Deck 6: The Skeletal System: Axial Division

Question 1

Which of these is a skeletal disorder resulting from mutations in a gene that leads to the most common form of dwarfism?

A) osteomalacia and rickets
B) osteomyelitis
C) osteoporosis
D) achondroplasia
E) Pagetʹs disease

Answer 1

D

Question 2

Figure 6.1
Use the diagram above to answer the following questions.
Which letter indicates what is known, in a growing juvenile, as the epiphyseal plate?

A) A
B) B
C) C
D) D
E) E

Answer 2

C

Question 3

Figure 6.2
Use the diagram above to answer the following questions.
Which letter indicates the collagen fibers of the periosteum known as the perforating, or Sharpeyʹs, fibers?

A) A
B) B
C) C
D) D
E) E

Answer 3

C

Question 4

Figure 6.2
Use the diagram above to answer the following questions.
Which letter indicates the circumferential lamellae?

A) A
B) B
C) C
D) D
E) E

Question 5

Most bone disorders are characterized by bone loss; which of these diseases is characterized by excessive bone deposition?

A) osteomalacia and rickets
B) osteomyelitis
C) osteoporosis
D) achondroplasia
E) Pagetʹs disease

Question 6

Figure 6.2
Use the diagram above to answer the following questions.
Which letter indicates bone that is not arranged in osteons and is called spongy or trabecular bone?

A) A
B) B
C) C
D) D
E) E

Question 7

Figure 6.1
Use the diagram above to answer the following questions.
Which letter indicates the region of the long bone comprised of a network of trabecular plates?

A) A
B) B
C) C
D) D
E) E

Question 8

Which skeletal disorder is more common in older persons and has an abnormally high ratio of immature woven bone to mature compact bone?

A) osteomalacia and rickets
B) osteomyelitis
C) osteoporosis
D) achondroplasia
E) Pagetʹs disease

Question 9

Figure 6.2
Use the diagram above to answer the following questions.
Which letter indicates lamellae located outside the lamellae belonging to the osteon?

A) A
B) B
C) C
D) D
E) E

Question 10

Which of these results from a genetic mutation that leads to premature endochondral ossification before adult height can be reached?

A) osteomalacia and rickets
B) osteomyelitis
C) osteoporosis
D) achondroplasia
E) Pagetʹs disease

Question 11

Figure 6.1
Use the diagram above to answer the following questions.
Which letter indicates the region of a long bone that contains the medullary cavity?

A) A
B) B
C) C
D) D
E) E

Question 12

Figure 6.2
Use the diagram above to answer the following questions.
Which letter indicates the perforating, or Volkmannʹs canals which lie at right angles to central canals?

A) A
B) B
C) C
D) D
E) E

Question 13

Figure 6.1
Use the diagram above to answer the following questions.
Which letter indicates the region of a long bone that in an adult is filled with yellow bone marrow?

A) A
B) B
C) C
D) D
E) E

Question 14

What skeletal disease results from a bacterial infection of the bone and bone marrow?

A) osteomalacia and rickets
B) osteomyelitis
C) osteoporosis
D) achondroplasia
E) Pagetʹs disease

Question 15

Figure 6.2
Use the diagram above to answer the following questions.
Which letter indicates the space where microscopic blood vessels and nerves pass through the center of the osteon?

A) A
B) B
C) C
D) D
E) E

Question 16

Which of these would be characterized as a skeletal disorder resulting in weakened bones due to inadequate mineralization?

A) osteomalacia and rickets
B) osteomyelitis
C) osteoporosis
D) achondroplasia
E) Pagetʹs disease

Question 17

Which of these diseases is characterized by a pathological loss of bone density?

A) osteomalacia and rickets
B) osteomyelitis
C) osteoporosis
D) achondroplasia
E) Pagetʹs disease

Question 18

Which disease of the skeletal system is often associated with decreasing levels of estrogen, but may also result from inadequate weight-bearing exercise and nutritional deficiencies of calcium, vitamin D and protein?

