Deck 3: Ecology and Subsistence

Question 1

The world thapeople can experience with their senses is called

A)ecology.
B)cultural ecology.
C)physical environment.
D)cultural environment.

Answer 1

C

Question 2

The facthaa tourissees scenic mountains and valleys when viewing a high pass in the Rocky Mountains, whereas a geologissees cirque basins, U?shaped valleys, and paternoster streams, illustrates the concepof

A)cultural ecology.
B)physical environment.
C)cultural environment.
D)scientific impartiality.

Answer 2

C

Question 3

Ia society uses irrigation, its food-getting (subsistence) system would besbe classified as

A)agriculture.
B)horticulture.
C)pastoral.
D)hydraulic.

Answer 3

A

Question 4

Over the 30 years since Lee firsdescribed them, the Ju/'Hoansi !Kung have come to live in permanenvillages and have become much less dependenon foraging to meetheir subsistence needs.

Question 5

Some othe following are listed as subsistence strategies in Par3 oConformity and Conflict.Which one othe following is not?

A)hunting and gathering
B)agricultural
C)manufacturing
D)horticultural

Question 6

Slash-and-burn agriculture is a kind ohorticulture.

Question 7

Cultural ecology is the mosimportanform osubsistence strategy.

Question 8

One reason the study o!Kung subsistence patterns is so importanis the rarity othe case; the !Kung had had no contacwith other people until the study began in 1963.

Question 9

Because their environmenwas so difficult, the !Kung relied heavily on the labor ochildren and old people to provide edible plants for general consumption in 1963.

Question 10

According to Lee, in 1963 the !Kung had more leisure time than average Americans.

Question 11

Which one othe following subsistence strategies would mostypically be found to supporpermanensettlements containing between 50 and 250 people?

A)hunting and gathering
B)horticulture
C)agriculture
D)pastoral

Question 12

Richard Lee claims thathe consumption oedible plants, rather than meat, was the key to successful subsistence for the !Kung in 1963.

Question 13

The study ohow people use their culture to adapto particular environments is called

A)ecology.
B)cultural ecology.
C)environmental determinism.
D)physical ecology.

Question 14

Despite residence in a sparse deserenvironment, the !Kung did noeaa majority othe edible plants and animals found in their territory when observed in 1963.

Question 15

Slash-and-burn agriculture would besbe classified as which kind othe following adaptive strategies?

A)horticulture
B)agriculture
C)pastoralism
D)industrialism

Question 16

Four anthropological classifications osocieties based on food-getting techniques are hunting and gathering, horticulture, pastoralism, and agriculture.

Question 17

The origin obipedality (two-footedness) in humans is something thaan anthropologisinterested in cultural ecology would study.

Question 18

Food-getting strategies have little impacon the structure osociety.

Question 19

Lee found thain 1963, from 60 to 90 percenothe !Kung dieconsisted omeabroughback to camp by the men.

Question 20

The physical environmenis one area ohuman experience thapeople everywhere categorize in the same way.

Question 21

Once the mahogany tree has been located, the cuartoneros

A)work quickly to cut the tree and carry it to the nearest road.
B)work with the Chimanes scouts to carry the tree by oxcart to the nearest waterway.
C)clear a trail from the tree to the nearest large stream or river before doing any further cutting.
D)get permission from Bolivian authorities to harvest the tree.

Question 22

According to Lee, the mosimportanstaple in the dieothe !Kung when studied in 1963 was

A)taro root.
B)the mongongo nut.
C)giraffe meat.
D)a kind of bitter berry.

Question 23

The Chimanes Indians oBolivia

A)are self-sufficient in many ways but still need money for goods they cannot produce themselves.
B)are nomadic and move about the forest to hunt and gather food.
C)use an intricate system of logging roads and machinery to harvest tropical hardwood trees from the forest.
D)are beginning to integrate more with their neighboring communities.

Question 24

According to Lee and Biesele, in order to survive today, the Ju/'Hoansi Kung will have to

A)specialize in the manufacture of trade goods for tourists.
B)take jobs in nearby cities in order to earn cash.
C)form borehole syndicates and stake out ranches to protect their foraging areas.
D)open reproductions of traditional foraging camps in order to attract tourists.

Question 25

In his article, Lee claims thawhen he studied them in the 1960s, !Kung

A)ate all of the edible plants and animals found in their environment.
B)lived in camps, each of which had a defended territory.
C)enjoyed a large amount of leisure time.
D)had to move every few days in search of scarce foodstuffs.

Question 26

Lee feels thathe key to successful subsistence for many hunter-gatherers, such as the !Kung, is

A)adequate defense against the encroachment of other hunting and gathering groups.
B)dietary selectivity.
C)dependence largely on a diet of edible plants.
D)band loyalty and membership stability.

Question 27

Cuartoneros, often made up othe pooresmen from the frontier town oSan Borja, use a low-tech method olocating and harvesting mahogany trees.Their method depends on the natural resources othe foresand

A)access to logging roads.
B)a compass and portable sawmill.
C)cooperation with the larger, legal logging companies.
D)chainsaws and outboard motors.

