Deck 22: The Reach of Prejudice

Question 1

Every Saturday morning,Arnold quickly washes the family's breakfast dishes so that his father will allow him to wash his car. In this instance,washing the car is a(n)
•positive reinforcer.
•unconditioned response.
•conditioned response.
•negative reinforcer.

Answer 1

•positive reinforcer

Question 2

Voluntary behaviors that produce rewarding or punishing consequences are called
•respondent behaviors.
•unconditioned responses.
•operant behaviors.
•conditioned responses.

Answer 2

•operant behaviors

Question 3

Which of the following is an example of a respondent behavior?
•studying for a test
•blushing when embarrassed
•thanking someone for their help
•sniffing to locate the source of a strange odor

Answer 3

•blushing when embarrassed

Question 4

Receiving delicious food is to escaping electric shock as ________ is to ________.
•positive reinforcer; negative reinforcer
•primary reinforcer; secondary reinforcer
•immediate reinforcer; delayed reinforcer
•reinforcement; punishment

Question 5

Cats received a fish reward whenever they maneuvered themselves out of an enclosed puzzle box. With successive trials,the cats escaped from the box with increasing speed. This illustrates
•latent learning.
•the law of effect.
•respondent behavior.
•spontaneous recovery.

Question 6

Laurie's thumbsucking has become habitual because she feels less anxious when she sucks her thumb. This best illustrates the process of
•generalization.
•classical conditioning.
•latent learning.
•operant conditioning.

Question 7

Five-year-old Trevor is emotionally disturbed and refuses to communicate with anyone. To get him to speak,his teacher initially gives him candy for any utterance,then only for a clearly spoken word,and finally only for a complete sentence. The teacher is using the method of
•secondary reinforcement.
•delayed reinforcement.
•spontaneous recovery.
•shaping.

Question 8

Shaping is a(n)________ procedure.
•latent learning
•operant conditioning
•classical conditioning
•observational learning

Question 9

Positive reinforcers ________ the rate of operant responding,and negative reinforcers ________ the rate of operant responding.
•decrease; increase
•increase; decrease
•increase; increase
•have no effect on; decrease

Question 10

In which form of learning is behavior said to be influenced by its consequences?
•observational learning
•classical conditioning
•operant conditioning
•latent learning

Question 11

Any stimulus that,when presented after a response,strengthens the response is called a(n)
•conditioned stimulus.
•unconditioned stimulus.
•positive reinforcer.
•negative reinforcer.

Question 12

A pigeon is consistently reinforced with food for pecking a key after seeing an image of a human face,but not reinforced for pecking after seeing other images. By signaling that a pecking response will be reinforced,the image of a human face is a(n)
•unconditioned stimulus.
•partial reinforcement.
•discriminative stimulus.
•primary reinforcer.

Question 13

Because Mr. Baron demonstrates appreciation only for very good answers to his questions,his students have stopped participating in class. Mr. Baron most clearly needs to be informed of the value of
•generalization.
•positive punishers.
•shaping.
•latent learning.

Question 14

You would be most likely to use operant conditioning to teach a dog to
•fear cars in the street.
•dislike the taste of dead birds.
•wag its tail whenever it is emotionally excited.
•retrieve sticks and balls.

Question 15

An organism learns associations between events it does not control during the process of
•negative reinforcement.
•partial reinforcement.
•classical conditioning.
•shaping.

Question 16

An animal trainer is teaching a miniature poodle to balance on a ball. Initially,he gives the poodle a treat for approaching the ball,then only for placing its front paws on the ball,and finally only for climbing on the ball. The trainer is using the method of
•successive approximations.
•delayed reinforcement.
•classical conditioning.
•secondary reinforcement.

Question 17

A psychologist would be most likely to use ________ to determine whether nonverbal organisms can perceive different colors.
•delayed reinforcement
•the law of effect
•a cognitive map
•shaping

Question 18

Skinner developed a behavioral technology that included a procedure known as
•shaping.
•cognitive mapping.
•latent learning.
•instinctive drift.

Question 19

An event that increases the frequency of the behavior that it follows is a(n)
•conditioned stimulus.
•unconditioned stimulus.
•reinforcer.
•operant behavior.

Question 20

A Skinner box is a(n)
•aversive or punishing event that decreases the occurrence of certain undesirable behaviors.
•"slot machine" used to study the effects of partial reinforcement on human gambling practices.
•chamber containing a bar or key that an animal can manipulate to obtain a reward.
•television projection device designed for use in laboratory studies of observational learning.

Question 21

A fixed-ratio schedule of reinforcement is one in which a response is reinforced only after a(n)
•specified time period has elapsed.
•unpredictable time period has elapsed.
•specified number of responses have been made.
•unpredictable number of responses have been made.

