Deck 11: Motivated Behaviors

Question 1

The fact that some people seek out and enjoy the opportunity to ride a roller coaster is best explained by the drive-reduction theory of motivation.

Answer 1

False

Question 2

A person who in general is sexually attracted to men is said to have a male gender identity.

Answer 2

False

Question 3

Psychologists used to think that bisexuality was just a temporary transition by someone switching between homosexual and heterosexual attraction.

Answer 3

True

Question 4

The Kinsey survey of human sexual behavior was given to such a large sample (about 18,000 respondents),the results are assumed to be representative of the population.

Question 5

The probability of a homosexual orientation is higher among monozygotic twins of adult homosexuals than among their fraternal twins.

Question 6

The causes of anorexia are currently unknown.

Question 7

Cases of bulimia have only been found in cultures that have a strong Western influence.

Question 8

Compared to adults,most children prefer to receive a smaller,immediate reward rather than a larger,delayed reward.

Question 9

Psychologists used to think that bisexuality was just a temporary transition by someone switching between homosexual and heterosexual attraction.

Question 10

A recent survey of 27,500 people from 30 countries found that sexual activity basically stops by about age 70.

Question 11

Contemporary surveys of sexual orientation find that about 10% of people have a homosexual (gay or lesbian)orientation.

Question 12

Abraham Maslow proposed that we resolve conflicts by a hierarchy of needs.

Question 13

Alice solves crossword puzzles because she enjoys the challenge and takes satisfaction from successfully completing a puzzle.Psychologists would describe Alice's behavior as extrinsically motivated.

Question 14

Insulin increases the flow of glucose and several other nutrients into body cells.

Question 15

Fat cells in your body release the hormone leptin,which signals your brain that you should stop eating.

Question 16

Wanda was born in the U.S.in 1960.Rhonda was born in the U.S.in 1985.Based on this information,psychologists would predict that Rhonda has a greater risk for developing bulimia in her lifetime than Wanda does.

Question 17

Motivation is the process that determines the reinforcement value of an outcome.

Question 18

Research indicates that people,on the average,eat more when they alone than they would eat with a group of friends.

Question 19

Emotional problems (such as anxiety and depression)are one of the leading causes of obesity.

Question 20

On the average,adult homosexual males have less testosterone than adult heterosexual males.

Question 21

____________________ controls the rate at which nutrients (such as glucose)leave the blood and enter the cells of the body.
insulin

Question 22

When people receive more extrinsic motivation than necessary to perform a task,their intrinsic motivation declines.This is called ____________________.
overjustification effect

Question 23

An area of the brain that is especially important in determining when to start and stop eating is the ____________________.
hypothalamus.

Question 24

A revised concept of homeostasis is ____________________,defined as maintaining levels of biological conditions that vary according to an individual's needs and circumstances.
allostasis

Question 25

Bulimics are most often ____________________ ,anorexics are most often ____________________.
female,female

Question 26

Job satisfaction is ____________________ correlated with job performance.
positively

Question 27

A man who has a homosexual orientation is most likely to have a brother who is also homosexual if that brother is ____________________.
a monozygotic twin

Question 28

According to Masters and Johnson,the first of the four physiological stages of sexual arousal is the ____________________ stage.
excitement

Question 29

Anorexia nervosa is far more likely to occur in ____________________ than in ____________________.
women,men

Question 30

Job satisfaction is heritable.

Question 31

An important source of energy for all parts of the body,and the main source of energy for the brain,is ____________________.
glucose

Question 32

Maintaining stability of temperature,body weight,body water,and other biological conditions is known as ____________________.
homeostasis

Question 33

An internally generated tendency toward vigorous activity is known as ____________________,an external stimulus that pulls us toward a particular activity is known as ____________________.
a drive,an incentive

Question 34

The pancreas secretes both ____________________,which promotes the movement of nutrients out of the blood and into the cells,and ____________________,which helps to convert stored supplies back into blood glucose.
insulin,glucagon

Question 35

A motivation to engage in an act for its own sake is called _________.
intrinsic motivation

Question 36

Someone who regards himself as a man and who prefers male sexual partners has a ____________________ gender identity.
male

Question 37

According to the research,the most effective goal is one that is high but realistic.

Question 38

Abraham Maslow proposed that we resolve conflicts by a ____________________,an organization from the most insistent needs to the ones that receive attention only when all others are under control.
hierarchy of needs

Question 39

The process that determines the reinforcement value of an outcome is called _____________________.
motivation

Question 40

Fructose tastes ____________________ than other sugars,so you need ____________________ calories of fructose to achieve the same taste.
sweeter,fewer

Question 41

Which of the following is a good example of an incentive?

A)the tendency to do whatever is necessary to maintain body temperature within narrow limits
B)the tendency for a person with unacceptable sexual impulses to engage in some nonsexual behavior instead
C)the tendency to do little or nothing immediately after a large meal
D)the tendency of a non-hungry person to eat a very attractive and tasty food

Question 42

Which of the following is the clearest example of a homeostatic motivation?

