New Worldviews and Ways of Life, 1540-1790 Flashcards

Question

Isaac Newton's theories were based on the principle that the motions of the universe could be explained through which of the following?

A) Alchemy
B) Faith
C) Mathematics
D) Music

Use Space or

to flip the card.

Question

Which two men are generally given credit for creating the modern scientific method?

A) Johannes Kepler and Francis Bacon
B) Nicolaus Copernicus and Galileo Galilei
C) John Locke and Tycho Brahe
D) René Descartes and Francis Bacon

Question

How did humanists of the fifteenth century help provide a foundation for the Scientific Revolution?

A) They rejected Greek ideas and learning to make a break with the past.
B) They established the world's first universities.
C) They emphasized the value of acquiring practical knowledge.
D) They focused on the physical nature of the universe.

Question

World exploration in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries encouraged new knowledge by creating new instruments of navigation, including what new invention?

A) The astrolabe
B) The telescope
C) Maps
D) The compass

Question

How did Johannes Kepler refine the Copernican model of the solar system?

A) He added epicycles and mini-epicycles to orbits.
B) He compared it to a clockwork machine.
C) He hypothesized elliptical orbits for the planets.
D) He proved that planets orbit at a uniform speed.

Question

Tycho Brahe is best known for which of the following?

A) His discovery of Pluto and its moons
B) His mathematical genius in star mapping
C) His improvement of the astronomical telescope
D) His massive collection of astronomical data

Question

How did Andreas Vesalius use the experimental approach in medicine?

A) He tested various chemical effects on illness.
B) He studied anatomy by dissecting human bodies.
C) He exposed human subjects to various illnesses to measure their effects.
D) He undertook experiments to discover the basic elements of nature.

Question

What was Copernicus's primary reason for rejecting the Ptolemaic model of the solar system?

A) Galileo's observations demonstrated its inaccuracy.
B) He felt that it was too unwieldy to be part of God's harmonious creation.
C) He considered Ptolemy's ideas to be too dated to be of use.
D) Kepler's observations of stars convinced Copernicus they did not travel as Aristotle theorized.

Question

The work of which ancient Greek scholar laid the foundation for early modern knowledge about the earth?

A) Ptolemy
B) Hippocrates
C) Thucydides
D) Herodotus

Question

The key feature of Newton's most important work was the law of

A) planetary motion.
B) action and reaction.
C) reciprocity.
D) universal gravitation.

Question

Which of these was one of Galileo Galilei's greatest achievements?

A) The formulation of the first heliocentric model of the universe
B) The formulation of the first geocentric model of the universe
C) The discovery of the moons of Jupiter
D) The discovery of the planet Pluto

Question

One of the innovations of the medieval university was the introduction of algebra originally created by whom?

A) Franciscan friars
B) Ancient Greeks
C) Arabic and Persian mathematicians
D) Hellenistic-era Egyptians

Question

Copernicus feared his hypothesis that the earth rotated around the sun would draw the sharpest criticism from whom?

A) Catholics
B) Muslims
C) Astronomers
D) Jews

Question

Who proposed the first great departure from the Aristotelian view of the universe?

A) Thomas Aquinas
B) Galileo Galilei
C) Johannes Kepler
D) Nicolaus Copernicus

Question

How did Galileo help prove Copernicus's theories true?

A) He discovered that planets had elliptical orbits.
B) He discovered that objects at rest tended to stay at rest.
C) He discovered that Jupiter had at least four moons.
D) He discovered that all objects move in perfect movements.

Question

According to Galen's theory of the four humors, what caused bodily illness?

A) An imbalance among the humors
B) Too much black bile
C) When one humor was removed from the body
D) The action of gravity on the humors

Question

What does Galileo's law of inertia state?

A) That motion, not rest, is the natural state of an object
B) That the heavier an object is, the more time it takes to speed up and slow down
C) That all objects will stop once the external force pushing them stops
D) That an object's density of mass determines the speed at which it will move

Question

Johannes Kepler was the assistant of what famous astronomer?

A) Tycho Brahe
B) Nicolaus Copernicus
C) Galileo Galilei
D) Isaac Newton

Question

According to the Aristotelian view of the universe,

A) heaven was only a spiritual imagining.
B) the earth was motionless.
C) the earth was composed of hundreds of unchangeable elements.
D) the sun, earth, and all stars moved around each other in perfect circles.

Question

Which of the following did empiricism emphasize?

A) The use of deductive reasoning
B) Reliance on the authority of other scientists
C) Acquiring evidence through observation and experimentation
D) Proof through mathematical equations

Question

The Scientific Revolution's enthusiasm to classify and "order" nature led to a new practice of grouping people by what?

A) Race
B) Nationality
C) Political affiliations
D) Cultural distinctions

Question

Many Enlightenment thinkers believed which of the following?

A) That ordinary people could not improve their lives
B) That faith was meaningless to an enlightened person
C) That the methods of science should be used to examine all aspects of life
D) That those in power would always resist progressive change

Question

Which of the following did the German philosopher Immanuel Kant argue was fundamental to the success of the Enlightenment?

A) Individuals should not have to obey laws that are unjust.
B) Individuals must have the right to full and total free speech.
C) Serious thinkers must have the freedom to exercise their reason publicly in print.
D) Only through revolution could meaningful change be effected.

Question

What was Frederick the Great's attitude toward religion?

A) He promoted Lutheranism.
B) He persecuted Jews.
C) He objected to private prayer.
D) He was tolerant of individual beliefs.

