Deck 17: The Origin of Species

Question 1

Two species of garter snakes live in the same geographic area. One lives mainly in water and the other mainly on land; therefore, they rarely encounter each other and do not interbreed. What type of isolation is this?

A) Temporal
B) Behavioral
C) Ecological
D) Mechanical
E) Geographic

Answer 1

C

Question 2

Fruit fly species all look similar to one another. If you have a male and a female fruit fly, how can you prove that they are the same species, according to the biological species concept?

A) If they mate successfully and their offspring are fertile, they are the same species.
B) Examine them closely with a low- power microscope, comparing their physical characteristics to published species key lists of characteristics.
C) Determine the base sequence of the DNA of their chromosomes.
D) If they mate when they are put together, they are the same species.
E) If they can asexually reproduce and their offspring can also successfully asexually reproduce, they are the same species.

Answer 2

A

Question 3

Two populations of plants found in the same meadow look identical but are fertilized by different pollinators- one by a night- flying hummingbird moth, the other by honeybees that fly by day. This is an example of

A) geographic isolation.
B) behavioral isolation.
C) ecological isolation.
D) temporal isolation.
E) mechanical incompatibility.

Answer 3

D

Question 4

A group of an interbreeding natural population that is reproductively isolated from other such groups is called a

A) genus.
B) community.
C) tribe.
D) species.
E) genotype.

Question 5

Which of these definitions of species best matches the biological species concept?

A) Members of the same species are all genetically identical.
B) Members of the same species are whatever an expert says they are.
C) Members of the same species can mate and produce fertile offspring.
D) Members of the same species are all morphologically similar.
E) Members of the same species look almost exactly alike.

Question 6

The elaborate courtship rituals of many bird species help to preserve their genetic isolation through

A) temporal isolation.
B) hybrid inviability.
C) allopatric separation.
D) behavioral isolation.
E) mechanical incompatibility.

Question 7

Two species of snails are physically unable to mate. This is an example of

A) mechanical incompatibility.
B) geographic isolation.
C) ecological isolation.
D) behavioral isolation
E) temporal isolation.

Question 8

One species of fish feeds in the muddy bottom of a lake. A second species eats insects that land on the water surface. This is an example of

A) behavioral isolation.
B) geographic isolation.
C) temporal isolation.
D) ecological isolation.
E) mechanical incompatibility.

Question 9

Populations that were once considered separate species are sometimes reassigned to the same species because

A) they have been found to be genetically identical.
B) they are no longer capable of interbreeding.
C) it was discovered that they can produce viable and fertile offspring.
D) they have evolved to look the same.
E) they have evolved to look different from each other.

Question 10

Two populations of plants look identical but their flowers are fertilized by different pollinators- one by a night- flying hummingbird moth, the other by honeybees. These two populations of flowers are examples of

A) identical gene pools.
B) the same species using different pollinators.
C) identical evolutionary paths.
D) different species.
E) groups within the same species.

Question 11

Before the modern era of science, organisms were assigned to species on the basis of

A) the existence of fossils of earlier forms.
B) their capability of interbreeding.
C) geographic location.
D) behavioral similarities.
E) similarities in appearance.

Question 12

Two species of pines, Pinus radiata and Pinus muricota, live in the same regions of California and are capable of forming hybrids under laboratory conditions. However, they do not interbreed because one releases pollen in February and the other in April. What genetic isolating mechanism is involved?

A) Geographic
B) Hybrid inviability
C) Ecological
D) Temporal
E) Gametic

Question 13

The biological concept of species requires that

A) organisms reproduce sexually.
B) individuals are able to reproduce outside the group.
C) organisms are morphologically similar.
D) geographic isolation occurs.
E) only asexual reproduction occurs.

Question 14

One method of maintaining the genetic isolation of a population is the inability of sperm to fertilize eggs of a different species. This is called

A) gametic incompatibility.
B) ecological isolation.
C) hybrid inviability.
D) temporal isolation.
E) behavioral isolation.

Question 15

The biological species concept cannot be applied to

A) species resulting from adaptive radiation.
B) extinct organisms.
C) allopatric populations.
D) sympatric populations.
E) polyploid populations.

Question 16

In many species of fireflies, males flash light from their abdomens to attract females. Each species has a different flashing pattern. This is an example of

A) temporal isolation.
B) behavioral isolation.
C) geographic isolation.
D) mechanical incompatibility.
E) ecological isolation.

Question 17

Female blue- footed boobies of the Galápagos Islands will mate only after a specific courtship display on the part of the male. The male high- steps to advertise his bright blue feet. What mechanism describes why the females do not mate with other species of boobies?