Question 22

Rates of operant responding are ________ for fixed-ratio than for fixed-interval schedules; they are ________ for variable-ratio than for variable-interval schedules.
•lower; higher
•higher; lower
•lower; lower
•higher; higher

Question 23

A response is learned most rapidly and is most resistant to extinction if it is acquired under conditions of
•continuous reinforcement followed by partial reinforcement.
•primary reinforcement followed by secondary reinforcement.
•partial reinforcement followed by continuous reinforcement.
•secondary reinforcement followed by primary reinforcement.

Question 24

Any stimulus that,when removed after a response,strengthens the response is called a(n)
•conditioned stimulus.
•unconditioned stimulus.
•positive reinforcer.
•negative reinforcer.

Question 25

To quickly teach a dog to roll over on command,you would be best advised to use
•classical conditioning rather than operant conditioning.
•partial reinforcement rather than continuous reinforcement.
•immediate reinforcers rather than delayed reinforcers.
•negative reinforcers rather than positive reinforcers.

Question 26

The way slot machines reward gamblers with money best illustrates
•spontaneous recovery.
•partial reinforcement.
•generalization.
•shaping.

Question 27

Some students study hard beginning with the first couple of weeks of a semester because they subsequently receive very good final course grades. This best illustrates that human behavior is influenced by
•classical conditioning.
•primary reinforcers.
•latent learning.
•delayed reinforcers.

Question 28

Asking women for dates is most likely to be reinforced on a ________ schedule.
•fixed-interval
•fixed-ratio
•variable-interval
•variable-ratio

Question 29

Four-year-old Della asks her mother for a special treat every time they go to the grocery store. At first her mother granted every request,but now she does so less consistently. Research suggests that Della will
•soon give up asking for a treat entirely.
•come to ask for a treat only occasionally.
•continue to ask for a treat nearly every time she goes to the store.
•ask for a treat every time her mother takes her out,even if they don't go to the grocery store.

Question 30

Resistance to extinction is most strongly encouraged by ________ reinforcement.
•delayed
•intermittent
•conditioned
•negative

Question 31

The taste of food and relief from a headache are both ________ reinforcers.
•positive
•negative
•primary
•conditioned

Question 32

The removal of electric shock is to the receipt of money as ________ is to ________.
•delayed reinforcer; immediate reinforcer
•primary reinforcer; conditioned reinforcer
•discrimination; generalization
•partial reinforcement; continuous reinforcement

Question 33

Which of the following is the best example of a conditioned reinforcer?
•applause for an excellent piano recital
•a spanking for eating cookies before dinner
•a cold root beer for mowing the lawn on a hot day
•termination of shock after removing one's finger from a live electric wire

Question 34

Mason,a stockbroker,runs two miles every day after work because it reduces his level of stress. Mason's running habit is maintained by a ________ reinforcer.
•positive
•negative
•conditioned
•partial

Question 35

A stimulus that acquires reinforcing power by association with a primary reinforcer is called a ________ reinforcer.
•delayed
•negative
•partial
•conditioned

Question 36

Alex was paid $100 for eight hours of work. The money was a(n)
•primary reinforcer.
•spontaneous recovery.
•conditioned reinforcer.
•operant behavior.

Question 37

Janet has almost finished painting a neighbor's house,at which time she'll be paid $2000. The fact that she is increasingly unlikely to quit painting as she nears completion of the job best illustrates that operant behavior is strongly influenced by ________ reinforcers.
•primary
•negative
•immediate
•partial

Question 38

Paul and Michael sell magazine subscriptions by telephone. Paul is paid $1.00 for every five calls he makes,while Michael is paid $1.00 for every subscription he sells,regardless of the number of calls he makes. Paul's telephoning is reinforced on a ________ schedule,whereas Michael's is reinforced on a ________ schedule.
•variable-ratio; fixed-ratio
•fixed-ratio; variable-ratio
•fixed-ratio; variable-interval
•fixed-interval; variable-ratio

Question 39

Purchasing state lottery tickets is reinforced with monetary winnings on a ________ schedule.
•fixed-interval
•variable-interval
•fixed-ratio
•variable-ratio

Question 40

Blake is a carpet installer who wants to be paid for each square foot of carpet he lays rather than with an hourly wage. Blake prefers working on a ________ schedule of reinforcement.
•fixed-ratio
•fixed-interval
•variable-interval
•variable-ratio

Question 41

A fixed-interval schedule of reinforcement is one in which a response is reinforced only after a(n)
•unpredictable time period has elapsed.
•specified time period has elapsed.
•specified number of responses has been made.
•unpredictable number of responses has been made.

