Deck 7: Value Creation Developing New Products

Question 1

Tommy's Own introduces snacks with different flavours for Asia and Europe.This is an example of:

A)geographic segmentation.
B)benefit segmentation.
C)demographic segmentation.
D)loyalty segmentation.
E)psychographic segmentation.

Answer 1

A

Question 2

Which of the following holds true for geographic segmentation?

A)It refers to the segmentation of consumers based on the worth they get from products or services.
B)It refers to the segmentation of consumers based on where they live.
C)It refers to the segmentation of consumers on the basis of how consumers describe themselves.
D)It refers to the strategy of investing in retention and initiatives to retain the firm's most profitable customers.
E)It refers to the segmentation of consumers based on easily measured, objective
Characteristics such as age, gender, income, and education.

Answer 2

B

Question 3

Skincare Co.offers skin-care products for men.This is an example of:

A)geographic segmentation.
B)behavioural segmentation.
C)demographic segmentation.
D)geodemographic segmentation.
E)psychographic segmentation.

Answer 3

C

Question 4

A company develops a variety of exotic breads targeted at suburban areas where large families reside and the demand for easy breakfast options is high.This is an example of:

A)geographic segmentation.
B)behavioural segmentation.
C)demographic segmentation.
D)geodemographic segmentation.
E)psychographic segmentation.

Question 5

An up-and-coming businessman buys a certain brand of apparel.This brand is associated with the image of an individual who values exclusivity and sportiness, which is the kind of person the businessman would like to be.This is an example of:

A)self-concept.
B)ideal point.
C)self-value.
D)lifestyle.
E)self-morals.

Question 6

A furniture manufacturer deals in furniture with antique designs.Its products have qualities that represent all that its customers aspire to be.The furniture mimics the designs used in royal households and provides customers with a means of self-expression.This is an example of:

A)geographic segmentation.
B)behavioural segmentation.
C)demographic segmentation.
D)geodemographic segmentation.
E)psychographic segmentation.

Question 7

Goals for life, not just the goals one wants to accomplish in a day, are called:

A)self-concepts.
B)ideal points.
C)self-values.
D)lifestyles.
E)self-morals.

Question 8

An automobile ad appeals to the rebel that is a part of every individual.It is aimed at a personality group.This is an example of:

A)geographic segmentation.
B)benefit segmentation.
C)demographic segmentation.
D)occasion segmentation.
E)psychographic segmentation.

Question 9

The image a person has of himself or herself is called:

A)self-concept.
B)ideal point.
C)self-value.
D)lifestyle.
E)self-morals.

Question 10

Style Stay is a lifestyle store that deals with expensive and aesthetic products.Most of its clientele belong to the elite class of society, achievers in their own right, who want to make a style statement associated with exclusivity.This is an example of:

A)geographic segmentation.
B)benefit segmentation.
C)demographic segmentation.
D)loyalty segmentation.
E)psychographic segmentation.

Question 11

Companies have started creating marketing campaigns to specifically target the female market.This is an example of:

A)geographic segmentation.
B)benefit segmentation.
C)demographic segmentation.
D)loyalty segmentation.
E)psychographic segmentation.

Question 12

A chainsaw company markets its products only in areas with forests.This is an example of:

A)geographic segmentation.
B)benefit segmentation.
C)demographic segmentation.
D)loyalty segmentation.
E)psychographic segmentation.

Question 13

Which of the following holds true for demographic segmentation?

A)It refers to the segmentation of consumers based on the worth they get from products or services.
B)It refers to the segmentation of consumers based on where they live.
C)It refers to the segmentation of consumers based on how consumers describe themselves.
D)It refers to the strategy of investing in retention and initiatives to retain the firm's most profitable customers.
E)It refers to the segmentation of consumers on the basis of easily measured, objective characteristics such as age, gender, income, and education.

Question 14

A credit card company issues a special card only to those customers who spend more than $500,000 a year on its other cards.This is an example of:

A)geographic segmentation.
B)benefit segmentation.
C)gender segmentation.
D)income segmentation.
E)psychographic segmentation.

Question 15

A juice packaging company develops packaged juices for the Canadian market, each targeted to a specific region.This is an example of:

A)geographic segmentation.
B)benefit segmentation.
C)demographic segmentation.
D)occasion segmentation.
E)psychographic segmentation.