Question

What did Jean-Jacques Rousseau say about women in regard to their role in society?

A) That they were naturally passive and should stay at home and care for the children
B) That they should be better educated about politics
C) That they made natural leaders in the home and in public
D) That they made important contributions to the Enlightenment

Question

Who was tried for heresy in 1633 for defending Copernicus and the heliocentric theory?

A) Kepler
B) Galileo
C) Newton
D) Brahe

Question

Based on the evidence in this mMap 19.1, "The Partition of Poland, 1772-1795," what was one of the consequences of Poland's partition?

A) Poland ceased to exist as an independent nation.
B) Russia gained access to the Black Sea.
C) Russia ceded the Pale of Settlement to Austria.
D) Austria gained long-desired access to the Baltic Sea via Danzig.

Question

What policy of Peter the Great did Catherine the Great of Russia try to continue?

A) Reforming serfdom by allowing more economic freedom
B) Bringing western European culture to Russia
C) Bringing the concept of legal reforms to the nobility
D) Bringing women into the Russian education system

Question

Locke's ideas about how the human mind learns are based on the theory of which of the following?

A) Experience
B) Deductive reasoning
C) Speculative reasoning
D) The law of universal motion

Question

Who put the works of Copernicus and Kepler on a list of forbidden books in 1616?

A) The Holy Roman emperor
B) Lutheran authorities
C) The University of Paris
D) The Holy Office of the Catholic Church

Question

Which Enlightenment thinker argued in favor of separating and sharing political power?

A) Voltaire
B) Baron de Montesquieu
C) Madame du Châtelet
D) John Locke

Question

What was the Pugachev Rebellion of 1733?

A) A Croat insurrection against Austrian rule
B) A noble plot against Catherine the Great
C) An insurrection of Russian serfs against Catherine the Great
D) A Polish rebellion against foreign rule

Question

Baruch Spinoza believed that God was the same thing as which of the following?

A) Humanity
B) Mathematics
C) The sun
D) Nature

Question

Rousseau's Social Contract was based on what two fundamental concepts?

A) Popular sovereignty and unrestrained democracy
B) One man, one vote and restrained democracy
C) The general will and popular sovereignty
D) Rule by majority and one man, one vote

Question

What did John Locke claim in his Essay Concerning Human Understanding?

A) That sovereign authority rests in the hands of the people
B) That all people are born with certain ideas and ways of thinking
C) That all ideas are derived from experience
D) That people are born corrupt and society must reeducate them

Question

Which of these was Montesquieu's most famous work?

A) Principia
B) Candide
C) The Encyclopedia
D) The Spirit of the Laws

Question

Voltaire thought that ordinary men

A) needed to be educated for democracy to work.
B) needed to study England's social system.
C) should overthrow the French monarchy.
D) were incapable of governing themselves.

Question

What did David Hume believe about ideas?

A) They can be proved or disproved based on faith.
B) They are the same for everyone regardless of experience.
C) They originate only in the mind of God.
D) They can only reflect one's sensory experience.

Question

How did the German thinker Gottfried Leibniz perceive God and the world?

A) He believed the two to be a harmonious and divine plan.
B) He believed God created an evil world to compensate for man's original sin.
C) He believed the two should be separated.
D) He believed that God never interferes in human affairs.

Question

Women were closely associated with the rise of what literary genre?

A) Novels
B) Plays
C) Satires
D) Encyclopedias

Question

In what way does this illustration reflect the intellectual change fostered by the Scientific Revolution?

A) It depicts the view held by such people as Jean-Jacques Rousseau that females should take equal part in scientific pursuits.
B) It debunks the long-held Aristotelian argument that the earth was at the center of the universe.
C) It reinforces the Aristotelian belief that the earth was the center of the universe.
D) It depicts the widely held belief that the pursuit of science should be a leisurely exercise as opposed to a serious scholarly endeavor.

Question

What were Voltaire's religious views, and what influenced them?

Question

How did reading habits change during the Enlightenment? What were some of the causes of those changes?

Question

Compare how Johannes Kepler and Galileo Galilei proved the heliocentric theory of Copernicus to be true.

Question

Creole refers to people of Spanish ancestry born

A) in Spain or Portugal.
B) at sea, on the way to America.
C) to merchant parents.
D) in the Americas.

Question

How and why did the philosophes popularize the new worldview that was constructed by the new sciences?

Question

Based on this illustration of an Enlightenment-era salon, in what way did Madame Geoffrin flout the gender norms of her day, such as those advocated by Jean-Jacques Rousseau?

A) She appears as a rather passive participant in an age when most people believed women should actively engage in intellectual pursuits.
B) She is facilitating the salon, which Rousseau and others believed was an unnatural role for women.
C) Her expression and posture suggest that her views diverged widely from those of her male counterparts.
D) Her manner of dress suggests that she continued to adhere to the outdated notion that a woman's primary role was to attract male sexual desire.

Question

The consumer revolution came about in part because of

A) cheap reproductions and colonial trade.
B) Europe's long-reigning technological superiority.
C) women's natural desire to acquire more goods.
D) high tariffs and mercantilism.

Question

Based on the evidence in Map 19.2, "The Atlantic Economy, 1701," slaves were an integral part in the production of which trade good?

A) Spices
B) Gold
C) Furs
D) Sugar

Question

What factors, both cultural and technical, encouraged the Scientific Revolution?

Question

What was an important result of the Pugachev Rebellion?

