Deck 11: Fundamentals of the Nervous System and Nervous Tissue

Question 1

Nerve impulses are sent to slow the heart's rate of contraction. The nerve fibers sending these signals will most likely belong to which division of the nervous system?

A) sensory (afferent) division
B) somatic nervous system
C) sympathetic division
D) parasympathetic division

Answer 1

D

Question 2

Nerve impulses leading to the brain carry information about cool temperatures on the skin.The nerve fibers sending these signals will most likely belong to which division of the nervous system?

A) sensory (afferent) division
B) somatic nervous system
C) sympathetic division
D) parasympathetic division

Answer 2

A

Question 3

Nerve impulses leading to the skeletal muscle carry information to direct movement. The nerve fibers sending these signals will most likely belong to which division of the nervous system?

A) sensory (afferent) division
B) somatic nervous system
C) sympathetic division
D) parasympathetic division

Answer 3

B

Question 4

The concentration neurotransmitters in the fluid of the synaptic cleft must be tightly regulated for neurons to function properly. Which of the following cells is most responsible for aiding in this regulation?

A) satellite cells
B) astrocytes
C) Schwann cells
D) oligodendrocytes

Question 5

Unipolar neurons have axons structurally divided into peripheral and central processes.

Question 6

The all-or-none phenomenon as applied to nerve conduction states that the whole nerve cell must be stimulated for conduction to take place.

Question 7

A postsynaptic potential is a graded potential that is the result of a neurotransmitter released into the synapse between two neurons.

Question 8

The concentration of ions in the chemical environment surrounding the neurons must be tightly regulated for neurons to function properly. Which of the following cells is mostresponsible for this?

A) satellite cells
B) astrocytes
C) Schwann cells
D) oligodendrocytes

Question 9

Bacteria in the blood can be prevented entry to the fluids surrounding the brain. Which cells are most responsible for preventing bacteria from entering the fluids of the brain?

A) satellite cells
B) astrocytes
C) Schwann cells
D) oligodendrocytes

Question 10

Axon diameter and degree of myelination determine nerve impulse conduction velocity.

Question 11

Cranial nerve II, the optic nerve sends nerve impulses to the brain carrying information about the things we see. These nerve fibers most likely belong to which division of the nervoussystem?

A) sensory (afferent) division
B) somatic nervous system
C) sympathetic division
D) parasympathetic division

Question 12

Enkephalins and endorphins are peptides that act like morphine.

Question 13

Strong stimuli cause the amplitude of action potentials generated to increase.

Question 14

In myelinated axons the voltage-regulated sodium channels are concentrated at the nodes ofRanvier.

Question 15

Meningitis can be caused by infection of the central nervous system by bacteria. Which cells would be most responsible for removing the infection?

A) Schwann cells
B) oligodendrocytes
C) microglia
D) satellite cells

Question 16

Reflexes are rapid, automatic responses to stimuli that will produce the same effect every time.

Question 17

A stimulus traveling toward a synapse appears to open calcium ion channels at thepresynaptic end, which in turn promotes fusion of synaptic vesicles to the axonal membrane.

Question 18

During depolarization, the inside of the neuron's membrane becomes less negative.

Question 19

Neurons in the CNS are organized into functional groups.

Question 20

Cell bodies of sensory neurons may be located in ganglia lying outside the central nervous system.

Question 21

Loss of function in the enzyme acetylcholinesterase would result in which of the following?

A) stimulation of the production of acetylcholine
B) amplify or enhance the effect of ACh
C) inability to destroy and remove acetylcholine from the synaptic cleft
D) inability to release acetylcholine

Question 22

These cells in the CNS have cilia that move in order to circulate cerebrospinal fluid

A) Schwann cells
B) ependymal cells
C) oligodendrocytes
D) astrocytes

Question 23

When a neurotransmitter like acetylcholine is acting in an excitatory manner which of the following is likely a result of the acetylcholine acting on the post synaptic cell?

