirm.
C)Linda spreads malicious gossip whenever she hears it; on some occasions, she starts unkind rumors herself.
D)When Isaac accidentally brushes by Janine in the hall, Janine assumes that Isaac is intentionally trying to hurt her.

Question 75

Which one of the following individuals is in Kohlberg's law and order stage of moral reasoning?

A)Adam does what the teacher says because he knows he will be punished if he doesn't.
B)Barbara obeys the teacher because she understands that the only way schools can run smoothly is if students behave appropriately.
C)Clara obeys the teacher because she wants the teacher to think nice things about her.
D)Don obeys the teacher because school rules say he must obey her, and it is his duty to obey school rules.

Question 76

Which one of the following individuals is in Kohlberg's social contract stage of moral reasoning?

A)Adam does what the teacher says because he knows he will be punished if he doesn't.
B)Barbara obeys the teacher because she understands that the only way schools can run smoothly is if students behave appropriately.
C)Clara obeys the teacher because she wants the teacher to think nice things about her.
D)Don obeys the teacher because school rules say he must obey her, and it is his duty to obey school rules.

Question 77

When we see signs that a student feels ashamed or guilty about something that he or she has done, we can reasonably conclude that the student

A)Has generally low self-esteem
B)Will become socially withdrawn unless we intervene
C)Will show a temporary increase in aggressive behavior
D)Has developed a sense of right and wrong

Question 78

Three of the following would be considered moral transgressions.Which one is an example of a conventional transgression?

A)Telling a lie that ruins a classmate's reputation
B)Shoving a younger child to the ground
C)Forgetting to say "Thank you" when receiving a gift
D)Stealing a classmate's homework assignment

Question 79

Students at Kohlberg's preconventional level of moral reasoning are likely to define "right" behavior in terms of:

A)What their peers expect of them
B)Abstract principles of morality
C)What they can get away with
D)Society's standards regarding what's right or wrong

Question 80

The parents of students in your fourth-grade class want you to include moral issues in your classroom curriculum.A few parents who have read about Kohlberg's theory of moral development want you to help the students progress to postconventional moral reasoning.You should reply by pointing out that:

A)There is nothing you can do to promote moral development before students reach adolescence.
B)This is a good idea because postconventional reasoning will promote abstract thought.
C)Research studies indicate that most students have already reached the postconventional level by fourth grade.
D)Postconventional reasoning is probably an unrealistic goal for fourth graders.