A) Catherine initiated modest reform of the feudal system.
B) Catherine gave the nobles more power over their serfs.
C) Catherine abolished serfdom and granted former serfs free land.
D) Catherine divided and weakened the power of the nobles.

Question

The flow of products between which regions, as illustrated in Map 19.2, "The Atlantic Economy," was part of the so-called "triangle trade" between which countries?

A) South America, North America, and the Philippines
B) Europe, Africa, South America, and Asia
C) Europe, Africa, the Americas
D) Africa, South America, the Philippines, and Asia

Question

What was Catherine the Great's most significant territorial triumph?

A) The annexation of Turkey
B) The seizure of Silesia
C) The annexation of Siberia
D) The partition of Poland

Question

Both Francis Bacon and René Descartes were needed for the development of the modern scientific method. How did they contribute to that idea, and what are the flaws in their theories?

Question

Which enlightened ruler abolished serfdom?

A) Frederick II
B) Joseph II
C) Louis XIV
D) Maria Theresa

Question

What did Adam Smith argue in his An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations?

Question

What was the consumer revolution, and what products did it include?

Question

How did the Encyclopedia reflect the new worldview of the Enlightenment?

Question

What role did patronage play in the Scientific Revolution and Enlightenment?

Question

The Haskalah movement advocated for which of the following?

A) Religious freedom and civil rights for European Jews
B) More education for women
C) Political freedom for serfs
D) Moving the Jews of Europe to a new land

Question

Describe the factors that link the Scientific Revolution and the Enlightenment. Why are they so often taught together?

Question

Use the following to answer questions :
salons

A)The idea that the sun, not the earth, was the center of the universe.
B)A law formulated by Galileo stating that motion, not rest, is the natural state of an object and that an object continues in motion forever unless stopped by some external force.
C)Newton's law that all objects are attracted to one another and that the force of attraction is proportional to the object's quantity of matter and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them.
D)A theory of inductive reasoning that calls for acquiring evidence through observation and experimentation rather than reason and speculation.
E)An intellectual and cultural movement in late-seventeenth- and eighteenth-century Europe and the wider world that used rational and critical thinking to debate issues such as political sovereignty, religious tolerance, gender roles, and racial difference.
F)An idea, espoused by John Locke, that all human ideas and thoughts are produced as a result of sensory impressions.
G)A group of French intellectuals who proclaimed that they were bringing the light of knowledge to their fellow humans.
H)Belief in a distant, noninterventionist deity, shared by many Enlightenment thinkers.
I)A concept associated with Rousseau, referring to the common interests of all the people, who have displaced the monarch as the holder of sovereign power.
J)The theory, associated with Adam Smith, that the pursuit of self-interest in a competitive market would lead to rising prosperity and greater social equality, rendering government intervention unnecessary and undesirable.
K)Term coined by historians to describe the rule of eighteenth-century monarchs who, without renouncing their own absolute authority, took up the call to reform their governments in accordance with the rational and humane principles of the Enlightenment.
L)A Jewish Enlightenment movement led by Prussian philosopher Moses Mendelssohn.
M)The controversial process of fencing off common land to create privately owned fields that increased agricultural production at the cost of reducing poor farmers' access to land.
N)Manufacturing with hand tools in peasant dwellings and work sheds, a form of economic activity that became important in eighteenth-century Europe.
O)An idealized intellectual space that emerged in Europe during the Enlightenment. Here, the public came together to discuss important social, economic, and political issues.
P)Regular social gatherings held by talented and rich Parisian women in their homes, where philosophes and their followers met to discuss literature, science, and philosophy.

Question

Use the following to answer questions :
general will

A)The idea that the sun, not the earth, was the center of the universe.
B)A law formulated by Galileo stating that motion, not rest, is the natural state of an object and that an object continues in motion forever unless stopped by some external force.
C)Newton's law that all objects are attracted to one another and that the force of attraction is proportional to the object's quantity of matter and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them.
D)A theory of inductive reasoning that calls for acquiring evidence through observation and experimentation rather than reason and speculation.
E)An intellectual and cultural movement in late-seventeenth- and eighteenth-century Europe and the wider world that used rational and critical thinking to debate issues such as political sovereignty, religious tolerance, gender roles, and racial difference.
F)An idea, espoused by John Locke, that all human ideas and thoughts are produced as a result of sensory impressions.
G)A group of French intellectuals who proclaimed that they were bringing the light of knowledge to their fellow humans.
H)Belief in a distant, noninterventionist deity, shared by many Enlightenment thinkers.
I)A concept associated with Rousseau, referring to the common interests of all the people, who have displaced the monarch as the holder of sovereign power.
J)The theory, associated with Adam Smith, that the pursuit of self-interest in a competitive market would lead to rising prosperity and greater social equality, rendering government intervention unnecessary and undesirable.
K)Term coined by historians to describe the rule of eighteenth-century monarchs who, without renouncing their own absolute authority, took up the call to reform their governments in accordance with the rational and humane principles of the Enlightenment.
L)A Jewish Enlightenment movement led by Prussian philosopher Moses Mendelssohn.
M)The controversial process of fencing off common land to create privately owned fields that increased agricultural production at the cost of reducing poor farmers' access to land.
N)Manufacturing with hand tools in peasant dwellings and work sheds, a form of economic activity that became important in eighteenth-century Europe.
O)An idealized intellectual space that emerged in Europe during the Enlightenment. Here, the public came together to discuss important social, economic, and political issues.
P)Regular social gatherings held by talented and rich Parisian women in their homes, where philosophes and their followers met to discuss literature, science, and philosophy.