A) Behavioral isolation
B) Geographic isolation
C) Ecological isolation
D) Mechanical incompatibility
E) Temporal isolation

Question 18

Two different species of pine release their pollen at different times of the year. This is an example of

A) geographic isolation.
B) mechanical incompatibility.
C) temporal isolation.
D) behavioral isolation.
E) ecological isolation.

Question 19

Two fossils may be assigned to different species if

A) they come from different places.
B) they show no evidence of being capable of interbreeding.
C) they come from different time periods.
D) one appears to be ancestral to the other.
E) they are anatomically different.

Question 20

Eastern and Western meadowlarks look almost identical and sometimes inhabit the same areas of prairies. These birds recognize members of their own species by distinctive songs and thus do not breed with each other. This is an example of

A) behavioral isolation.
B) temporal isolation.
C) ecological isolation.
D) mechanical isolation.
E) geographic isolation.

Question 21

The Kaibab squirrel lives on the north side of the Grand Canyon, and the Abert squirrel lives on the south side. Even though these two populations are only miles apart, their gene pools are kept isolated by

A) temporal isolation.
B) ecological isolation.
C) hybrid infertility.
D) geographic isolation.
E) mechanical incompatibility.

Question 22

Temporal isolation is an example of

A) a premating isolating mechanism.
B) a postmating isolating mechanism.
C) neither a premating nor a postmating isolation mechanism.
D) both a premating and a postmating isolation mechanism.

Question 23

Crossing a zebra with a horse produces sterile offspring. This is an example of

A) temporal isolation.
B) hybrid inviability.
C) hybrid infertility.
D) hybrid vigor.
E) gametic incompatibility.

Question 24

A horse has a diploid number (2n) of 64 and a donkey has 2n = 62. The hybrid of these two species, mules, have 2n = 63 and are sterile. Why are mules sterile?

A) One chromosome is unpaired and fails to divide properly during meiosis.
B) Mules cannot physically mate with each other.
C) Mules cannot physically mate with horses and donkeys.
D) Horses are not able to form new species.
E) Mules are not true hybrids.

Question 25

Two species of squirrels live on either side of the Grand Canyon. It is believed that a long time ago, before being separated by the canyon, they were the same species. This is an example of

A) hybrid inviability.
B) mechanical isolation.
C) temporal isolation.
D) allopatric speciation.
E) behavioral isolation.

Question 26

When two organisms reach sexual maturity at different times, it is an example of

A) temporal isolation.
B) hybrid inviability.
C) hybrid infertility.
D) hybrid vigor.
E) gametic incompatibility.

Question 27

Horses and donkeys can mate successfully to produce mules, which are always sterile. Which genetic isolating mechanism prevents horses and donkeys from becoming a single species?

A) Behavioral isolation
B) Mechanical isolation
C) Hybrid inviability
D) Temporal isolation
E) Hybrid infertility

Question 28

If a hybrid is unable to produce sperm because meiosis does not proceed correctly, gene flow between the species is restricted by

A) hybrid infertility.
B) ecological isolation.
C) hybrid viability.
D) gametic isolation.
E) temporal isolation.

Question 29

A pet store puts both Norway rats (Rattus norvegicus) and black rats (Rattus rattus) in the same cage. If mating occurs, the pregnancy will not succeed because the embryos fail to develop properly. This is an example of

A) temporal isolation.
B) hybrid inviability.
C) hybrid infertility.
D) hybrid vigor.
E) gametic incompatibility.

Question 30

When the pollen of one plant species will not germinate on the flower of another species, it is an example of

A) temporal isolation.
B) hybrid inviability.
C) hybrid infertility.
D) hybrid vigor.
E) gametic incompatibility.

Question 31

Gametic incompatibility is an example of

A) a postmating isolating mechanism.
B) hybrid inviability.
C) a premating isolating mechanism.
D) a geographic isolating mechanism.

Question 32

Interbreeding two different species of lovebirds produces offspring that are unable to build a nest after they mature because they lack the appropriate nest- building behavior needed to build a nest. This limits genetic mixing between the species due to

A) mechanical incompatibility.
B) behavioral isolation.
C) ecological isolation.
D) hybrid inviability.
E) geographic isolation.

Question 33

Where would a researcher most likely find examples of allopatric speciation?

A) On a mountain range with many steep valleys and turbulent rivers
B) On the surface of a large lake
C) In a desert lacking sand dunes or rock formations
D) In a large, flat prairie lacking any significant water
E) At the bottom of a sandy, slowly flowing river

Question 34

What happens when two populations become geographically separated from each other and then genetic divergence occurs?