Question 16

A company, which has a clothing line, launches a marketing campaign that features Hollywood stars and well-known sports personalities.These individuals are those with whom consumers might want to identify.This is an example of:

A)geographic segmentation.
B)benefit segmentation.
C)demographic segmentation.
D)loyalty segmentation.
E)psychographic segmentation.

Question 17

When people describe themselves by using those characteristics that help them choose how they occupy their time (behaviour) and what underlying psychological reasons determine those choices, they are using:

A)demographics.
B)psychographics.
C)geodemographics.
D)chromodynamics.
E)matronymics.

Question 18

A company that sells bags launches a category of bags featuring children's favourite cartoon characters.It also launches a line of stylish travel bags for adults.This is an example of:

A)geographic segmentation.
B)benefit segmentation.
C)demographic segmentation.
D)occasion segmentation.
E)psychographic segmentation.

Question 19

Which of the following holds true for psychographics?

A)It refers to the segmentation of consumers based on the worth they get from products or services.
B)It refers to the segmentation of consumers on the basis of where they live.
C)It refers to the segmentation of consumers on the basis of how consumers describe themselves.
D)It refers to the strategy of investing in retention and initiatives to retain the firm's most profitable customers.
E)It refers to the segmentation of consumers on the basis of easily measured, objective
Characteristics such as age, gender, income, and education.

Question 20

Self-respect, self-fulfillment, or a sense of belonging are typically examples of:

A)self-concept.
B)ideal point.
C)self-value goals.
D)lifestyle.
E)self-morals.

Question 21

Which of the following types of segmentation groups consumers based on the benefits they derive from products or services, their usage rate, their user status, and their loyalty?

A)differentiated segmentation
B)behavioural segmentation
C)geodemographic segmentation
D)undifferentiated segmentation
E)concentrated segmentation

Question 22

Which of the following is a part of the vertical dimension as established by VALS?

A)ideals
B)achievement
C)self-expression
D)innovativeness
E)self-value

Question 23

Magas is a business information service provider that helps companies by dividing the consumer market into different consumer segments.One such segment consists of neighbourhoods that are populated by super-rich families.People in this segment are more likely to take cruise ship vacations and store money in offshore banks.This is an example of:

A)differentiated segmentation.
B)behavioural segmentation.
C)geodemographic segmentation.
D)undifferentiated segmentation.
E)concentrated segmentation.

Question 24

Which of the following holds true for benefit segmentation?

A)It refers to the segmentation of consumers based on the worth they get from products or services.
B)It refers to the segmentation of consumers on the basis of where they live.
C)It refers to the segmentation of consumers on the basis of how consumers describe themselves.
D)It refers to the strategy of investing in retention and initiatives to retain the firm's most profitable customers.
E)It refers to the segmentation of consumers on the basis of easily measured, objective
Characteristics such as age, gender, income, and education.

Question 25

The concept of being "reachable" as a prerequisite for market segmentation refers to the fact that:

A)the customers in the segment should react similarly and positively to the firm's offering.
B)segments should be accessible to the firms through persuasive communications and product distribution.
C)segments should be distinct from one another for the firm to be able to design products or services to meet their needs.
D)segments and their buying power should be high enough to generate substantial profits.
E)segments should overlap each other to a great extent to facilitate the easy support of marketing mix activities.

Question 26

Marketers can track and compare sales performance among various clusters in different locations with the help of systems, such as PSYTE and PRIZM CE.

A)differentiated
B)behavioural
C)geodemographic
D)undifferentiated
E)concentrated

Question 27

Which of the following holds true for loyalty segmentation?

A)It refers to the segmentation of consumers based on the worth they get from products or services.
B)It refers to the segmentation of consumers on the basis of where they live.
C)It refers to the segmentation of consumers on the basis of how consumers describe themselves.
D)It refers to the strategy of investing in retention and initiatives to retain the firm's most profitable customers.
E)It refers to the segmentation of consumers on the basis of easily measured, objective
Characteristics such as age, gender, income, and education.

Question 28

A company uses a youth icon to endorse its new range of biker glasses.The commercial symbolizes youth and freedom.An individual who wants to live a life of freedom would be attracted to the ad.This is an example of:

A)self-concept.
B)ideal point.
C)self-value.
D)lifestyle.
E)self-morals.