Question

Use the following to answer questions :
philosophes

A)The idea that the sun, not the earth, was the center of the universe.
B)A law formulated by Galileo stating that motion, not rest, is the natural state of an object and that an object continues in motion forever unless stopped by some external force.
C)Newton's law that all objects are attracted to one another and that the force of attraction is proportional to the object's quantity of matter and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them.
D)A theory of inductive reasoning that calls for acquiring evidence through observation and experimentation rather than reason and speculation.
E)An intellectual and cultural movement in late-seventeenth- and eighteenth-century Europe and the wider world that used rational and critical thinking to debate issues such as political sovereignty, religious tolerance, gender roles, and racial difference.
F)An idea, espoused by John Locke, that all human ideas and thoughts are produced as a result of sensory impressions.
G)A group of French intellectuals who proclaimed that they were bringing the light of knowledge to their fellow humans.
H)Belief in a distant, noninterventionist deity, shared by many Enlightenment thinkers.
I)A concept associated with Rousseau, referring to the common interests of all the people, who have displaced the monarch as the holder of sovereign power.
J)The theory, associated with Adam Smith, that the pursuit of self-interest in a competitive market would lead to rising prosperity and greater social equality, rendering government intervention unnecessary and undesirable.
K)Term coined by historians to describe the rule of eighteenth-century monarchs who, without renouncing their own absolute authority, took up the call to reform their governments in accordance with the rational and humane principles of the Enlightenment.
L)A Jewish Enlightenment movement led by Prussian philosopher Moses Mendelssohn.
M)The controversial process of fencing off common land to create privately owned fields that increased agricultural production at the cost of reducing poor farmers' access to land.
N)Manufacturing with hand tools in peasant dwellings and work sheds, a form of economic activity that became important in eighteenth-century Europe.
O)An idealized intellectual space that emerged in Europe during the Enlightenment. Here, the public came together to discuss important social, economic, and political issues.
P)Regular social gatherings held by talented and rich Parisian women in their homes, where philosophes and their followers met to discuss literature, science, and philosophy.

Question

How did categories and theories about race change in the colonies of the eighteenth century? In what ways did the new ideas of the Scientific Revolution or Enlightenment influence the new understandings about race?

Question

Use the following to answer questions :
deism

A)The idea that the sun, not the earth, was the center of the universe.
B)A law formulated by Galileo stating that motion, not rest, is the natural state of an object and that an object continues in motion forever unless stopped by some external force.
C)Newton's law that all objects are attracted to one another and that the force of attraction is proportional to the object's quantity of matter and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them.
D)A theory of inductive reasoning that calls for acquiring evidence through observation and experimentation rather than reason and speculation.
E)An intellectual and cultural movement in late-seventeenth- and eighteenth-century Europe and the wider world that used rational and critical thinking to debate issues such as political sovereignty, religious tolerance, gender roles, and racial difference.
F)An idea, espoused by John Locke, that all human ideas and thoughts are produced as a result of sensory impressions.
G)A group of French intellectuals who proclaimed that they were bringing the light of knowledge to their fellow humans.
H)Belief in a distant, noninterventionist deity, shared by many Enlightenment thinkers.
I)A concept associated with Rousseau, referring to the common interests of all the people, who have displaced the monarch as the holder of sovereign power.
J)The theory, associated with Adam Smith, that the pursuit of self-interest in a competitive market would lead to rising prosperity and greater social equality, rendering government intervention unnecessary and undesirable.
K)Term coined by historians to describe the rule of eighteenth-century monarchs who, without renouncing their own absolute authority, took up the call to reform their governments in accordance with the rational and humane principles of the Enlightenment.
L)A Jewish Enlightenment movement led by Prussian philosopher Moses Mendelssohn.
M)The controversial process of fencing off common land to create privately owned fields that increased agricultural production at the cost of reducing poor farmers' access to land.
N)Manufacturing with hand tools in peasant dwellings and work sheds, a form of economic activity that became important in eighteenth-century Europe.
O)An idealized intellectual space that emerged in Europe during the Enlightenment. Here, the public came together to discuss important social, economic, and political issues.
P)Regular social gatherings held by talented and rich Parisian women in their homes, where philosophes and their followers met to discuss literature, science, and philosophy.

Question

Use the following to answer questions :
public sphere

A)The idea that the sun, not the earth, was the center of the universe.
B)A law formulated by Galileo stating that motion, not rest, is the natural state of an object and that an object continues in motion forever unless stopped by some external force.
C)Newton's law that all objects are attracted to one another and that the force of attraction is proportional to the object's quantity of matter and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them.
D)A theory of inductive reasoning that calls for acquiring evidence through observation and experimentation rather than reason and speculation.
E)An intellectual and cultural movement in late-seventeenth- and eighteenth-century Europe and the wider world that used rational and critical thinking to debate issues such as political sovereignty, religious tolerance, gender roles, and racial difference.
F)An idea, espoused by John Locke, that all human ideas and thoughts are produced as a result of sensory impressions.
G)A group of French intellectuals who proclaimed that they were bringing the light of knowledge to their fellow humans.
H)Belief in a distant, noninterventionist deity, shared by many Enlightenment thinkers.
I)A concept associated with Rousseau, referring to the common interests of all the people, who have displaced the monarch as the holder of sovereign power.
J)The theory, associated with Adam Smith, that the pursuit of self-interest in a competitive market would lead to rising prosperity and greater social equality, rendering government intervention unnecessary and undesirable.
K)Term coined by historians to describe the rule of eighteenth-century monarchs who, without renouncing their own absolute authority, took up the call to reform their governments in accordance with the rational and humane principles of the Enlightenment.
L)A Jewish Enlightenment movement led by Prussian philosopher Moses Mendelssohn.
M)The controversial process of fencing off common land to create privately owned fields that increased agricultural production at the cost of reducing poor farmers' access to land.
N)Manufacturing with hand tools in peasant dwellings and work sheds, a form of economic activity that became important in eighteenth-century Europe.
O)An idealized intellectual space that emerged in Europe during the Enlightenment. Here, the public came together to discuss important social, economic, and political issues.
P)Regular social gatherings held by talented and rich Parisian women in their homes, where philosophes and their followers met to discuss literature, science, and philosophy.