A) osteomalacia and rickets
B) osteomyelitis
C) osteoporosis
D) achondroplasia
E) Pagetʹs disease

Question 19

Figure 6.1
Use the diagram above to answer the following questions.
Which letter indicates the region known as the epiphysis?

A) A
B) B
C) C
D) D
E) E

Question 20

What disease might result from a compound fracture of a bone?

A) osteomalacia and rickets
B) osteomyelitis
C) osteoporosis
D) achondroplasia
E) Pagetʹs disease

Question 21

Which of these diseases is more prevalent in children, and was exceedingly common in the United States and other industrialized nations before vitamin D was added to milk?

A) rickets
B) osteomyelitis
C) osteoporosis
D) achondroplasia
E) Pagetʹs disease

Question 22

Which of the following is the correct progression in the healing of a skeletal fracture?

A) hematoma, fibrocartilage callus, bony callus, bone remodeling
B) hematoma, bony callus, bone remodeling, fibrocartilage callus
C) fibrocartilage callus, bone remodeling, bony callus, hematoma
D) bone remodeling, bony callus, hematoma, fibrocartilage callus

Question 23

Osteoid is

A) the organic part of bone matrix prior to mineralization.
B) the mineral part of the bone matrix.
C) the entire extracellular matrix of bone.
D) secreted by osteocytes.

Question 24

In the bone matrix, osteoblasts become

A) osteocytes.
B) mesenchyme cells.
C) osteoclasts.
D) chondrocytes.

Question 25

Which of these diseases, if untreated could lead to excessively long epiphyses and bowed legs in children?

A) osteomalacia and rickets
B) osteomyelitis
C) osteoporosis
D) achondroplasia
E) Pagetʹs disease

Question 26

The kneecap, or patella, is an example of

A) an irregular bone.
B) a flat bone.
C) calcified cartilage.
D) a sesamoid bone.

Question 27

The type of cartilage that forms the long bones of the embryonic skeleton is

A) elastic cartilage.
B) calcified cartilage.
C) hyaline cartilage.
D) fibrocartilage.

Question 28

Which of the following statements about a long bone is false?

A) It has two distinct ends.
B) It is longer than it is wide.
C) It has a diaphysis.
D) It must be more than 5 inches in length.

Question 29

Blood vessels to the diaphysis move through the

A) epiphyseal plate.
B) nutrient foramen.
C) articular cartilage.
D) foramen magnum.

Question 30

The process of bone growth is regulated by several hormones throughout the lifetime of an individual. The hormone most influential in skeletal growth prior to adolescence is secreted from the

A) pancreas.
B) adrenal gland.
C) pituitary gland.
D) parathyroid gland.

Question 31

Which of these diseases can be treated by administering calcitonin and calcium supplements increased weight-bearing exercise and osteoclast-inhibiting drugs?

A) osteomalacia and rickets
B) osteomyelitis
C) osteoporosis
D) achondroplasia
E) Pagetʹs disease

Question 32

Bones in the wrists and ankles are

A) irregular bones.
B) flat bones.
C) short bones.
D) long bones.

Question 33

The continual process of bone resorption is under the control of the

A) pituitary gland.
B) adrenal gland.
C) pancreas.
D) parathyroid gland.

Question 34

Which of these is a congenital condition primarily affecting long bones?

A) osteomalacia and rickets
B) osteomyelitis
C) osteoporosis
D) achondroplasia
E) Pagetʹs disease

Question 35

Which of these skeletal disorders is characterized in the later stages by excessive rates of bone deposition, where medullary cavities may fill with bony matrix?

A) osteomalacia and rickets
B) osteomyelitis
C) osteoporosis
D) achondroplasia
E) Pagetʹs disease

Question 36

An incomplete, splintery fracture that occurs in the flexible bones of children is a(n) fracture.

A) epiphyseal
B) comminuted
C) greenstick
D) depressed

Question 37

In an adult, the perichondrium

A) produces new chondrocytes.
B) acts like a girdle to prevent matrix extrusion when cartilage is compressed.
C) binds the cartilage to adjacent bones.
D) inhibits growth and repair of cartilage.