Question 29

Olympic Athletic Wear segments its markets according to advantages that different consumers seek from its products.It has products for consumers who seek style and different products for others who seek performance.This is an example of:

A)geographic segmentation.
B)benefit segmentation.
C)demographic segmentation.
D)occasion segmentation.
E)psychographic segmentation.

Question 30

A company that deals in sprays, creams, and perfumes uses promotional coupons to entice people to buy and try its product.This is an example of:

A)differentiated segmentation.
B)behavioural segmentation.
C)geodemographic segmentation.
D)undifferentiated segmentation.
E)concentrated segmentation.

Question 31

Childcare Company produces baby products.It provides product samples to parents-to-be in order to capture a share of their future purchases.It has created a website where parents can get expert parenting advice.It targets potential user groups who can be converted into heavy users.This is an example of:

A)differentiated segmentation.
B)behavioural segmentation.
C)geodemographic segmentation.
D)undifferentiated segmentation.
E)concentrated segmentation.

Question 32

In a certain Canadian province, some areas are populated by young Hispanics who are mainly blue-collar workers.They are not highly educated and live in rented apartments.However, some college graduates do inhabit this low-income area.They have white-collar service jobs.They go on vacations and read financial dailies.A company that develops products to serve both groups of people is using:

A)differentiated segmentation.
B)behavioural segmentation.
C)geodemographic segmentation.
D)undifferentiated segmentation.
E)concentrated segmentation.

Question 33

Makers Shoes often has interesting offers for regular customers.These customers are the first to be informed about a new collection.Also, when shoes are on sale, they receive a newsletter in which they are given the opportunity to be the first to avail themselves of the special discounts available.This is an example of:

A)geographic segmentation.
B)benefit segmentation.
C)demographic segmentation.
D)loyalty segmentation.
E)psychographic segmentation.

Question 34

Which of the following holds true for the term PSYTE cluster?

A)It refers to the display in two or more dimensions, the position of products or brands in the consumer's mind.
B)It refers to the segmentation that tailors a product or service to suit an individual customer's wants or needs.
C)It refers to the grouping of all neighbourhoods in Canada into 60 different lifestyles bundles.
D)It refers to a strategy in which marketers change a brand's focus to target new markets or realign the brand's core emphasis with changing market preferences.
E)It refers to the practice of interacting on a one-to-one basis with many people to create custom-made products or services.

Question 35

How we live our lives to achieve goals is called:

A)self-concept.
B)ideal point.
C)self-value.
D)lifestyle.
E)self-morals.

Question 36

The grouping of consumers on the basis of a combination of geographic, demographic, and lifestyle characteristics is called:

A)differentiated segmentation.
B)behavioural segmentation.
C)geodemographic segmentation.
D)undifferentiated segmentation.
E)concentrated segmentation.

Question 37

A fast-food chain targets young males who account for almost 75 percent of all customer visits and visit the restaurant, on average, 20 times a month.They are called "Jumbo" customers.The fast-food chain has segmented its customers on the basis of usage rate, with the "Jumbo" customers being the heavy users.This is an example of:

A)geographic segmentation.
B)behavioural segmentation.
C)demographic segmentation.
D)geodemographic segmentation.
E)psychographic segmentation.

Question 38

A toothpaste manufacturing company segments its target population based on the four characteristics that it believes a customer requires: economic worth, medicinal value, cosmetic use, and taste.This is an example of:

A)geographic segmentation.
B)benefit segmentation.
C)demographic segmentation.
D)loyalty segmentation.
E)psychographic segmentation.

Question 39

The concept of being "identifiable" as a prerequisite for market segmentation refers to the fact that:

A)the customers in the segment should react similarly and positively to the firm's offering.
B)segments should be accessible to the firms through persuasive communications and product distribution.
C)segments should be distinct from one another for the firm to be able to design products or services to meet their needs.
D)segments and their buying power should be high enough to generate substantial profits.
E)segments should overlap each other to a great extent to facilitate the easy support of marketing mix activities.

Question 40

The concept of being "responsive" as a prerequisite for market segmentation refers to the fact that:

A)the customers in the segment should react similarly and positively to the firm's offering.
B)segments should be accessible to the firms through persuasive communications and product distribution.
C)segments should be distinct from one another for the firm to be able to design products or services to meet their needs.
D)segments and their buying power should be high enough to generate substantial profits.
E)segments should overlap each other to a great extent to facilitate the easy support of marketing mix activities.