A) Temporal isolation
B) Allopatric speciation
C) Sympatric speciation
D) The founder effect
E) Continental drift

Question 35

When some hybrid organisms do not live long, it is an example of

A) temporal isolation.
B) hybrid inviability.
C) hybrid infertility.
D) hybrid vigor.
E) gametic incompatibility.

Question 36

The Great Dane and the Chihuahua are both domestic dogs (the same species), but mating between them is limited because of

A) geographic isolation.
B) behavioral isolation.
C) hybrid inviability.
D) mechanical incompatibility.
E) hybrid infertility.

Question 37

Lions and tigers can interbreed and produce offspring called tiglons or ligers, which have normal life spans but are sterile. Lions and tigers remain isolated genetically because of

A) mechanical incompatibility.
B) behavioral isolation.
C) hybrid infertility.
D) hybrid inviability.
E) heterozygote disadvantage.

Question 38

Since the Pleistocene ice age, deserts have been gradually forming in the southwestern United States. As the original lakes and rivers of this area shrank into isolated streams, ponds, and springs, the fishes living in them developed a strong potential for

A) hybridization.
B) hybrid inviability.
C) temporal isolation.
D) mechanical incompatibility.
E) speciation.

Question 39

There are currently many similar- looking but different species on either side of the Isthmus of Panama. They most likely resulted from

A) allopatric speciation.
B) hybridization.
C) sympatric speciation.
D) random mutations.
E) temporal isolation.

Question 40

When offspring are infertile after breeding occurs between individuals of different species, the genetic identities of the two populations are protected by

A) temporal isolation.
B) mechanical incompatibility.
C) behavioral isolation.
D) hybrid infertility.
E) genetic isolation.

Question 41

Overspecialized adaptations

A) enable a species to be more independent of other species.
B) are found only in species with very wide geographic ranges.
C) promote survival in a wide range of habitats.
D) are the result of natural selection.
E) enable a species to be more adaptable to environmental changes.

Question 42

In northern Minnesota, the lynx (Lynx canadensis) habitat overlaps the bobcat (Lynx rufus) habitat. The two can breed and produce healthy, fertile offspring, which could lead to

A) extinction of one or both species.
B) geographic isolation.
C) gametic incompatibility.
D) hybrid inviability.
E) hybrid infertility.

Question 43

The introduction of a few individuals into a new habitat that is unoccupied by other members of the species is a(n)

A) founder event.
B) limited speciation.
C) temporal isolation.
D) extinction.
E) adaptive radiation.

Question 44

Which species is least likely to become extinct?

A) A mammal species that feeds on a rare tropical orchid
B) A fish species that has hybridized with another species to produce infertile offspring
C) A fish species found in all five of the Great Lakes
D) A mammal species that can live equally well on dry land and in fresh water
E) A fish species that feeds on only rare snails found in only one small river

Question 45

Organisms from two separate species can look anatomically similar.

Question 46

Which of the following is the most prevalent immediate cause of extinction?

A) Environmental change
B) Disease
C) Specialization
D) Competition
E) Predation

Question 47

The introduction of a new species into an area that has several different habitats and very rich resources, but no predators will likely lead to

A) mechanical incompatibility.
B) extinctions.
C) adaptive radiation.
D) limited speciation.
E) temporal isolation.

Question 48

What is the best explanation for the origin of the unique species recently found in the Annamite Mountains of Vietnam?

A) Temporal isolation
B) Adaptive radiation
C) Allopatric speciation
D) Behavioral isolation
E) Sympatric speciation

Question 49

When a species invades a new habitat and evolves rapidly into several new species to better exploit new resources, what has occurred?

A) Genetic divergence
B) Adaptive radiation
C) Extinction
D) Polyploidy
E) Hybridization

Question 50

Premating isolation mechanisms occur when two species have different and incompatible mating behaviors.

Question 51

A single species of finch from South America was displaced to a new habitat in the Galápagos Islands and evolved rapidly into several new species as it exploited the new resources. What occurred in these Darwin's finches?

A) Phyletic speciation
B) Adaptive radiation
C) Divergent speciation
D) Polyploidy
E) Stabilizing selection

Question 52

Which species is most likely to become extinct?