A)self-actualization
B)fear of failure
C)temperature regulation
D)desire to succeed

Question 43

Maintaining stability of temperature,body weight,body water,and other biological conditions is known as

A)homeostasis.
B)libido.
C)intrinsic motivation.
D)sensation-seeking.

Question 44

The process that determines the reinforcement value of an outcome is called

A)energization.
B)homeostasis.
C)overjustification.
D)motivation.

Question 45

Research suggests that there are different types of psychological factors that arouse individuals to act towards meeting a desired goal.Psychologists distinguish between intrinsic and extrinsic motivations.Define intrinsic and extrinsic motivation and give an example of each type of motivation in the context of reading a book.

Question 46

Eating may be affected by a number of factors,such as appetite,food portions,and cultural practices.Eating disorders,however,involve more extreme disturbances in eating behavior,such as unhealthy reduction of calories or extreme anxiety concerning weight.Two eating disorders presented in your text are anorexia nervosa and bulimia.Briefly describe each of these disorders.

Question 47

Shelley is trying to lose some weight before Spring Break.She is reading her textbook trying to figure out what the keys are for successfully meeting her goal.What conditions would Shelley need to consider in order to increase the likelihood of meeting her goal?

Question 48

Which of the following is an example of motivation as described in drive reduction theory?

A)the desire to ride a roller coaster
B)the enjoyment of painting or other creative activity
C)an interest in trying unfamiliar foods just for variety
D)the desire to remove a painful splinter

Question 49

Although motivation can be difficult to define,your text defines motivation as

A)an unseen force that propels into action.
B)whatever makes our behavior more vigorous and energetic.
C)the process that determines the reinforcement value of an outcome.
D)something that activates and directs behavior.

Question 50

Like many other important concepts in psychology,motivation is difficult to understand.There are four theories of motivation described in your text.Select two of the theories and briefly describe the views proposed in the theories.

Question 51

Which of the following facts tends to contradict the drive theory of motivation?

A)An individual who has just completed a meal will rest before engaging in any other activity.
B)Hormones can increase the activity of certain parts of the brain.
C)People sometimes try to increase their level of stimulation.
D)An individual who cannot engage in his or her preferred activity at a given moment may substitute some other activity.

Question 52

According to the drive theory of motivation,what does a motivation do?

A)It energizes unconscious processes that pull us closer to our goal.
B)It changes a person's preferences among possible outcomes.
C)It stimulates the particular muscles that are necessary to carry out a particular behavior.
D)It makes behavior more vigorous until it satisfies some need.

Question 53

An internally generated tendency toward vigorous activity is known as __________;an external stimulus that pulls us toward a particular activity is known as __________.

A)sensation-seeking...homeostasis
B)a primary motivation...a secondary motivation
C)a drive...an incentive
D)an incentive...a drive

Question 54

Human motivated behavior is unlike the homeostatic action of a home thermostat control in that

A)only the thermostat works to maintain an optimal level.
B)only people act to raise levels that fall below homeostatic balance.
C)only thermostats act to raise levels that fall below homeostatic balance.
D)people anticipate future needs,as well as maintain current homeostasis.

Question 55

Researchers have many reasons for inquiring about the frequency of various sexual behaviors.The main method that researchers utilize is surveys.Describe the advantage between contemporary surveys compared to Kinsey's original survey.Explain one of the main limitations of both the Kinsey survey and contemporary surveys.

Question 56

The difference between the drive theory of motivation and the incentive theory is similar to the difference between

A)software and hardware.
B)eating and digestion.
C)mind and body.
D)push and pull.

Question 57

Homeostasis refers to:

A)a kind of sexual energy
B)maintenance of an optimum level of biological conditions
C)sensation-seeking
D)engaging in an act for its own sake,without any external reward

Question 58

The definition of motivation emphasizes the close relationship between motivation and:

A)intelligence.
B)conscious awareness.
C)the unconscious.
D)learning.

Question 59

Which of the following best supports an incentive view of motivation?

A)a hungry mouse runs to the end of a maze to get food
B)a thirsty child turns on the garden hose to get water
C)a woman eats a piece of birthday cake although she is not hungry
D)a wildcat licks its paw to remove a thorn

Question 60

A motivation is regarded as homeostatic if

A)the individual develops the drive as a result of learning.
B)it occurs only on rare occasions.
C)the individual maintains some variable around a constant value.
D)it is at or near the highest level of Maslow's hierarchy of needs

Question 61

Motivation based on the rewards and punishments that an act may bring is called?

A)homeostasis.
B)intrinsic motivation.
C)drive reduction.
D)extrinsic motivation.

Question 62

Which of the following is an example of a behavior motivated by an extrinsic motivation?