Question 41

A company manufactures and sells only salvage cranes.This is an example of:

A)differentiated segmentation.
B)behavioural segmentation.
C)geodemographic segmentation.
D)undifferentiated segmentation.
E)concentrated segmentation.

Question 42

A company that sells shoes has a website with a make-your-own-shoe feature.It makes a vast number of styles in every major performance category available to the customer for personalization.This is an example of:

A)mass customization.
B)brand repositioning.
C)perceptual mapping.
D)positioning.
E)brand extension.

Question 43

A company launches a wide range of perfumes.These perfumes are designed to be combined by the user in different ways to create unique scents.This is an example of:

A)mass customization.
B)brand repositioning.
C)perceptual mapping.
D)positioning.
E)brand extension.

Question 44

A marketing strategy of selecting a single primary target market and focusing all energies on providing a product to fit that market's needs is called:

A)differentiated segmentation.
B)behavioural segmentation.
C)geodemographic segmentation.
D)undifferentiated segmentation.
E)concentrated segmentation.

Question 45

A company has launched a milk beverage containing chocolate.It has attracted children, teenagers, and adults alike.This is an example of:

A)differentiated segmentation.
B)behavioural segmentation.
C)geodemographic segmentation.
D)undifferentiated segmentation.
E)concentrated segmentation.

Question 46

A local bakery customizes its pastries and cakes to suit individual customer wants and needs.This is an example of:

A)differentiated segmentation.
B)micro marketing.
C)geodemographic segmentation.
D)undifferentiated segmentation.
E)concentrated segmentation.

Question 47

The concept of being "substantial and profitable" as a prerequisite for market segmentation refers to the fact that:

A)the customers in the segment should react similarly and positively to the firm's offering.
B)segments should be accessible to the firms through persuasive communications and product distribution.
C)segments should be distinct from one another for the firm to be able to design products or services to meet their needs.
D)segments and their buying power should be high enough to generate substantial returns from the market.
E)segments should overlap each other to a great extent to facilitate the easy support of
Marketing mix activities.

Question 48

A large passenger-ship company targets only older, rich people for its round-the-world cruises.This is an example of:

A)differentiated segmentation.
B)behavioural segmentation.
C)geodemographic segmentation.
D)undifferentiated segmentation.
E)concentrated segmentation.

Question 49

Kooky is a company that sells clothes.It has three different retail store formats to serve the varied needs of diverse fashion segments.This is an example of:

A)differentiated segmentation.
B)behavioural segmentation.
C)geodemographic segmentation.
D)undifferentiated segmentation.
E)concentrated segmentation.

Question 50

A neighbourhood tailor makes clothes according to the requirements of each of his individual customers.This is an example of:

A)brand repositioning.
B)positioning.
C)perceptual mapping.
D)mass marketing.
E)micro marketing.

Question 51

Customer lifetime value (CLV) refers to the:

A)sum total of benefits that a vendor promises a customer will receive in return for the customer's associated payment.
B)strategy for managing a company's interactions with customers, clients, and sales prospects.
C)total value of purchases of the customer over a lifetime of patronage.
D)tendency of the customer to stick with the brand even when it is priced higher than an otherwise equal product.
E)the provision of service to customers before, during, and after a purchase.

Question 52

Sturdy International sells its helmets to everyone in the market.There are no different strategies or products for different groups.This is an example of:

A)differentiated segmentation.
B)behavioural segmentation.
C)geodemographic segmentation.
D)undifferentiated segmentation.
E)concentrated segmentation.

Question 53

Kooky is a company that sells clothes.It has two brand names, Kooky and Kooky Kid.Each of these brands caters to the needs of two dissimilar market segments.There are varied strategies and products for the dissimilar groups.This is called:

A)differentiated segmentation.
B)behavioural segmentation.
C)geodemographic segmentation.
D)undifferentiated segmentation.
E)concentrated segmentation.

Question 54

Which of the following holds true for the term micro marketing?

A)It refers to the display, in two or more dimensions, of the position of products or brands in the consumer's mind.
B)It refers to the segmentation that tailors a product or service to suit an individual customer's wants or needs.
C)It refers to the mental picture that people have about a company and its products or services relative to competitors.
D)It refers to a strategy in which marketers change a brand's focus to target new markets or realign the brand's core emphasis with changing market preferences.
E)It refers to a marketing strategy a firm can use if the product or service is perceived to
Provide the same benefits to everyone.