Question 42

For purposes of effective child-rearing,most psychologists favor the use of
•shaping over extinction.
•reinforcement over punishment.
•classical conditioning over operant conditioning.
•primary reinforcers over secondary reinforcers.

Question 43

If rats are allowed to wander through a complicated maze,they will subsequently run the maze with few errors when a food reward is placed at the end. Their good performance demonstrates
•shaping.
•latent learning.
•spontaneous recovery.
•a variable-ratio schedule.

Question 44

The introduction of a pleasant stimulus is to ________ as the withdrawal of a pleasant stimulus is to ________.
•positive reinforcer; negative reinforcer
•acquisition; extinction
•reinforcement; punishment
•primary reinforcer; secondary reinforcer

Question 45

Operant response rates remain highest when individuals anticipate that their behavior will actually lead to further reinforcement. This best illustrates the importance of ________ in operant conditioning.
•secondary reinforcers
•cognitive processes
•biological predispositions
•the law of effect

Question 46

After pigs learned to pick up and deposit wooden coins in a piggy bank,the pigs subsequently dropped the coins repeatedly and pushed them with their snouts. This best illustrates the importance of ________ in operant conditioning.
•conditioned reinforcement
•latent learning
•generalization
•biological predispositions

Question 47

After a week at college,Su-Chuan has formed a mental representation of the layout of the campus and no longer gets lost. Su-Chuan has developed a
•cognitive map.
•discriminative stimulus.
•law of effect.
•fixed-interval schedule.

Question 48

Studies of latent learning highlight the importance of
•respondent behavior.
•spontaneous recovery.
•cognitive processes.
•conditioned reinforcers.

Question 49

An executive in a computer software firm works with his office door closed. At the same time every hour he opens the door to see what his employees are doing. The employees have learned to work especially hard during the five minutes before and while the door is open. Their work pattern is typical of responses that are reinforced on a ________ schedule.
•fixed-interval
•fixed-ratio
•variable-ratio
•variable-interval

Question 50

The fact that learning can occur without reinforcement is most clearly demonstrated by studies of
•shaping.
•latent learning.
•the law of effect.
•online testing.

Question 51

It's easier to train a pigeon to peck a disk for a food reward than to flap its wings for a food reward. This illustrates the importance of ________ in learning.
•primary reinforcers
•generalization
•spontaneous recovery
•biological predispositions

Question 52

Watching the night sky for shooting stars is likely to be reinforced on a ________ schedule.
•fixed-interval
•fixed-ratio
•variable-interval
•variable-ratio

Question 53

Myron quit gambling after he lost over a thousand dollars betting on horse races. This best illustrates the effects of
•negative reinforcers.
•generalization.
•spontaneous recovery.
•punishment.

Question 54

Megan fails to see any connection between how hard she works and the size of her annual pay raises. Consequently,she puts little effort into her job,even though she really wants a big raise. This best illustrates the importance of ________ in the operant conditioning of work habits.
•primary reinforcers
•biological predispositions
•spontaneous recovery
•cognitive processes

Question 55

Revoking the driver's license of a reckless driver is intended to serve as a
•negative reinforcement.
•positive reinforcement.
•negative punishment.
•positive punishment.

Question 56

A child who is punished for swearing at home but not for swearing on the school playground is most likely to demonstrate a patterned habit of swearing that is indicative of
•negative reinforcement.
•instinctive drift.
•discrimination.
•extinction.

Question 57

Positive punishment is the introduction of a(n)________ stimulus following a behavior and negative punishment is the withdrawal of a(n)________ stimulus following a behavior.
•pleasant; pleasant
•aversive; aversive
•pleasant; aversive
•aversive; pleasant

Question 58

The use of physical punishment may
•lead to the suppression but not the forgetting of undesirable behavior.
•model aggression as a way of coping with problems.
•lead people to fear and avoid the punishing agent.
•have all of these results.

Question 59

On the first day of class,Professor Wallace tells her geography students that pop quizzes will be given at unpredictable times throughout the semester. Clearly,studying for Professor Wallace's surprise quizzes will be reinforced on a ________ schedule.
•fixed-interval
•fixed-ratio
•variable-interval
•variable-ratio

Question 60

Animals tend to revert from newly learned habits to their biologically predisposed behaviors. This is an example of
•latent learning.
•instinctive drift.
•the law of effect.
•spontaneous recovery.

Question 61

To get you to increase the frequency of your daily exercise,operant behavior specialists are most likely to recommend that you
•specify your exercise goals and inform some close friends of your goals.
•congratulate yourself even when you fail to fulfill your specific exercise goals.
•never reward yourself with a light snack after achieving specific exercise goals.
•avoid trying to keep track of exactly how much you have exercised in a specific weekly period.