Question 28

The logging policies established by the Bolivian governmenfor the area in and around the Chimanes forest

A)are sensible and workable.
B)will probably eventually lead to the forest's destruction.
C)adequately meet the high worldwide demand for quality tropical hardwood.
D)encourage small lumber mills to work only with legal logging companies to harvest tropical hardwood.

Question 29

According to Williamson, the opportunity for higher than average pay and a patronage system keeps Bolivian men returning to the foresto undertake the risky job oillegally harvesting mahogany hardwood.

Question 30

According to Richard Lee, in 1963 !Kung men

A)supplied between 20 and 40 percent of the calories consumed by members of a camp.
B)hunted almost every day to bag sufficient food for people's daily needs.
C)collected approximately 70 percent of the edible vegetable foods.
D)began hunting regularly before they were 10 years old.

Question 31

According to Lee, in 1963 the !Kung had a caloric intake oabou__________ per person per day.

A)3,030
B)2,410
C)2,140
D)1,890

Question 32

Some othe following statements abouthe !Kung as Lee describes their lives in 1963 are notrue.Which one is true?

A)They normally live in a "core area" about 30 miles in circumference.
B)The proportion of old people to the rest of the population is smaller than that of modern industrial society.
C)Boys and girls usually assume food-collecting activities from the time they can walk.
D)They have much more leisure time than Americans.

Question 33

An importanpoinstressed by Lee abouthe Ju/'Hoansi !Kung he studied in 1963 was that

A)both adults and children had to work every day to ensure a sufficient food supply.
B)the !Kung had to use virtually all of the edible plants and animals in their environment in order to survive in the desert.
C)life in the state of nature was not necessarily nasty, brutish, and short.
D)meat provided more calories in the !Kung diet than other foods.

Question 34

Williamson believes thasustainably logging virgin rainforesin ways thawould permirecovery and timber production over the course othe nex100 years would nocosany more than the currenefforts thapermiillegal logging.

Question 35

The Chimanes are a nomadic people who move abouthe foresto hunand fish.

Question 36

According to Williamson, conservation efforts by the Bolivian governmenand conservation groups have largely succeeded in preventing illegal logging in the Chimanes Indian Reserve.

Question 37

Cuartoneros, or chainsaw crews, are often made up opoor men from San Borja.They hunfor and harvesmahogany in more remote areas othe Bolivian lowlands.

Question 38

Numerous logging roads used to legally harvestropical hardwoods cuup the Chimanes Reserve, an area approximately the same size as the state oRhode Island.

Question 39

According to Lee and Biesele, by 1994 Ju/'Hoansi !Kung were

A)living in mud-walled houses behind makeshift stockades.
B)living in circular, tight-knit villages.
C)obtaining about 70 percent of their food through hunting and gathering.
D)living in temporary, ever shifting camps.

Question 40

The Maniqui is an Amazonian tributary that

A)meanders through Bolivia's tropical lowlands to the frontier town of San Borja.
B)is used to carry cut timber up to La Paz in the highlands of Bolivia.
C)is the main mode of transport used by commercial logging companies.
D)winds through clear cut areas of the Chimanes forest.

Question 41

According to Reed's "ForesDevelopmenthe Indian Way," the Guaraní and, in the past, millions oother Indians, exploited the Amazonian tropical forests withoucausing permanenharm to the ecosystem.

Question 42

According to Crate, which othe following is a change to which the Sakha were forced to adapathe turn othe 21scentury?

A)a subtle and gradual, increasing change in the cycles and patterns of weather and climate
B)Soviet-era industrialization in the form of diamond mining
C)annexation of land by colonizers
D)land changes resulting from the fall of the Soviet Union

Question 43

According to Crate, the detailed and specific observations opeople like the Viliui Sakha

A)are important only to the people of northeastern Siberia.
B)are not relevant to the global community and should not inform policy initiatives.
C)contribute important information about the local effects of global climate change.
D)demonstrate that global climate change is not affecting the Republic of Sakha.

Question 44

For the mospart, cuartoneros illegally harvesmahogany because

A)the work is easy and brings great monetary reward for little effort.
B)the mahogany trees are easy to find in the remote areas of the Chimanes forest.
C)there are few other opportunities for the indigenous people to earn money or work off debt.
D)legal logging companies are not interested in logging mahogany and so offer no competition.

Question 45

In the world othe Viliui Sakha, black shamans travel from the middle world where humans live to interacwith sky spirits during the Sakha summer festival, thereby ensuring a plentiful harvest.

Question 46

Reed claims thathe Guaraní depend on a slash-and-burn agriculture for 94 percenotheir dietary needs.

Question 47

The anthropological term "place-based people" refers to a group who depends directly on its immediate environmenfor both physical and spiritual sustenance.

Question 48

The increasing water on the land was psychologically upsetting to the Sakha and made them fear thatheir land was sinking.

Question 49

The Viliui Sakha developed a beliesystem thahelped them understand and interacwith the very extreme environmenoSiberia.One example othis system is represented by

A)The creation of a buulus to store meat, milk products, and ice.
B)The shaman who communicates with the abaahi (evil spirits) of the underworld during times of crisis and the Bull of Winter.
C)Black shamans traveling to the sky realms.
D)White shamans traveling to middle earth.