Question 55

A tattoo artist creates tattoos according to the customer's specifications.This is an example of:

A)brand repositioning.
B)positioning.
C)perceptual mapping.
D)mass marketing.
E)micro marketing.

Question 56

Firms embrace differentiated segmentation because:

A)it is much easier to plan promotional strategies for different products being offered to different segments of the market.
B)it helps them obtain a bigger share of the market and increase the market for their products overall.
C)there is no need to develop separate strategies for different groups.
D)it protects the dilution of the brand.
E)it is inexpensive and cost-effective.

Question 57

Which of the following strategies refers to the marketing strategy a firm can use if the product or service is perceived to provide the same benefits to everyone, with no need to develop separate strategies for different groups?

A)differentiated segmentation
B)behavioural segmentation
C)geodemographic segmentation
D)undifferentiated segmentation
E)concentrated segmentation

Question 58

A strategy through which a firm targets several market segments with a varied offering for each is called:

A)differentiated segmentation.
B)behavioural segmentation.
C)geodemographic segmentation.
D)undifferentiated segmentation.
E)concentrated segmentation.

Question 59

Suppose a company sells a subscription service.Customers typically remain customers for 3 years, and they pay $20.00 per month for the service, which means $240.00 ($20.00 × 12 months) per year or $720.00 ($240.00 × 3 years) potential revenue from the customer.This is an example of:

A)business intelligence.
B)customer intelligence.
C)customer relationship management.
D)customer value proposition.
E)customer lifetime value.

Question 60

Which of the following constitutes a benefit for undifferentiated marketing strategy?

A)It helps firms to obtain a bigger share of the market and increase the market for their products overall.
B)It appeals to more customer segments.
C)It helps to diversify the business, thereby lowering the company's overall risk.
D)It is much easier to plan promotional strategies for different products being offered to different segments of the market.
E)It does away with the need to develop separate strategies for different groups.

Question 61

Sturdy International lets customers choose their own specifications for the helmets that they require.That includes the weight, designs, material, and size of the helmet.This is an example of:

A)brand repositioning.
B)positioning.
C)perceptual mapping.
D)mass marketing.
E)micro marketing.

Question 62

Telaware promoted itself as a single-stop office supply superstore where people could buy everything for their offices under one roof.Telaware soon found that the marketplace was crowded with retailers offering the same.Therefore, it decided to change the way it projected itself.It now differentiates itself from one-stop shopping retailers by promising customers an easier shopping experience.This is an example of:

A)brand repositioning.
B)positioning.
C)perceptual mapping.
D)mass marketing.
E)micro marketing.

Question 63

Which of the following holds true for the term positioning?

A)It refers to the display, in two or more dimensions, of the position of products or brands in the consumer's mind.
B)It refers to the segmentation that tailors a product or service to suit an individual customer's wants or needs.
C)It refers to the mental picture that people have about a company and its products or services relative to competitors.
D)It refers to a strategy in which marketers change a brand's focus to target new markets or realign the brand's core emphasis with changing market preferences.
E)It refers to the practice of interacting on a one-to-one basis with many people to create
Custom-made products or services.

Question 64

A graph shows consumer perceptions of various automobiles on the two dimensions of sportiness/conservative and classy/affordable.This sample of consumers felt Porsche was the sportiest and classiest of the cars in the study.They felt Plymouth was the most practical and conservative.Porsche is the ideal product when it came to classiness and sportiness, which is represented on the graph as a(n):

A)self-concept.
B)ideal point.
C)self-value.
D)lifestyle.
E)self-moral.

Question 65

Stella makes a living by knitting sweaters for customers.She interviews each customer to understand his or her specific needs and then designs the sweater accordingly.Each sweater is unique.This is an example of:

A)brand repositioning.
B)positioning.
C)perceptual mapping.
D)mass marketing.
E)micro marketing.

Question 66

An upscale restaurant that previously flourished on expense account dinners and corporate events has also started stressing value as a sales tool.This is an example of:

A)brand repositioning.
B)positioning.
C)perceptual mapping.
D)mass marketing.
E)micro marketing.

Question 67

Which of the following determines consumers' preference for a company's products or brands?

A)segmenting
B)positioning
C)publicity
D)targeting
E)demographics

Question 68

Which of the following holds true for the term brand repositioning?