A) Chemically gated potassium channels will open.
B) Chemically gated sodium channels will be closed.
C) Chemically gated sodium channels will open.
D) Chemically gated chloride channels will open.

Question 24

Which of the following is an excitatory neurotransmitter secreted by motor neurons innervating skeletal muscle?

A) acetylcholine
B) cholinesterase
C) gamma aminobutyric acid
D) norepinephrine

Question 25

The period after an initial stimulus when a neuron is not sensitive to another stimulus is the________.

A) repolarization
B) depolarization
C) resting period
D) absolute refractory period

Question 26

During the relative refractory period of an action potential, a larger than normal stimulus is needed to cause another action potential. This is due to the fact that ________.

A) the voltage gated potassium ion channels remain open long enough to hyperpolarize the axon membrane
B) the inactivation gates on voltage gated sodium ion channels are closed
C) the membrane is now impermeable to all ions
D) the sodium potassium pump will stop working during relative refractory

Question 27

When a neurotransmitter like GABA is acting in an inhibitory manner which of the following is likely a result of the GABA acting on the post synaptic cell?

A) depolarization of the postsynaptic cell membrane
B) influx of positively charged ions into the postsynaptic cell
C) hyperpolarization of the postsynaptic cell membrane
D) opening of chemically gated sodium channels

Question 28

Which ion channel opens in response to a change in membrane potential and participates in the generation and conduction of action potentials?

A) voltage-gated channel
B) ligand-gated channel
C) leakage channel
D) mechanically gated channel

Question 29

The effect of acetylcholine can be stimulating or inhibiting. Which of the following gives the best explanation for why this is so?

A) Postsynaptic cells have a dynamic and changing metabolism and respond differently at different times.
B) Acetylcholine has a "dose effect." Larger doses are stimulating while small doses inhibit.
C) Acetylcholine has many different forms.
D) Different post synaptic cells will have different receptors.

Question 30

If a post synaptic cell is stimulated to threshold by temporal summation this implies that________.

A) the presynaptic neuron is sending frequent IPSP
B) the postsynaptic cell can be influenced by only one presynaptic cell
C) the postsynaptic cell is sending frequent action potential
D) a presynaptic neuron is sending frequent EPSP

Question 31

Bipolar neurons are commonly________.

A) found in the retina of the eye
B) found in ganglia
C) called neuroglial cells
D) motor neurons

Question 32

Which of the following describes the nervous system integrative function?

A) analyzes sensory information, stores information, makes decisions
B) senses changes in the environment
C) responds to stimuli by gland secretion or muscle contraction

Question 33

What does the central nervous system use to determine the strength of a stimulus?

A) size of action potentials
B) frequency of action potentials
C) origin of the stimulus
D) type of stimulus receptor

Question 34

If a post synaptic neuron is stimulated to threshold by spatial summation this implies that________.

A) the post synaptic cell is slow to repolarize
B) the postsynaptic cells has many synapses with many presynaptic neurons
C) the post synaptic cell has a lower than normal threshold
D) the post synaptic cell has many voltage gated ion channels

Question 35

Which of the following is not a function of astrocytes?

A) support and brace neurons
B) provide the defense for the CNS
C) guide the migration of young neurons, synapse formation, and helping to determine capillary permeability
D) anchor neurons to blood vessels

Question 36

Like all cells, the neurons' internal organization dictates its function. Neurons have relatively many mitochondria, an extensive network of rough endoplasmic reticulum and many clusters of ribosomes. These cellular features indicate all of the following except ________.

A) neurons produce many proteins
B) neurons have stable, relatively unchanging internal environments
C) neurons must meet a high demand for ATP
D) neurons have a relatively high consumption of oxygen

Question 37

An action potential is regarded as an example of a positive feedback. Which of the following examples below best illustrates the positive feedback aspect of an action potential?