A) Carp, found throughout Europe, the United States, and Canada
B) The jack- in- the- pulpit, found throughout the eastern United States and Canada
C) The white tiger beetle, found throughout several mid- Atlantic U.S. states
D) The northeastern pygmy shrew, found throughout New Jersey and Pennsylvania
E) Kirtland's warbler, which breeds in only a small area of Michigan

Question 53

Hybridization of two species in which of the following cases could lead to the extinction of one of the original species?

A) An endangered species may further decline by producing less- fit hybrid offspring.
B) The hybrid offspring may outcompete the parental species.
C) The two species increase their population sizes, thus increasing the effects of genetic drift.
D) Hybridization increases inbreeding, which decreases the average fitness of the species.
E) It may introduce deleterious genes from one species to another.

Question 54

The most common cause of extinction is

A) habitat change.
B) asteroid impacts.
C) interactions with other species.
D) overspecialization.
E) limited species range.

Question 55

Which statement best describes the reproductive isolation between populations of Rhagoletis flies, one of which is found on apple trees and the other that is found on hawthorn trees?

A) Hawthorn trees and apple trees grow in different areas, so the two populations do not encounter each other.
B) Apple- liking males are more likely to encounter apple- liking females than hawthorn- liking females.
C) Eggs laid by female flies mated with a male from the "wrong" population do not develop.
D) Hybrid offspring of the two populations are sterile.
E) Male flies of one population cannot physically mate with females from the other population.

Question 56

The origins of 300 or more species of cichlid fish in Lake Malawi can best be explained by

A) polyploidy.
B) adaptive radiation.
C) the fossil record.
D) premating isolating mechanisms.
E) random events.

Question 57

The immediate cause of most extinctions is

A) hybridization.
B) environmental change.
C) wide distribution.
D) overspecialization.
E) genetic drift.

Question 58

The organisms most likely to undergo sympatric speciation by polyploidy are

A) protists.
B) insects.
C) plants.
D) birds.
E) mammals.

Question 59

The parasitic Rhagoletis flies show such a preference for either hawthorn or apple trees that they are no longer interbreeding populations. What type of speciation does this scenario illustrate?

A) Allopatric
B) Sympatric
C) Specialization
D) The founder effect
E) Polyploidy

Question 60

Which statement best describes how overspecialization can affect a species?

A) New adaptations will never occur in a highly specialized species.
B) Highly specialized adaptations enable a species to live anywhere on Earth.
C) If the habitat around a specialized species changes, the species always evolves new specialized adaptations.
D) Highly specialized adaptations are rare in species that occupy a very limited geographic range.
E) Highly specialized adaptations in a species increase the likelihood of extinction if the environment changes.

Question 61

How do premating isolation mechanisms differ from postmating isolation mechanisms?

Question 62

Mechanisms that prevent mating between species are called isolating mechanisms.

Question 63

When hybrid offspring are created between species but are unable to breed successfully, it is referred to as
.

Question 64

Explain why naming and describing species based only on their appearance can be problematic.

Question 65

One species of moss in upstate New York produces gametes in May, and another species of moss in the same region produces gametes in June. This is an example of a(n) _ _ isolating mechanism.

Question 66

A plant breeder can use plum pollen to hand- fertilize an apricot flower. The fruit contains fertile seed that grows into a hybrid called a plucot. However, in the natural environment, plums and apricots bloom several weeks apart. Why are plums and apricots considered separate species?

Question 67

In the late 1700s, two populations of minnows became isolated when an earthquake altered the path of a river. Now the populations can no longer successfully breed with each other even when they are both moved to the same pond. These organisms have undergone speciation.

Question 68

Polyploidy is an important mechanism of speciation in animals.

Question 69

The biological species concept is based on the idea that individuals in one group are be unable to breed with individuals outside their group. This phenomenon is referred to as .

Question 70

Modern biologists have identified two main factors that drive speciation. What are these factors?

Question 71

Researchers believe that at least % of the species that have lived on Earth have become extinct.

Question 72

A flower has four copies of each chromosome. This is an example of .

Question 73

Hybrid inviability occurs when two species mate and produce fertile offspring.

Question 74

Two species of plants that both use honeybees as pollinators but reproduce at different times of the year- one spring, the other midsummer- demonstrate geographic isolation.

Question 75

In what type of habitat, or under what types of environmental conditions, would you expect adaptive radiation to occur?

Question 76

Two organisms that live on different islands are experiencing isolation.

Question 77

For new species to develop, there must be _ in the population.

Question 78

What are the five premating isolating mechanisms that keep different species from successfully mating?

Question 79

Hybrid inviability is an example of a(n) _ isolating mechanism.

Question 80

Polyploidy is an important mechanism of speciation in plants.