Question 38

A disease that is characterized by excessive and abnormal remodeling of bone tissue and affects 3% of the elderly is

A) Pagetʹs disease.
B) osteomalacia.
C) osteosarcoma.
D) osteomyelitis.

Question 39

In which type of fracture does the bone fragment into three or more pieces?

A) spiral
B) greenstick
C) comminuted
D) epiphyseal

Question 40

A long bone that is fractured midshaft has damaged the

A) diaphysis.
B) epiphysis.
C) meniscus.
D) articular cartilage.

Question 41

If a bone located in a limb is longer than it is wide, that bone is a(n) bone.

A) short
B) flat
C) long
D) irregular

Question 42

An osteon is composed of

A) cartilage.
B) interstitial lamellae.
C) layers of bone lamellae surrounding a central canal.
D) a cell body and a long, threadlike extension.

Question 43

Osteoblasts probably originate directly from

A) mesenchyme cells.
B) osteoblasts.
C) blood stem cells.
D) osteocytes.

Question 44

Rickets most often results from a deficiency of vitamin

A) A.
B) B.
C) C.
D) D.

Question 45

Which term applies to a number of disorders in adults in which the bones are inadequately mineralized?

A) Pagetʹs disease
B) rickets
C) osteosarcoma
D) osteomalacia

Question 46

Cartilage repairs slowly after adolescence because

A) collagen synthesis ceases.
B) the perichondrium thickens, preventing diffusion of gasses and nutrients.
C) chondrocytes no longer are able to divide.
D) the cartilage matrix becomes mineralized.

Question 47

The type of cartilage that comprises the epiglottis is

A) calcified cartilage.
B) hyaline cartilage.
C) fibrocartilage.
D) elastic cartilage.

Question 48

Muscles are not likely to tear from their bones because

A) elastin fibers in the tendon can allow for stretching and recoil of the muscle.
B) perforating fibers of collagen attach the tendons and periosteum to the cortical surfaces of bone.
C) a circumferential lamella sandwiches the ends of the tendon onto the surface of an adjacent lamella.
D) the tendons are partially ossified at their attachment points to the periosteum.

Question 49

The cartilage of the epiphyseal plates is organized into zones based upon the unique processes occurring in each of these regions. Identify the correct sequence of these processes, from the epiphyseal end toward the diaphysis.

A) hypertrophy - growth - resting - calcification - ossification
B) resting - hypertrophy - growth - calcification - ossification
C) ossification - calcification - hypertrophy - growth - resting
D) calcification - hypertrophy - growth - resting - ossification

Question 50

In the repair of a simple fracture, the step that follows formation of a hematoma is

A) formation of fibrocartilaginous callus.
B) inflammation.
C) bone remodeling.
D) formation of a bony callus.

Question 51

A long bone is able to withstand extreme torsion or twisting stresses because

A) within each osteon the collagen fibers and mineral crystals in adjacent lamellae are aligned in opposite directions.
B) the bone is spongelike with many hollow spaces, such as the central and epiphyseal marrow cavities.
C) the internal and external surfaces are both covered in irregular connective tissue fibers.
D) the trabeculae of spongy bone are aligned along stress trajectories.

Question 52

Which type of fracture tends to occur where cartilage cells are dying and the matrix is calcifying?

A) comminuted
B) spiral
C) epiphyseal
D) greenstick

Question 53

A hormone that increases the bone-degrading activity of osteoclasts is

A) an androgen (male sex hormone).
B) thyroid hormone.
C) an estrogen (female sex hormone).
D) parathyroid hormone.

Question 54

Within a long bone of the skeleton, the circumferential lamellae are located in the

A) external and internal regions of compact bone.
B) marrow cavity.
C) osteons.
D) trabeculae.

Question 55

The only membrane bone that occurs inferior to the skull is the

A) rib.
B) sternum.
C) clavicle.
D) femur.

Question 56

The type of cartilage that forms the costal cartilages at the ends of the ribs is

A) calcified cartilage.
B) elastic cartilage.
C) hyaline cartilage.
D) fibrocartilage.

Question 57

The primary center of ossification

A) is in the epiphysis.
B) is in the diaphysis.
C) occurs in the 4-week embryo.
D) is in membrane bones but not in endochondral bones.

