Deck 3: Discrimination

Question 1

The key to social change in social inequality has been ________.

A) proactive government intervention
B) resistance by subordinate groups
C) advocacy by White Americans
D) the melting pot philosophy of most Americans

Answer 1

B

Question 2

Discrimination is defined as ________.

A) the efforts to ensure that hazardous substances are controlled so that all communities receive protection regardless of race or socioeconomic circumstance
B) the denial of opportunities and equal rights to individuals and groups for prejudices or other arbitrary reasons
C) a more inclusive term than income and encompasses all of a person's material assets, including land, stocks, and other types of property
D) the positive effort to recruit subordinate-group members, including women, for jobs, promotions, and educational opportunities

Answer 2

B

Question 3

In 1972, the Civil Rights Act was amended to include ________.

A) employers with as few as 15 employees
B) gender discrimination
C) discrimination in housing
D) undocumented immigrant workers

Answer 3

A

Question 4

________ is made a meaningful term by national legislation and publicity because of the victimization associated with it.

A) Relative deprivation
B) Wealth inequality
C) Reverse discrimination
D) Hate crime

Question 5

Which of the following is an example of institutional discrimination?

A) Norman makes his friend Shawn feel inferior because of his religious affiliations.
B) A city school gives admission preference to children of White alumni.
C) A real estate firm tries to sell houses in minority neighborhoods.
D) Sophia refuses to speak to people who are poor in English.

Question 6

Institutional discrimination is so systematic that it takes on the pattern of ________.

A) redlining
B) woodwork racism
C) reverse discrimination
D) affirmative action

Question 7

The Hate Crime Statistics Act has been amended to ________.

A) apply solely to crimes based on race or religion
B) take into consideration redlining and reverse discrimination
C) include disabilities and sexual orientation as factors for crimes
D) include crimes related to institutional discrimination

Question 8

Hate crimes carry harsher penalties than other related crimes because ________.

A) the victim of the crime is randomly selected
B) the message is intended for the group to which the victim belongs
C) the crimes are most often committed by members of terrorist groups
D) the crimes are covered under the Homeland Security Act

Question 9

The denial of opportunities and equal rights to individuals and groups that results from the normal operations of a society is known as ________.

A) absolute deprivation
B) marginalization
C) prejudice
D) institutional discrimination

Question 10

Mark is a new immigrant in a country. He gets acquainted with several local people. However, when he compares himself with them, he feels that they have more opportunities and are more successful than him. Therefore, Mark is experiencing ________.

A) relative deprivation
B) redlining
C) absolute deprivation
D) reverse discrimination

Question 11

The concept introduced by civil rights activist Stokely Carmichael and political scientist Charles Hamilton that refers to covert acts committed collectively against an entire group is________.

A) institutional racism
B) individual discrimination
C) redlining
D) relative deprivation

Question 12

In the context of discrimination, a conflict theorist is likely to believe that ________.

A) absolute, unchanging standards do not determine deprivation and oppression
B) individuals who are most vocal are often in the worst economic and social situations
C) acts committed by prejudiced individuals are more significant than institutional discrimination
D) color-blind policies are not useful in eliminating institutional discrimination

Question 13

A fixed standard based on a minimum level of subsistence below which families should not be expected to exist is called ________.

A) affirmative action
B) absolute deprivation
C) redlining
D) reverse discrimination

Question 14

Unlike ordinary crimes, hate crimes are ________.

A) often directed at members of dominant groups
B) based on particular characteristics of the victims
C) covert acts directed at an entire group
D) committed in a manner that is invisible to people

Question 15

A bias crime is one in which ________.

A) offenders are motivated to choose a victim because of a particular characteristic that they possess and provide evidence that hatred prompted them to commit the offence
B) the conscious experience of a negative discrepancy between legitimate expectations and present actualities is based on a fixed standard of a minimum level of subsistence
C) the denial of opportunities and equal rights to individuals and groups results from the normal operations of a society
D) people are discriminated while trying to buy homes in minority and racially changing neighborhoods

Question 16

People convicted of felony crimes are prohibited from voting in the country of Arcadia resulting in a drastic decrease in the number of minority voters. This is an example of ________.

A) wealth inequality
B) affirmative action
C) institutional discrimination
D) redlining

Question 17

________ continuously imposes more hindrances on and awards fewer benefits to certain racial and ethnic groups than it does to others.

A) Institutional discrimination
B) Reverse discrimination
C) Affirmative action
D) Environmental justice

Question 18

The 1964 Civil Rights Act led to the establishment of the ________.

A) Glass Ceiling Commission
B) Fair Employment Practices Commission (FEPC)
C) Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC)
D) Affirmative Action Board

Question 19

Institutional discrimination is ________.

A) sometimes unintended and unconscious
B) described as the privileges enjoyed by minority members
C) very limited in American society
D) illegal as per the civil rights legislation passed in 1964

Question 20

Sociologists refer to the conscious experience of a negative discrepancy between legitimate expectations and present actualities as ________.

A) affirmative action
B) environmental justice
C) relative deprivation
D) redlining

Question 21

The glass ceiling describes ________.

A) barriers that block the promotion of a qualified worker because of gender or minority membership
B) barriers in moving laterally in a business to positions that are more likely to lead to authoritative positions
C) the male advantage experienced in occupations dominated by women
D) reverse discrimination experienced by White males

Question 22

White males are likely to encounter a glass escalator when ________.

A) they are denied loans by banks for choosing to buy homes in minority neighborhoods
B) they are refused promotions to higher organizational positions
C) provided with an opportunity to move laterally to a different department
D) rewarded with promotions in female-dominated occupations

Question 23

Glass walls describe ________.

