Deck 1: Making Sense of Variability: an Introduction to Statistics

Question 1

Population values inferred from statistics of a sample are called.

A)independent variables
B)dependent variables
C)hypotheses
D)parameters

Answer 1

D

Question 2

If a researcher used an experiment to assess whether or not a certain drug would increase reading comprehension scores, then the independent variable would be the.

A)amount of the drug given to participants
B)age of the participants
C)gender of the participants
D)reading comprehension scores

Answer 2

A

Question 3

In an experiment, the behavior that is expected to be affected by some manipulation is called the variable.

A)random
B)extraneous
C)independent
D)dependent

Answer 3

D

Question 4

A parameter is.

A)a characteristic of a population
B)a characteristic of a sample
C)the same as a statistic
D)measured on a sample

Question 5

A single number used to describe data from a sample is a.

A)variable
B)sample
C)parameter
D)statistic

Question 6

A is a complete set of people, animals, objects, or events sharing a common characteristic.

A)sample
B)statistic
C)population
D)variable

Question 7

A statistic is.

A)a population
B)a sample
C)a single number used to describe a set of data
D)always difficult to calculate

Question 8

A dependent variable is in an experiment.

A)a placebo
B)the behavior measured
C)the conditions manipulated
D)none of the above

Question 9

If a researcher used an experiment to assess whether or not a certain drug would increase reading comprehension scores, then the dependent variable would be the

A)gender of the participants
B)age of the participants
C)reading comprehension scores
D)amount of the drug given to participants

Question 10

A is any environmental condition or event, stimulus, personal characteristic or attribute, or behavior that can take on different values at different times.

A)statistic
B)variable
C)datum
D)population

Question 11

If a researcher used an experiment to test two different methods of teaching geometry, then the independent variable would be the.

A)type of teaching method
B)gender of the students
C)geometry test scores obtained by participants
D)grade level of the participants

Question 12

A professor surveys a sample of 25 students to find how many hours per week they work at a job. She finds the typical number of hours reported is 15. The value of 15 hours is a(n).

A)parameter
B)inference
C)statistic
D)estimate

Question 13

A(n) is a subset, or subgroup, selected from a population.

A)dependent variable
B)equivalent group
C)subject
D)sample

Question 14

The process of summarizing, analyzing, and reaching conclusions from numerical measurements uses methods.

A)statistical
B)sampling
C)hypothesis generation
D)parameter estimation

Question 15

A characteristic of a population is called a(n).

A)independent variable
B)parameter
C)statistic
D)research hypothesis

Question 16

In an experiment, the variable that is manipulated to determine its effect on behavior is called the variable.

A)extraneous
B)dependent
C)independent
D)subject

Question 17

A sample is.

A)larger than a population
B)a complete set of people, animals, objects, or events that share a common characteristic
C)selected from a population
D)the same as a population

Question 18

was a 19th century professor who attempted to characterize the "average" man.

A)Gaston
B)Talbert
C)Quincy
D)Quetelet

Question 19

An independent variable is in an experiment.

A)presented to participants
B)the variable that affects an individual's responding
C)manipulated by an experimenter
D)all the above

Question 20

A population is.

A)the same as a sample
B)a complete set of people, animals, objects, or events that share a common characteristic
C)selected from a sample
D)a complete set of people, animals, objects, or events possessing a variety of different characteristics

Question 21

If two variables change consistently in relation to each other, they are said to.

A)covary
B)be independent
C)represent equivalent groups
D)be random samples

Question 22

A(n) allows a researcher to estimate the possibility of chance differences between groups.

A)independent variable
B)statistical hypothesis test
C)population parameter
D)sample statistic

Question 23

When an observed difference between two groups on the dependent variable is attributed to the effect of the independent variable through statistical hypothesis testing, then we know that.

A)it is unlikely that the difference would occur by chance alone
B)the raw data have been refined
C)the groups were not equivalent before the independent variable was introduced
D)it is likely that the difference would occur by chance alone

Question 24

Which of the following best describes an experiment?

A)The dependent variable is manipulated and then the independent variable is measured.
B)The independent variable is manipulated and then the dependent variable is measured.
C)The independent and dependent variables are measured at the same time.
D)The dependent variable is measured first and then the independent variable is measured.

Question 25

A measurement obtained from a participant in an experiment is called a(n).

A)independent variable
B)parameter
C)score
D)statistic

Question 26

An experiment that creates two or more groups uses a(n) design.

A)across-subjects
B)equal-subjects
C)within-subjects
D)between-subjects

Question 27

People who participate in research studies often are called.

A)parameters
B)data
C)subjects or participants
D)associates

Question 28

The term equivalent groups means that.

A)the independent variable affects all groups equally
B)the dependent variable is the same among all groups
C)only chance factors influence differences among groups after the independent variable has been manipulated
D)the groups of participants do not differ in any systematic way prior to the manipulation of the independent variable

Question 29

The correlation coefficient may range in value from.

A)-10.00 to +10.00
B)0.00 to +10.00
C)0.00 to +100
D)-1.00 to +1.00

Question 30

A is a number indicating the relatedness of two sets of scores and the direction of the relationship.

A)research hypothesis
B)population parameter
C)correlation coefficient
D)descriptive statistic

Question 31

An experimenter created two different groups of participants and gave each group a different instructional program on the anatomy of the eye. After the instructional program each group was given a multiple choice test to assess their knowledge of the eye. In this experiment, the instructional program condition was the variable.

A)independent
B)dependent
C)subject
D)extraneous

Question 32

If a researcher used an experiment to test two different methods of teaching geometry, then the dependent variable could be the.

A)teaching methods
B)gender of the students
C)geometry test scores obtained by participants
D)correlation coefficient

Question 33

A between-subjects experiment uses two or more groups.

A)equal
B)population
C)nonequivalent
D)equivalent

Question 34

In an experiment, a research hypothesis is a.

A)predicted relationship between an independent and a dependent variable
B)statement of a sample value
C)prediction of a population parameter
D)prediction of how a dependent variable will affect an independent variable

Question 35

Groups of subjects that are not expected to differ in any systematic way before the independent variable is presented in an experiment are called groups.

A)equal
B)equivalent
C)population
D)between-subjects

Question 36

A(n) is a statement of the expected or predicted relationship between two or more variables.

A)dependent variable
B)research hypothesis
C)independent variable
D)correlation coefficient

Question 37

A(n) experiment uses two or more equivalent groups.

A)between-subjects
B)across-subjects
C)within-subjects
D)equal-subjects

Question 38

A psychologist finds that performance on learning a poem decreases as room temperature increases above 72°F. In this instance, learning of the poem and room temperature.

A)are independent
B)covary
C)are both independent variables
D)do not vary

Question 39

A chance difference refers to.

A)a difference between equivalent groups that occurs because of random variation
B)differences between equivalent groups due to the effect of the independent variable
C)the fact that equivalent groups will be exactly equal in all ways
D)the fact that statistics differ from each other

Question 40

An experimenter created two different groups of participants and gave each group a different instructional program on the anatomy of the eye. After the instructional program each group was given a multiple choice test to assess their knowledge of the eye. In this experiment, the multiple choice test used to assess the participant's knowledge
Was the variable.

A)independent
B)dependent
C)subject
D)extraneous

Question 41

Which of the following gives a numerical description of the extent and direction of the relationship between two sets of scores?

A)A sample.
B)A parameter.
C)A correlation coefficient.
D)A score relation.

Question 42

A is used to predict one set of scores from a different set of scores.

A)parameter
B)statistical hypothesis test
C)statistical revision process
D)regression analysis