Question 50

Planchones are

A)a natural resource that Chimanes use for trade.
B)a type of vegetable that grows in the Chimanes forest.
C)the name for the stretch of trail that each member of the team is assigned.
D)slabs of the mahogany tree cut down to six and one-half inches thick.

Question 51

An animistic worldview recognizes the sentienquality ohumans, while excluding all non-human entities such as animals, plants, and inanimate objects.

Question 52

The Sakha have had to adapto physical and social changes over the years.Which othe following was a pre-Soviet-era adaptation?

A)consolidation of Sakha subsistence practices into sovkhozi, the agro-industrial state farm operations
B)industrialization during the 1950s
C)paying iasak, or fur tribute, to colonizers
D)land loss due to border changes

Question 53

Crate's research turned up several reasons thathe Sakha identified for the local climate changes.Which othe following was blamed by mosothe participants?

A)the Viliui hydroelectric reservoir
B)the natural wet and dry cycles of the area's ecosystem
C)the recent overabundance of technology and mechanization
D)global climate change

Question 54

Reed argues thapeople musbe prevented from living in the Amazon foresithe tropical ecosystem is to survive.

Question 55

According to Crate, the decline in hares, an importangame species for the Sakha, cannobe attributed solely to the effects oclimate change.Whaother reason does she cite for this change?

A)more time and resources for the Sakha to hunt than during Soviet times
B)the drying up of the land where hares typically nest
C)improvements on traditional Sakha hunting ethics
D)the use of better rifles

Question 56

Cuartoneros cuthe planchones, relay them to the nearesriver, and then tie them into

A)cayapos and float them down the river to San Borja.
B)oxcarts for transport out of the forest.
C)lomeros in preparation for transport down river.
D)bundles that are then carried out on logging roads.

Question 57

According to Crate, her research with the Sakha clarified her beliethaglobal climate change was affecting noonly the villagers' physical environment, bualso their adaptations to thaenvironment.

Question 58

Crate's "knowledge exchanges" thafollowed her research were a greasuccess.Which othe following was noone othe goals othese exchanges?

A)Add local knowledge to the scientific understanding of climate change.
B)Share scientific knowledge with locals to help explain the changes they are experiencing.
C)Dispute the argument that global climate change exists.
D)Inform policy communities about how climate change is affecting local communities.

Question 59

The surveys and interviews conducted by Crate identified nine ways thathe global climate changes have forced the Sakha to further adapto their climate.Othe nine areas, which was found to be omosconcern?

A)lagging and extended seasons
B)changing precipitation patterns
C)too much water on the land
D)colder summers

Question 60

The Guaraní, according to Reed, have exploited the forescommercially as well as for subsistence for nearly 500 years.

Question 61

Which one othe following was noa consequence ooutside developmenin the Guaraní tropical forests, according to Reed?

A)The Indians who stayed on the land could no longer farm.
B)The Guaraní could no longer practice successful horticulture.
C)Disease and malnutrition increased.
D)The Indians could no longer hunt and fish successfully.

Question 62

In "ForesDevelopmenthe Indian Way," Reed argues that, for the Guaraní, __________ was essential to subsistence.

A)farming
B)foraging
C)the combination of hunting and gathering
D)the combination of farming and foraging

Question 63

By sustainable development, Reed means thacommercial lumber companies and ranchers should replanthe tropical foresafter they have cuidown and permiexploited areas to regenerate for approximately 40 years.

Question 64

In his article "ForesDevelopmenthe Indian Way," Reed argues

A)for government control of forest development that eases the Indians into the modern world economy gradually.
B)for a sustainable development program that permits the collection and sale of forest products without destroying the original ecosystem.
C)for an Indian relocation plan.
D)for laws that require commercial lumber companies and ranchers to replant the forest and introduce a 40-year cutting and clearing cycle.

Question 65

According to Reed's "ForesDevelopmenthe Indian Way," until the recenincursion ocolonos (colonists, such as ranchers and farmers), Guaraní villagers

A)had no contact with people in other parts of South America.
B)traded with outsiders for machetes, hooks, soap, and salt.
C)developed an indigenous market system that tied villages together.
D)worked for decades as rubber tappers to augment their subsistence economy.

Question 66

According to Reed, when colonists develop the tropical foresin which Guaraní live, the Indians musfarm more and more land to survive.

Question 67

According to Reed's "ForesDevelopmenthe Indian Way," sustainable developmencould look like
A)commercial forest exploitation with the elimination of natural resources.

A)leaving the economic, ecological, and social spheres of people living in the forest to market forces
B)the promotion of social cohesion in among all people in the forest by more evenly distributing rising living standards.
D)maintaining traditional practices of slash-and-burn combined with limited commercial exploitation.

Question 68

According to Reed in "ForesDevelopmenthe Indian Way," Guaraní Indians subsisin the Amazon tropical foreslargely by

A)slash-and-burn farming.
B)horticulture and foraging.
C)foraging.
D)rubber tree tapping.