Question

Use the following to answer questions :
sensationalism

A)The idea that the sun, not the earth, was the center of the universe.
B)A law formulated by Galileo stating that motion, not rest, is the natural state of an object and that an object continues in motion forever unless stopped by some external force.
C)Newton's law that all objects are attracted to one another and that the force of attraction is proportional to the object's quantity of matter and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them.
D)A theory of inductive reasoning that calls for acquiring evidence through observation and experimentation rather than reason and speculation.
E)An intellectual and cultural movement in late-seventeenth- and eighteenth-century Europe and the wider world that used rational and critical thinking to debate issues such as political sovereignty, religious tolerance, gender roles, and racial difference.
F)An idea, espoused by John Locke, that all human ideas and thoughts are produced as a result of sensory impressions.
G)A group of French intellectuals who proclaimed that they were bringing the light of knowledge to their fellow humans.
H)Belief in a distant, noninterventionist deity, shared by many Enlightenment thinkers.
I)A concept associated with Rousseau, referring to the common interests of all the people, who have displaced the monarch as the holder of sovereign power.
J)The theory, associated with Adam Smith, that the pursuit of self-interest in a competitive market would lead to rising prosperity and greater social equality, rendering government intervention unnecessary and undesirable.
K)Term coined by historians to describe the rule of eighteenth-century monarchs who, without renouncing their own absolute authority, took up the call to reform their governments in accordance with the rational and humane principles of the Enlightenment.
L)A Jewish Enlightenment movement led by Prussian philosopher Moses Mendelssohn.
M)The controversial process of fencing off common land to create privately owned fields that increased agricultural production at the cost of reducing poor farmers' access to land.
N)Manufacturing with hand tools in peasant dwellings and work sheds, a form of economic activity that became important in eighteenth-century Europe.
O)An idealized intellectual space that emerged in Europe during the Enlightenment. Here, the public came together to discuss important social, economic, and political issues.
P)Regular social gatherings held by talented and rich Parisian women in their homes, where philosophes and their followers met to discuss literature, science, and philosophy.

Question

Use the following to answer questions :
enclosure

A)The idea that the sun, not the earth, was the center of the universe.
B)A law formulated by Galileo stating that motion, not rest, is the natural state of an object and that an object continues in motion forever unless stopped by some external force.
C)Newton's law that all objects are attracted to one another and that the force of attraction is proportional to the object's quantity of matter and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them.
D)A theory of inductive reasoning that calls for acquiring evidence through observation and experimentation rather than reason and speculation.
E)An intellectual and cultural movement in late-seventeenth- and eighteenth-century Europe and the wider world that used rational and critical thinking to debate issues such as political sovereignty, religious tolerance, gender roles, and racial difference.
F)An idea, espoused by John Locke, that all human ideas and thoughts are produced as a result of sensory impressions.
G)A group of French intellectuals who proclaimed that they were bringing the light of knowledge to their fellow humans.
H)Belief in a distant, noninterventionist deity, shared by many Enlightenment thinkers.
I)A concept associated with Rousseau, referring to the common interests of all the people, who have displaced the monarch as the holder of sovereign power.
J)The theory, associated with Adam Smith, that the pursuit of self-interest in a competitive market would lead to rising prosperity and greater social equality, rendering government intervention unnecessary and undesirable.
K)Term coined by historians to describe the rule of eighteenth-century monarchs who, without renouncing their own absolute authority, took up the call to reform their governments in accordance with the rational and humane principles of the Enlightenment.
L)A Jewish Enlightenment movement led by Prussian philosopher Moses Mendelssohn.
M)The controversial process of fencing off common land to create privately owned fields that increased agricultural production at the cost of reducing poor farmers' access to land.
N)Manufacturing with hand tools in peasant dwellings and work sheds, a form of economic activity that became important in eighteenth-century Europe.
O)An idealized intellectual space that emerged in Europe during the Enlightenment. Here, the public came together to discuss important social, economic, and political issues.
P)Regular social gatherings held by talented and rich Parisian women in their homes, where philosophes and their followers met to discuss literature, science, and philosophy.