A) Potassium permeability is about 25 times greater than sodium ions.
B) Voltage gated potassium ion channels open slowly and remain open long enough to cause hyperpolarization.
C) A threshold stimulus will cause the opening of voltage gated sodium ion channels that will cause further depolarizing stimulus. This stimulus will open still more voltage gated sodium ion channels.
D) The sodium potassium pump consistently moves ions as long as ATP is available, and regardless of membrane potential changes.

Question 38

The depolarization phase of an action potential is punctuated by the closing of inactivation gates in the voltage gated sodium ion channels. All of the following are consequences of thisinactivation except one. Choose the statement below that is not a consequence of the closing of inactivating gates.

A) This stops the depolarization of the axon membrane.
B) This limits the frequency of action potentials down the axon.
C) This allows for the efflux (diffusion out) of potassium ions, resulting in the repolarization of the cell.
D) This allows for the one way transmission of action potential down the axon.

Question 39

Which of the following is not characteristic of neurons?

A) They have an exceptionally high metabolic rate.
B) They conduct impulses.
C) They have e xtreme longevity.
D) They are mitotic.

Question 40

Which of the choices below describes the ANS?

A) motor fibers that conduct nerve impulses from the CNS to skeletal muscles
B) sensory neurons that convey information from somatic receptors in the head, body wall, and limbs and from receptors from the special senses of vision, hearing, taste, and smell to the CNS
C) motor fibers that conduct nerve impulses from the CNS to smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands
D) sensory and motor neurons that supply the digestive tract

Question 41

Schwann cells are functionally similar to ________.

A) microglia
B) astrocytes
C) oligodendrocytes
D) ependymal cells

Question 42

Which of the following is not true of graded potentials?

A) They increase amplitude as they move away from the stimulus point.
B) They are short-lived.
C) They can form on receptor endings.
D) They can be called postsynaptic potentials.

Question 43

Select the correct statement regarding chemical synapses.

A) The release of neurotransmitter molecules gives cells the property of being electrically coupled.
B) Neurotransmitter receptors are located on the axons terminals of cells.
C) The synaptic cleft uses the action potential to transmit a chemical signal to the post synaptic cell.
D) Cells with gap junctions use chemical synapses.

Question 44

Which of the following is true about the movement of ions across excitable living membranes?

A) Ions always move passively across membranes.
B) Ions always move actively across membranes through leakage channels.
C) Ions always move from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration.
D) Sodium gates in the membrane can open in response to electrical potential changes.

Question 45

Which of the following is not a function of the autonomic nervous system?

A) innervation of glands
B) innervation of smooth muscle of the digestive tract
C) innervation of skeletal muscle
D) innervation of cardiac muscle

Question 46

A second nerve impulse cannot be generated until________.

A) the Na ions have been pumped back into the cell
B) the membrane potential has been reestablished
C) proteins have been resynthesized
D) all sodium gates are closed

Question 47

The term central nervous system refers to the ________.

A) brain and spinal cord
B) spinal nerves
C) somatic nerves
D) sensory (afferent) nerves

Question 48

When a sensory neuron is excited by some form of energy, the resulting graded potential is called a(n) ________.

A) postsynaptic potential
B) excitatory potential
C) generator potential
D) action potential

Question 49

A neuron that has as its primary function the job of connecting other neurons is called a(n)________.

A) afferent neuron
B) interneuron
C) efferent neuron
D) glial cell

Question 50

Which of the following correctly describes a graded potential?

A) it travels long distances
B) it has a depolarization, repolarization and hyperpolarization phase
C) it can have amplitudes of various sizes
D) it is initiated by voltage changes in the membrane

Question 51

Immediately after an action potential has peaked, which of the following channels will open?

A) voltage gated potassium channels
B) voltage gated sodium channels
C) voltage gated calcium channels
D) chemically gated chloride channels

Question 52

Saltatory conduction is made possible by________.