A)working for pay at a grocery store
B)riding a roller coaster
C)reading a novel that was not assigned for class
D)going for a long walk

Question 63

One way of stating the overjustification effect is that

A)an event that leads indirectly to the satisfaction of biological needs can eventually become a motivator.
B)when the normal way of expressing a motivation is blocked,the energy associated with it will spill over into other activities.
C)people who have done something because of extrinsic motivations no longer do them because of intrinsic motivations.
D)people can engage in a particular activity,such as eating,because of incentives,even if they have no drive at the moment.

Question 64

Drive theories disagree with incentive theories of motivation with regard to how they answer the following question:

A)Are all motivations equally strong or do some take priority over others?
B)Are the motivations of humans fundamentally similar to or different from the motivations of other species?
C)Does motivation depend on factors within the individual or on stimuli from the environment?
D)Are some people more motivated than others are because of differences in heredity or differences in environment?

Question 65

At the apex of Maslow's hierarchy is the need for

A)will to meaning.
B)will to power.
C)drive to succeed.
D)self-actualization.

Question 66

Suppose Shyla enjoys playing video games.If we start paying her substantial amounts to play more frequently,she may come to enjoy it less.This phenomenon is known as the:

A)overjustification effect.
B)opponent-process effect.
C)Zeigarnik effect.
D)von Restorff effect.

Question 67

Chuck's parents want him to learn to enjoy reading.Many psychologists would advise them not to pay him large rewards for reading.Why?

A)it interferes with his delay of gratification
B)externality hypothesis
C)homeostasis
D)overjustification effect

Question 68

According to Maslow's hierarchy of needs,you satisfy your lower needs

A)while satisfying your higher needs.
B)before moving on to your higher needs.
C)after moving on to your higher needs.
D)before moving on to your middle needs.

Question 69

Which of the following is an example of an intrinsic motivation?

A)writing a story just for the fun of it
B)writing a story to submit to a magazine for pay
C)writing a story because your instructor requires you to write it
D)writing a story to submit for a competition

Question 70

A monkey goes through several steps to open a box containing nothing,just for the fun of opening it.This is an example of

A)secondary motivation.
B)homeostasis.
C)extrinsic motivation.
D)intrinsic motivation.

Question 71

A motivation to engage in an act for its own sake is called?

A)extrinsic motivation.
B)intrinsic motivation.
C)drive enhancement.
D)homeostasis.

Question 72

A fifth-grader has just learned how to do some simple programming on her dad's computer.Now,her class at school is learning programming and she gets gold stars for doing well.If the overjustification effect occurs,what is likely to happen this summer when she no longer gets stars for programming?

A)She will not work as hard as she did before she received the reward.
B)She will continue at about the same rate as before she was rewarded.
C)She will work harder than before she received the reward.
D)She will only work hard if there is a bigger reward later on.

Question 73

Bobby's parents want him to stop drawing on the walls.So for a few weeks they pay him to draw on the walls,then stop paying him.Sure enough,when they stop paying,he stops drawing.Which principle did his parents make use of?

A)homeostasis
B)Maslow's hierarchy of needs
C)overjustification effect
D)externality hypothesis

Question 74

Playing the piano for the fun of it is an example of __________;playing the piano because one is being paid is an example of __________.

A)extrinsic motivation...intrinsic motivation
B)intrinsic motivation...extrinsic motivation
C)drive...homeostasis
D)homeostasis...drive

Question 75

Betsy used to paint as a hobby.Now that she has become a professional portrait painter,she no longer enjoys painting during her spare time.This change in her motivations is an example of

A)the overjustification effect.
B)homeostasis.
C)self-actualization.
D)the externality hypothesis.

Question 76

Subjects in group A play a game for intrinsic motivations only.Subjects in group B are provided with extrinsic motivations as well.Then both groups are given a chance to play the game for only intrinsic motivations.What will probably happen?

A)Subjects in group A will be more interested in playing.
B)Subjects in group B will be more interested in playing.
C)Both groups will be equally and highly interested in playing.
D)Neither group will be interested in playing.

Question 77

One criticism of Maslow's hierarchy theory is that it

A)is to general.
B)is culture-specific.
C)is not relevant.
D)has to many levels.

Question 78

Abraham Maslow proposed that we resolve conflicts by a:

A)will to meaning
B)will to power
C)drive to succeed
D)hierarchy of needs

Question 79

For many people,the main motivation for certain behaviors (such as painting graffiti on walls)is "showing off." If someone now provides a small payment for the same behavior,the person's desire to do the behavior may actually decrease.The decreased motivation is an example of the

A)externality hypothesis.
B)overjustification effect.
C)principle of homeostasis.
D)hierarchy of needs.

Question 80

Which of the following is probably an example of the overjustification effect?

A)Professional tennis players do not like to play tennis in their spare time.
B)Workers who are promised a bonus for increasing their productivity work harder than do workers who are not offered a bonus.
C)Children who are punished for touching the stove are more likely to quit touching it if the parents explain why they punished the children.
D)People who are trying to lose weight but who have just violated their diet are likely to overeat during the later meals of the day as well.