Question

Use the following to answer questions :
law of inertia

A)The idea that the sun, not the earth, was the center of the universe.
B)A law formulated by Galileo stating that motion, not rest, is the natural state of an object and that an object continues in motion forever unless stopped by some external force.
C)Newton's law that all objects are attracted to one another and that the force of attraction is proportional to the object's quantity of matter and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them.
D)A theory of inductive reasoning that calls for acquiring evidence through observation and experimentation rather than reason and speculation.
E)An intellectual and cultural movement in late-seventeenth- and eighteenth-century Europe and the wider world that used rational and critical thinking to debate issues such as political sovereignty, religious tolerance, gender roles, and racial difference.
F)An idea, espoused by John Locke, that all human ideas and thoughts are produced as a result of sensory impressions.
G)A group of French intellectuals who proclaimed that they were bringing the light of knowledge to their fellow humans.
H)Belief in a distant, noninterventionist deity, shared by many Enlightenment thinkers.
I)A concept associated with Rousseau, referring to the common interests of all the people, who have displaced the monarch as the holder of sovereign power.
J)The theory, associated with Adam Smith, that the pursuit of self-interest in a competitive market would lead to rising prosperity and greater social equality, rendering government intervention unnecessary and undesirable.
K)Term coined by historians to describe the rule of eighteenth-century monarchs who, without renouncing their own absolute authority, took up the call to reform their governments in accordance with the rational and humane principles of the Enlightenment.
L)A Jewish Enlightenment movement led by Prussian philosopher Moses Mendelssohn.
M)The controversial process of fencing off common land to create privately owned fields that increased agricultural production at the cost of reducing poor farmers' access to land.
N)Manufacturing with hand tools in peasant dwellings and work sheds, a form of economic activity that became important in eighteenth-century Europe.
O)An idealized intellectual space that emerged in Europe during the Enlightenment. Here, the public came together to discuss important social, economic, and political issues.
P)Regular social gatherings held by talented and rich Parisian women in their homes, where philosophes and their followers met to discuss literature, science, and philosophy.

Question

Use the following to answer questions :
empiricism

A)The idea that the sun, not the earth, was the center of the universe.
B)A law formulated by Galileo stating that motion, not rest, is the natural state of an object and that an object continues in motion forever unless stopped by some external force.
C)Newton's law that all objects are attracted to one another and that the force of attraction is proportional to the object's quantity of matter and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them.
D)A theory of inductive reasoning that calls for acquiring evidence through observation and experimentation rather than reason and speculation.
E)An intellectual and cultural movement in late-seventeenth- and eighteenth-century Europe and the wider world that used rational and critical thinking to debate issues such as political sovereignty, religious tolerance, gender roles, and racial difference.
F)An idea, espoused by John Locke, that all human ideas and thoughts are produced as a result of sensory impressions.
G)A group of French intellectuals who proclaimed that they were bringing the light of knowledge to their fellow humans.
H)Belief in a distant, noninterventionist deity, shared by many Enlightenment thinkers.
I)A concept associated with Rousseau, referring to the common interests of all the people, who have displaced the monarch as the holder of sovereign power.
J)The theory, associated with Adam Smith, that the pursuit of self-interest in a competitive market would lead to rising prosperity and greater social equality, rendering government intervention unnecessary and undesirable.
K)Term coined by historians to describe the rule of eighteenth-century monarchs who, without renouncing their own absolute authority, took up the call to reform their governments in accordance with the rational and humane principles of the Enlightenment.
L)A Jewish Enlightenment movement led by Prussian philosopher Moses Mendelssohn.
M)The controversial process of fencing off common land to create privately owned fields that increased agricultural production at the cost of reducing poor farmers' access to land.
N)Manufacturing with hand tools in peasant dwellings and work sheds, a form of economic activity that became important in eighteenth-century Europe.
O)An idealized intellectual space that emerged in Europe during the Enlightenment. Here, the public came together to discuss important social, economic, and political issues.
P)Regular social gatherings held by talented and rich Parisian women in their homes, where philosophes and their followers met to discuss literature, science, and philosophy.

Question

What role did women play in the Scientific Revolution and Enlightenment?

Question

Use the following to answer questions :
enlightened absolutism

A)The idea that the sun, not the earth, was the center of the universe.
B)A law formulated by Galileo stating that motion, not rest, is the natural state of an object and that an object continues in motion forever unless stopped by some external force.
C)Newton's law that all objects are attracted to one another and that the force of attraction is proportional to the object's quantity of matter and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them.
D)A theory of inductive reasoning that calls for acquiring evidence through observation and experimentation rather than reason and speculation.
E)An intellectual and cultural movement in late-seventeenth- and eighteenth-century Europe and the wider world that used rational and critical thinking to debate issues such as political sovereignty, religious tolerance, gender roles, and racial difference.
F)An idea, espoused by John Locke, that all human ideas and thoughts are produced as a result of sensory impressions.
G)A group of French intellectuals who proclaimed that they were bringing the light of knowledge to their fellow humans.
H)Belief in a distant, noninterventionist deity, shared by many Enlightenment thinkers.
I)A concept associated with Rousseau, referring to the common interests of all the people, who have displaced the monarch as the holder of sovereign power.
J)The theory, associated with Adam Smith, that the pursuit of self-interest in a competitive market would lead to rising prosperity and greater social equality, rendering government intervention unnecessary and undesirable.
K)Term coined by historians to describe the rule of eighteenth-century monarchs who, without renouncing their own absolute authority, took up the call to reform their governments in accordance with the rational and humane principles of the Enlightenment.
L)A Jewish Enlightenment movement led by Prussian philosopher Moses Mendelssohn.
M)The controversial process of fencing off common land to create privately owned fields that increased agricultural production at the cost of reducing poor farmers' access to land.
N)Manufacturing with hand tools in peasant dwellings and work sheds, a form of economic activity that became important in eighteenth-century Europe.
O)An idealized intellectual space that emerged in Europe during the Enlightenment. Here, the public came together to discuss important social, economic, and political issues.
P)Regular social gatherings held by talented and rich Parisian women in their homes, where philosophes and their followers met to discuss literature, science, and philosophy.