A) diphasic impulses
B) the myelin sheath
C) erratic transmission of nerve impulses
D) large nerve fibers

Question 53

Which of the following will occur when an excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP) is being generated on the dendritic membrane?

A) Specific sodium gates will open.
B) Sodium gates will open first, then close as potassium gates open.
C) A single type of channel will open, permitting simultaneous flow of sodium and potassium.
D) Specific potassium gates will open.

Question 54

Which of the following is false or incorrect?

A) A nerve impulse occurs if the excitatory and inhibitory effects are equal.
B) An excitatory postsynaptic potential occurs if the excitatory effect is greater than the inhibitory effect but less than threshold.
C) An inhibitory postsynaptic potential occurs if the inhibitory effect is greater than the excitatory, causing hyperpolarization of the membrane.

Question 55

Which of the following is not a chemical class of neurotransmitters?

A) ATP and other purines
B) nucleic acid
C) amino acid
D) biogenic amine

Question 56

An inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP) is associated with ________.

A) opening of voltage-regulated channels
B) lowering the threshold for an action potential to occur
C) hyperpolarization
D) a change in sodium ion permeability

Question 57

The interior surface of a neuron's plasma membrane at resting membrane potential will have a________.

A) negative charge and contains less sodium than outside of the cell
B) positive charge and contains less sodium than outside of the cell
C) positive charge and contains more sodium than outside of the cell
D) negative charge and contains more sodium than outside of the cell

Question 58

If a motor neuron in the body were stimulated by an electrode placed about midpoint along the length of the axon ________.

A) the impulse would move to the axon terminal only, and the muscle contraction would occur
B) the impulse would move to the axon terminal only
C) muscle contraction would occur
D) the impulse would spread bidirectionally

Question 59

Collections of nerve cell bodies outside the central nervous system are called________.

A) ganglia
B) nuclei
C) nerves
D) tracts

Question 60

Which of the following neurotransmitters inhibits pain and is mimicked by morphine, heroin, and methadone?

A) endorphin
B) acetylcholine
C) serotonin
D) nitric oxide

Question 61

When information is delivered within the CNS simultaneously by different parts of the neural pathway, the process is called ________ processing.

Question 62

Because all action potentials are alike, how does the brain separate situations that require immediate attention from ordinary "positional" reports?

Question 63

What is the role of microglial cells and why are they so important in the CNS?

Question 64

What mechanism is responsible for axonal transport?

Question 65

What function is served by the increased axon diameter at the nodes of Ranvier?

Question 66

Imagine a neuron that has several hundred axonal knobs impinging on it. The majority of these axonal knobs are shown to be "firing." However, the neuron in question does not transmit an impulse. Give a valid explanation of why this could occur.

Question 67

Sally, a 5-year-old child, was bitten on the hand by a bat that was later diagnosed with rabies. She was immediately treated after the bite but had to go through a series of more involved treatments after the rabies diagnosis in the bat that bit her. How does the rabies virus get to the brain from a simple hand wound?

Question 68

What are the basic divisions of the peripheral nervous system?

Question 69

Define synaptic delay.

Question 70

A chemical messenger that does not directly cause ESPSs or IPSPs but does affect the strength of synaptictransmission is a________.

Question 71

At the biochemical level, what is the explanation of the hyperpolarization phase at the conclusion of the action potential?

Question 72

That part of the nervous system that conducts impulses from the CNS to the skeletal muscles is the________ nervous system.

Question 73

A patient is admitted to the hospital with exacerbation of multiple sclerosis (MS). She asks the nurse, "Why did this have to happen to me again? I was doing so well." Explain why some forms of MS arecharacterized by periods of remission and exacerbation.

Question 74

A patient was admitted for depression. What should the nurse explain to the patient regarding the role of serotonin and depression?

Question 75

Neuroglia found in the CNS that change the permeability of capillaries in the brain by binding to andsurrounding these blood vessels are called