A)It refers to the display, in two or more dimensions, of the position of products or brands in the consumer's mind.
B)It refers to the segmentation that tailors a product or service to suit an individual customer's wants or needs.
C)It refers to the mental picture that people have about a company and its products or services relative to competitors.
D)It refers to a strategy in which marketers change a brand's focus to target new markets.
E)It refers to the practice of interacting on a one-to-one basis with many people to create custom-made products or services.

Question 69

A graph shows consumer perceptions of various automobiles on the two dimensions of sportiness/conservative and classy/affordable.The graph would be called a:

A)brand map.
B)positioning map.
C)perceptual map.
D)marketing map.
E)conceptual map.

Question 70

A company launches a new bike in the market.Although it maintains the same quality as other bikes in the market, it offers a much lower price.This is an example of:

A)brand repositioning.
B)positioning.
C)perceptual mapping.
D)mass marketing.
E)micro marketing.

Question 71

Which of the following holds true for the term perceptual maps?

A)It refers to the display, in two or more dimensions, of the position of products or brands in the consumer's mind.
B)It refers to the segmentation that tailors a product or service to suit an individual customer's wants or needs.
C)It refers to the mental picture that people have about a company and its products or services relative to competitors.
D)It refers to a strategy in which marketers change a brand's focus to target new markets or realign the brand's core emphasis with changing market preferences.
E)It refers to the practice of interacting on a one-to-one basis with many people to create
Custom-made products or services.

Question 72

A company primarily marketing cartoon strips to children created the concept of "forgotten joy" through advertisements to attract the adult segment.This is an example of:

A)brand repositioning.
B)positioning.
C)perceptual mapping.
D)mass marketing.
E)micro marketing.

Question 73

A company sells baseball bats.It has a website where customers can log in and choose from out of 50 variations with regard to the weight, length, thickness, and design of the bat.The customers get a bat based on their own specifications.This is an example of:

A)mass customization.
B)brand repositioning.
C)perceptual mapping.
D)positioning.
E)mass marketing.

Question 74

A company sells used cars.It established itself in the market as a competitor of low-price car manufacturers.It was able to establish itself in the mind of the consumer as a low-cost, high- quality used cars alternative to low-cost, low-quality new cars.This is an example of:

A)brand repositioning.
B)positioning.
C)perceptual mapping.
D)mass marketing.
E)micro marketing.

Question 75

Avis is a car rental company.It promotes itself with the punchline "Avis is only No.2 in rent-a- cars, so why go with us? We try harder." When Avis tries to create an image in the mind of the customer that it tries harder than the No.1 rental company to fulfil the demands of customers, it is using:

A)brand repositioning.
B)positioning.
C)perceptual mapping.
D)mass marketing.
E)micro marketing.

Question 76

"Value" as a positioning strategy refers to the:

A)attributes that are most important to the target market.
B)relationship of price to quality.
C)psychological meaning of the brand to consumers.
D)positioning of the product or service against a specific competitor or within the target market.
E)position of the brand in the consumer's mind.

Question 77

Which of the following holds true for the term mass customization?

A)It refers to the display, in two or more dimensions, of the position of products or brands in the consumer's mind.
B)It refers to a marketing strategy a firm can use if the product or service is perceived to provide the same benefits to everyone.
C)It refers to the mental picture that people have about a company and its products or services relative to competitors.
D)It refers to a strategy in which marketers change a brand's focus to target new markets or realign the brand's core emphasis with changing market preferences.
E)It refers to the practice of interacting on a one-to-one basis with many people to create
Custom-made products or services.

Question 78

"Symbolism" as a positioning strategy refers to the:

A)attributes that are most important to the target market.
B)relationship of price to quality.
C)psychological meaning of the brand to consumers.
D)positioning of the product or service against a specific competitor or within the target market.
E)position of the product in the market.

Question 79

The place at which a particular market segment's model product would lie on a perceptual map is referred to as a(n):

A)self-concept.
B)ideal point.
C)self-value.
D)lifestyle.
E)self-moral.

Question 80

John Deere manufactures seeding equipment that can be modified in about two million ways to provide a unique version to an individual customer.It fulfills individual customer expectations.This is an example of:

A)mass customization.
B)brand repositioning.
C)perceptual mapping.
D)positioning.
E)mass marketing.