Question

How sincere were Frederick the Great and Catherine the Great about their commitment to Enlightenment thinking? What were the limits of their "enlightened" rule?

Question

Use the following to answer questions :
law of universal gravitation

A)The idea that the sun, not the earth, was the center of the universe.
B)A law formulated by Galileo stating that motion, not rest, is the natural state of an object and that an object continues in motion forever unless stopped by some external force.
C)Newton's law that all objects are attracted to one another and that the force of attraction is proportional to the object's quantity of matter and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them.
D)A theory of inductive reasoning that calls for acquiring evidence through observation and experimentation rather than reason and speculation.
E)An intellectual and cultural movement in late-seventeenth- and eighteenth-century Europe and the wider world that used rational and critical thinking to debate issues such as political sovereignty, religious tolerance, gender roles, and racial difference.
F)An idea, espoused by John Locke, that all human ideas and thoughts are produced as a result of sensory impressions.
G)A group of French intellectuals who proclaimed that they were bringing the light of knowledge to their fellow humans.
H)Belief in a distant, noninterventionist deity, shared by many Enlightenment thinkers.
I)A concept associated with Rousseau, referring to the common interests of all the people, who have displaced the monarch as the holder of sovereign power.
J)The theory, associated with Adam Smith, that the pursuit of self-interest in a competitive market would lead to rising prosperity and greater social equality, rendering government intervention unnecessary and undesirable.
K)Term coined by historians to describe the rule of eighteenth-century monarchs who, without renouncing their own absolute authority, took up the call to reform their governments in accordance with the rational and humane principles of the Enlightenment.
L)A Jewish Enlightenment movement led by Prussian philosopher Moses Mendelssohn.
M)The controversial process of fencing off common land to create privately owned fields that increased agricultural production at the cost of reducing poor farmers' access to land.
N)Manufacturing with hand tools in peasant dwellings and work sheds, a form of economic activity that became important in eighteenth-century Europe.
O)An idealized intellectual space that emerged in Europe during the Enlightenment. Here, the public came together to discuss important social, economic, and political issues.
P)Regular social gatherings held by talented and rich Parisian women in their homes, where philosophes and their followers met to discuss literature, science, and philosophy.

Question

Use the following to answer questions :
Haskalah

A)The idea that the sun, not the earth, was the center of the universe.
B)A law formulated by Galileo stating that motion, not rest, is the natural state of an object and that an object continues in motion forever unless stopped by some external force.
C)Newton's law that all objects are attracted to one another and that the force of attraction is proportional to the object's quantity of matter and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them.
D)A theory of inductive reasoning that calls for acquiring evidence through observation and experimentation rather than reason and speculation.
E)An intellectual and cultural movement in late-seventeenth- and eighteenth-century Europe and the wider world that used rational and critical thinking to debate issues such as political sovereignty, religious tolerance, gender roles, and racial difference.
F)An idea, espoused by John Locke, that all human ideas and thoughts are produced as a result of sensory impressions.
G)A group of French intellectuals who proclaimed that they were bringing the light of knowledge to their fellow humans.
H)Belief in a distant, noninterventionist deity, shared by many Enlightenment thinkers.
I)A concept associated with Rousseau, referring to the common interests of all the people, who have displaced the monarch as the holder of sovereign power.
J)The theory, associated with Adam Smith, that the pursuit of self-interest in a competitive market would lead to rising prosperity and greater social equality, rendering government intervention unnecessary and undesirable.
K)Term coined by historians to describe the rule of eighteenth-century monarchs who, without renouncing their own absolute authority, took up the call to reform their governments in accordance with the rational and humane principles of the Enlightenment.
L)A Jewish Enlightenment movement led by Prussian philosopher Moses Mendelssohn.
M)The controversial process of fencing off common land to create privately owned fields that increased agricultural production at the cost of reducing poor farmers' access to land.
N)Manufacturing with hand tools in peasant dwellings and work sheds, a form of economic activity that became important in eighteenth-century Europe.
O)An idealized intellectual space that emerged in Europe during the Enlightenment. Here, the public came together to discuss important social, economic, and political issues.
P)Regular social gatherings held by talented and rich Parisian women in their homes, where philosophes and their followers met to discuss literature, science, and philosophy.