A) obstacles to entry into law and medicine by minorities
B) movement of minorities up the corporate ladder but short of top management positions
C) barriers to lateral movement into positions that allow for advancement
D) discrimination faced by minorities in the banking industry

Question 24

An institution is likely to be engaged in redlining when ________.

A) it prevents minority employees from attaining promotions
B) women are denied opportunities for moving laterally within the organization
C) Black students with low test scores are expelled
D) mortgages are denied for houses in minority neighborhoods

Question 25

Anita Juarez is successful in the personnel relations department of a corporation. She is stopped in her efforts to make a lateral move into marketing, the key to top executive positions. Which of the following obstacles to professional growth is encountered by Anita?

A) reverse discrimination
B) a glass wall
C) relative deprivation
D) a glass ceiling

Question 26

The ________ prohibited discrimination in public accommodations.

A) Glass Ceiling Commission
B) Fair Employment Practices Commission
C) Civil Rights Act of 1964
D) Affirmative Action Board

Question 27

Critics of affirmative action are likely to call for ________.

A) an end to programs that give advantages to any group, including veterans and farmers
B) color-blind policies
C) more racial profiling
D) separation of business and government

Question 28

Simon, an employee of a home improvement firm, is asked to remodel a house. However, he refuses to do so because the house is located in a minority neighborhood. In this scenario, Simon is practicing ________.

A) affirmative action
B) glass escalator
C) service redlining
D) reverse discrimination

Question 29

As subordinate-group members are able to compete successfully, they sometimes encounter attitudinal or organizational bias that prevents them from reaching their full potential. Which of the following statements support this claim?

A) Qualified men often encounter obstacles when they move out of sex-typical jobs.
B) Qualified workers often move laterally into a different department without being promoted to a higher level.
C) Qualified workers belonging to minority groups encounter barriers that prevent their promotion.
D) Qualified subordinate-group members mostly encounter redlining that acts as a barrier to prevent their professional growth.

Question 30

Mike is a highly qualified engineer. However, he is turned down by a company in favor of a less qualified woman. This is an example of ________.

A) absolute deprivation
B) redlining
C) stereotyping
D) reverse discrimination

Question 31

Which of the following explains the high income earning capacity of Asian American men despite the presence of race barriers?

A) uniform incomes among the community members
B) the median income factor
C) denial of opportunities to Blacks and Hispanics
D) the past discrimination factor

Question 32

Affirmative action is an important tool for reducing ________.

A) reverse discrimination
B) environmental justice
C) institutional discrimination
D) hate crimes

Question 33

The charge that government actions unfairly bypass White males in favor of women and minority men refers to ________.

A) absolute deprivation
B) reverse discrimination
C) relative deprivation
D) redlining

Question 34

The California Civil Rights Initiative was placed on the ballot in 1996 as a referendum to ________.

A) establish the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission that had the power to investigate complaints against employers and to recommend action to the Department of Justice
B) amend the state constitution and prohibit any programs that give preference to women and minorities for college admission, employment, promotion, or government contracts
C) prohibited discrimination in public accommodations, that is, hotels, motels, restaurants, gasoline stations, and amusement parks
D) restrict all state universities from using affirmative action in their admissions policies

Question 35

If a bank implements affirmative action in its processes, it is likely to ________.

A) provide opportunities for minority group members to build good credit histories
B) ensure that married women are prequalified to obtain a loan
C) fix interest rates on home loans based on the locality where loan applicants plan to buy a home
D) provide assistance to only those students who enroll themselves in reputed universities

Question 36

As adults, well-off Black Americans are less likely to have acquired knowledge from their parents about how to invest wisely than their White counterparts. This is a result of ________.

A) affirmative action
B) environmental justice
C) wealth inequality
D) reverse discrimination

Question 37

Environmental justice refers to ________.

A) the efforts to ensure that hazardous substances are controlled so that all communities receive protection regardless of race or socioeconomic circumstance
B) the conscious experience of a negative discrepancy between legitimate expectations and present actualities
C) the positive efforts to recruit subordinate-group members, including women, for jobs, promotions, and educational opportunities, irrespective of their religion and race
D) a fixed standard based on a minimum level of subsistence below which families should not be expected to exist

Question 38

John, a White male, completed his degree in nursing. After six months on his first job, he gets promoted to a managerial role. John's promotion can be attributed to the presence of ________.

A) a glass wall
B) a glass escalator
C) reverse discrimination
D) affirmative action

Question 39

Kennedy Heights, a locality consisting mostly of people from minority groups, was knowingly constructed on contaminated land. Which of the following aspects of discrimination is highlighted in the given scenario?

A) institutional discrimination
B) environmental justice
C) reverse discrimination
D) redlining

Question 40

Which of the following terms refers to positive efforts to recruit minority group members or women for jobs, promotions, and educational opportunities?

A) affirmative action
B) reverse discrimination
C) environmental justice
D) redlining

Question 41

What is reverse discrimination?

Question 42

Define glass ceilings, glass walls, and glass escalators.

Question 43

Define redlining and give an example.

Question 44

Write a note on wealth and differentiate it from income.

Question 45

Explain the difference between absolute and relative deprivation as applied to the experiences of minority groups in America.

Question 46

Describe affirmative action.

Question 47

Identify the glass ceiling barriers as found by the 1991 Glass Ceiling Commission.

Question 48

How does individual discrimination differ from institutional racism?

Question 49

Define a hate crime and give examples.

Question 50

Write a note on environmental justice.