Question 58

If a bone is thin, flattened, and somewhat curved, that bone is a(n) bone.

A) irregular
B) long
C) short
D) flat

Question 59

What type of tissue is the embryonic precursor for long bones in the fetal skeleton?

A) hyaline cartilage
B) elastic connective tissue
C) dense connective tissue proper
D) fibrocartilage

Question 60

The type of cartilage that can withstand the strongest compression and tension forces is

A) elastic cartilage.
B) calcified cartilage.
C) hyaline cartilage.
D) fibrocartilage.

Question 61

Which factor will decrease the rate of bone resorption?

A) mechanical stress
B) prolonged bed rest
C) inadequate vitamin D intake
D) long zero-gravity exposure

Question 62

Which of the following is not a function of the bony skeleton?

A) transmission of muscular forces by acting as levers
B) support and protection
C) production of blood cells
D) storage of parathyroid hormone

Question 63

In growing cartilage, the chondroblasts associated with the perichondrium are responsible for

A) endochondral growth.
B) interstitial growth.
C) appositional growth.
D) calcification.

Question 64

The cell responsible for secreting the matrix of bone is the

A) chondrocyte.
B) osteoclast.
C) osteoblast.
D) chondroblast.

Question 65

In appositional growth, chondrocytes within cartilage divide and secrete new matrix.

Question 66

Microscopic inspection of hyaline cartilage would show prominent parallel bundles of collagen fibers.

Question 67

Cartilage is strong in resisting twisting and bending but weak in resisting tension and compression.

Question 68

Which statement about growth of long bones is false?

A) The bone cannot grow longer once the epiphyseal plates are ossified.
B) The epiphyses are pushed further from the center of the diaphysis.
C) The diaphysis becomes progressively thinner as the bone lengthens.
D) The epiphyseal plates remain a constant thickness during growth.

Question 69

The universal loss of skeletal mass that begins after age 40

A) is slower in women than in men.
B) is absolutely uniform throughout the skeleton.
C) is due to increased blood flow to bones as individuals age.
D) reflects an imbalance in the bone-remodeling process.

Question 70

Which of the following statements about woven bone is false?

A) It contains no trabeculae.
B) It is the same as spongy bone of adults.
C) As fetal development progresses, it is replaced by compact bone at the periphery.
D) It is characteristic of the development of embryonic flat bones.

Question 71

Which of the following is not present in the central canals of osteons?

A) endosteum
B) osteocytes
C) blood vessels
D) nerves

Question 72

The cell responsible for secreting the matrix of cartilage is the

A) chondroblast.
B) osteocyte.
C) osteoblast.
D) osteoclast.

Question 73

Which hormone is primarily responsible for bone matrix resorption rather than bone matrix deposition during puberty?

A) sex hormones
B) parathyroid hormone
C) growth hormone
D) thyroid hormone

Question 74

In an open reduction to repair a broken bone,

A) the ends are joined by pins or wires.
B) the ends are repositioned by physicianʹs hands.
C) the ends must have chips placed between them to bridge the gap.
D) the ends are close enough to allow them to heal together on their own.

Question 75

The benefits of weight-bearing exercise include stronger muscles

A) and stronger compact bone, but weaker spongy bone.
B) but weaker bones.
C) but bones of the same strength.
D) and stronger bones.

Question 76

As a person ages, some calcium phosphate crystals are deposited within cartilage, leading to a condition called calcified cartilage.

Question 77

Repair of a simple fracture begins with

A) inflammation and hematoma formation.
B) hyaline cartilage deposition.
C) granulation tissue formation.
D) calcification of dense connective tissue.

Question 78

A large, multinucleate cell with a ruffled border is an

A) osteoblast.
B) osteocyte.
C) adipocyte.
D) osteoclast.

Question 79

A fracture in which the bone breaks cleanly but does not penetrate the skin is a compound fracture.

Question 80

Which bone cell type secretes hydrochloric acid?

A) osteoprogenitor
B) osteoblast
C) osteoclast
D) osteocyte