Question

Use the following to answer questions :
Copernican hypothesis

A)The idea that the sun, not the earth, was the center of the universe.
B)A law formulated by Galileo stating that motion, not rest, is the natural state of an object and that an object continues in motion forever unless stopped by some external force.
C)Newton's law that all objects are attracted to one another and that the force of attraction is proportional to the object's quantity of matter and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them.
D)A theory of inductive reasoning that calls for acquiring evidence through observation and experimentation rather than reason and speculation.
E)An intellectual and cultural movement in late-seventeenth- and eighteenth-century Europe and the wider world that used rational and critical thinking to debate issues such as political sovereignty, religious tolerance, gender roles, and racial difference.
F)An idea, espoused by John Locke, that all human ideas and thoughts are produced as a result of sensory impressions.
G)A group of French intellectuals who proclaimed that they were bringing the light of knowledge to their fellow humans.
H)Belief in a distant, noninterventionist deity, shared by many Enlightenment thinkers.
I)A concept associated with Rousseau, referring to the common interests of all the people, who have displaced the monarch as the holder of sovereign power.
J)The theory, associated with Adam Smith, that the pursuit of self-interest in a competitive market would lead to rising prosperity and greater social equality, rendering government intervention unnecessary and undesirable.
K)Term coined by historians to describe the rule of eighteenth-century monarchs who, without renouncing their own absolute authority, took up the call to reform their governments in accordance with the rational and humane principles of the Enlightenment.
L)A Jewish Enlightenment movement led by Prussian philosopher Moses Mendelssohn.
M)The controversial process of fencing off common land to create privately owned fields that increased agricultural production at the cost of reducing poor farmers' access to land.
N)Manufacturing with hand tools in peasant dwellings and work sheds, a form of economic activity that became important in eighteenth-century Europe.
O)An idealized intellectual space that emerged in Europe during the Enlightenment. Here, the public came together to discuss important social, economic, and political issues.
P)Regular social gatherings held by talented and rich Parisian women in their homes, where philosophes and their followers met to discuss literature, science, and philosophy.

Question

Use the following to answer questions :
Enlightenment

A)The idea that the sun, not the earth, was the center of the universe.
B)A law formulated by Galileo stating that motion, not rest, is the natural state of an object and that an object continues in motion forever unless stopped by some external force.
C)Newton's law that all objects are attracted to one another and that the force of attraction is proportional to the object's quantity of matter and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them.
D)A theory of inductive reasoning that calls for acquiring evidence through observation and experimentation rather than reason and speculation.
E)An intellectual and cultural movement in late-seventeenth- and eighteenth-century Europe and the wider world that used rational and critical thinking to debate issues such as political sovereignty, religious tolerance, gender roles, and racial difference.
F)An idea, espoused by John Locke, that all human ideas and thoughts are produced as a result of sensory impressions.
G)A group of French intellectuals who proclaimed that they were bringing the light of knowledge to their fellow humans.
H)Belief in a distant, noninterventionist deity, shared by many Enlightenment thinkers.
I)A concept associated with Rousseau, referring to the common interests of all the people, who have displaced the monarch as the holder of sovereign power.
J)The theory, associated with Adam Smith, that the pursuit of self-interest in a competitive market would lead to rising prosperity and greater social equality, rendering government intervention unnecessary and undesirable.
K)Term coined by historians to describe the rule of eighteenth-century monarchs who, without renouncing their own absolute authority, took up the call to reform their governments in accordance with the rational and humane principles of the Enlightenment.
L)A Jewish Enlightenment movement led by Prussian philosopher Moses Mendelssohn.
M)The controversial process of fencing off common land to create privately owned fields that increased agricultural production at the cost of reducing poor farmers' access to land.
N)Manufacturing with hand tools in peasant dwellings and work sheds, a form of economic activity that became important in eighteenth-century Europe.
O)An idealized intellectual space that emerged in Europe during the Enlightenment. Here, the public came together to discuss important social, economic, and political issues.
P)Regular social gatherings held by talented and rich Parisian women in their homes, where philosophes and their followers met to discuss literature, science, and philosophy.

Question

Use the following to answer questions :
cottage industry

A)The idea that the sun, not the earth, was the center of the universe.
B)A law formulated by Galileo stating that motion, not rest, is the natural state of an object and that an object continues in motion forever unless stopped by some external force.
C)Newton's law that all objects are attracted to one another and that the force of attraction is proportional to the object's quantity of matter and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them.
D)A theory of inductive reasoning that calls for acquiring evidence through observation and experimentation rather than reason and speculation.
E)An intellectual and cultural movement in late-seventeenth- and eighteenth-century Europe and the wider world that used rational and critical thinking to debate issues such as political sovereignty, religious tolerance, gender roles, and racial difference.
F)An idea, espoused by John Locke, that all human ideas and thoughts are produced as a result of sensory impressions.
G)A group of French intellectuals who proclaimed that they were bringing the light of knowledge to their fellow humans.
H)Belief in a distant, noninterventionist deity, shared by many Enlightenment thinkers.
I)A concept associated with Rousseau, referring to the common interests of all the people, who have displaced the monarch as the holder of sovereign power.
J)The theory, associated with Adam Smith, that the pursuit of self-interest in a competitive market would lead to rising prosperity and greater social equality, rendering government intervention unnecessary and undesirable.
K)Term coined by historians to describe the rule of eighteenth-century monarchs who, without renouncing their own absolute authority, took up the call to reform their governments in accordance with the rational and humane principles of the Enlightenment.
L)A Jewish Enlightenment movement led by Prussian philosopher Moses Mendelssohn.
M)The controversial process of fencing off common land to create privately owned fields that increased agricultural production at the cost of reducing poor farmers' access to land.
N)Manufacturing with hand tools in peasant dwellings and work sheds, a form of economic activity that became important in eighteenth-century Europe.
O)An idealized intellectual space that emerged in Europe during the Enlightenment. Here, the public came together to discuss important social, economic, and political issues.
P)Regular social gatherings held by talented and rich Parisian women in their homes, where philosophes and their followers met to discuss literature, science, and philosophy.

Question

The Scientific Revolution transformed the way Europeans perceived the world around them. Discuss this change in detail. How did this new way of thinking spread?

Unlock Deck

Sign up to unlock the cards in this deck!

Unlock Deck

Deck 19: New Worldviews and Ways of Life, 1540-1790