Question 62

In teaching her son to play basketball,Mrs. Richards initially reinforces him with praise for simply dribbling while standing still,then only for walking while dribbling,and finally only for running while dribbling. She is using a procedure known as
•generalization.
•partial reinforcement.
•spontaneous recovery.
•shaping.

Question 63

Because she has oversight responsibility for the servicing and repair of her company's fleet of cars,Rhonda frequently calls the garage mechanic to inquire whether service on various cars has been completed. Because service completion times are unpredictable,she is likely to be reinforced with positive responses to her inquiries on a ________ schedule.
•fixed-interval
•variable-interval
•fixed-ratio
•variable-ratio

Question 64

The study of respondent behavior is to ________ as the study of operant behavior is to ________.
•Pavlov; Skinner
•Bandura; Skinner
•Skinner; Bandura
•Bandura; Pavlov

Question 65

Which of the following is LEAST likely to be considered an important component of effective student instruction involving the use of interactive software?
•respondent behavior
•immediate reinforcement
•operant behavior
•shaping

Question 66

Alex learned how to make 3-point basketball shots by successfully making very short shots before shooting from increasingly longer distances from the hoop. This learning strategy best illustrates the process of
•observational learning.
•delayed reinforcement.
•classical conditioning.
•shaping.

Question 67

A pigeon receives food for pecking a key,but only rarely and on unpredictable occasions. This best illustrates
•generalization.
•latent learning.
•partial reinforcement.
•higher-order conditioning.

Question 68

Both classical and operant conditioning are forms of
•associative learning.
•respondent behavior.
•observational learning.
•latent learning.

Question 69

For Vina,cigarettes reduce feelings of tension and anxiety. Because of her heavy smoking,however,she has a bad morning cough and breathing difficulties. How can the principles of operant conditioning help to explain the development and continuation of Vina's self-defeating smoking habit? Explain the extent to which the reinforcement for Vina's habit is positive or negative,primary or conditioned,immediate or delayed,partial or continuous.

Question 70

Matt regularly buckles his seat belt simply because it turns off the car's irritating warning buzzer. This best illustrates the value of
•respondent behavior.
•negative reinforcement.
•secondary reinforcement.
•spontaneous recovery.

Question 71

Punishment ________ the rate of operant responding,and negative reinforcement ________ the rate of operant responding.
•increases; decreases
•decreases; increases
•decreases; decreases
•has no effect on; has no effect on

Question 72

A learned association between a response and a consequence is central to
•operant conditioning.
•latent learning.
•classical conditioning.
•modeling.

Question 73

Mr. Byrne can't understand why scolding his seventh-grade students for disruptive classroom behaviors makes them more unruly. Explain Mr. Byrne's predicament in terms of operant conditioning principles. Show how he could use operant conditioning techniques to (a)reduce disruptive behaviors and (b)increase cooperative behaviors.

Question 74

If children get attention from their parents for doing cartwheels,they will repeat the trick in anticipation of more attention. This best illustrates
•spontaneous recovery.
•respondent behavior.
•operant conditioning.
•latent learning.

Question 75

A learned association between two stimuli is central to
•shaping.
•negative reinforcement.
•instinctive drift.
•classical conditioning.

Question 76

When grocery shopping with his mother,4-year-old Hakim sometimes throws temper tantrums if his mother refuses his requests for a particular snack food. Parent-training experts would suggest that his mother should
•threaten to punish Hakim if he continues his tantrums.
•offer to buy the snack food Hakim wants only if he quiets down and behaves himself.
•continue shopping while ignoring Hakim's tantrums.
•return any snack foods that are already in her cart to the store shelves.

Question 77

Airline frequent flyer programs that reward customers with a free flight after every 50,000 miles of travel illustrate the use of a ________ schedule of reinforcement.
•fixed-interval
•variable-interval
•fixed-ratio
•variable-ratio

Question 78

If the onset of a light reliably signals the onset of food,a rat in a Skinner box will work to turn on the light. In this case,the light is a ________ reinforcer.
•partial
•primary
•conditioned
•delayed

Question 79

A word of praise is to a soothing back rub as ________ is to ________.
•delayed reinforcer; immediate reinforcer
•operant conditioning; classical conditioning
•partial reinforcement; continuous reinforcement
•conditioned reinforcer; primary reinforcer

Question 80

Two years ago,the de Castellane Manufacturing Company included its employees in a profit-sharing plan in which workers receive semi-annual bonuses based on the company's profits. Since this plan was initiated,worker productivity at de Castellane has nearly doubled. This productivity increase is best explained in terms of
•latent learning.
•operant conditioning.
•classical conditioning.
•spontaneous recovery.