Deck 4: Attachment: Forming Close Relationships

Question 1

Which of the following terms reflects the understanding that objects, including people, have a continuous existence apart from the baby's own interactions with them:

A)attachment
B)secure base
C)object permanence
D)imprinting

Answer 1

C

Question 2

Controversies regarding Bowlby's theory include:

A)the idea that infants' early behaviors are biologically programmed
B)the emphasis on mothers as the only caregivers who can provide the care and support necessary to foster infants' attachment
C)the suggestion that both mothers and fathers are important for infants' attachment development
D)both a and b

Answer 2

D

Question 3

What do we call the feeling of closeness a mother has to her infant, perhaps influenced by postnatal contact:

A)internal working model
B)secure base
C)maternal bond
D)imprinting

Answer 3

C

Question 4

The central point of more recent learning theory-based perspectives on attachment which suggests that attachment results from satisfying interactions over time with responsive adults:

A)offers the most complete and empirically validated explanation of attachment
B)does not explain why both children and animals appear to form attachments to abusive parents
C)both a and b
D)neither a nor b

Question 5

The central point of more recent learning theory-based perspectives on attachment is that attachment:

A)takes place during classical conditioning
B)is intrinsically tied to the feeding of the infant
C)results from satisfying interactions over time with responsive adults
D)all of the above

Question 6

Ethological theory:

A)offers the least detailed explanation of attachment
B)is rarely used by attachment researchers today
C)suggests that infants are biologically programmed for attachment
D)mothers learn to become attached to their infants but are not biologically prepared for attachment

Question 7

According to the psychoanalytic explanation for attachment:

A)attachment takes place during the anal stage
B)infants become attached first to the mother and then the mother's breast
C)attachment begins in the oral stage
D)attachment develops in the phallic phase

Question 8

Unique contributions of Bowlby's theory include:

A)the active role played by the infant's smiling and crying
B)emphasis on the development of mutual attachments
C)the position that attachment is a relationship not a behavior
D)all of the above

Question 9

A strong emotional relationship that forms between infant and caregiver in the second half of the child's first year:

A)imprinting
B)secure base
C)attachment
D)maternal bond

Question 10

This theory of attachment development highlights the gratification of instinctual drives like the infant's desire for oral stimulation:

A)psychoanalytic
B)learning
C)cognitive
D)ethological

Question 11

Bowlby's theory of attachment emphasizes the degree to which:

A)infants are biologically prepared to respond to the sights, sounds, and nurturance provided by parents
B)parents are biologically prepared to respond to the infant's eliciting behaviors, such as crying, smiling, and vocalizing
C)parents provide the infant with a safe and stimulating environment
D)both a and b

Question 12

The central point of Harlow's experiments with "surrogate mothers" was that:

A)attachment occurs in primates as well as humans
B)attachment is intrinsically tied to the feeding of the infant
C)attachment is not limited to one "caregiver"
D)none of the above

Question 13

Research with higher-risk mothers has shown that contact between mother and baby immediately after birth:

A)is necessary to avoid severe developmental delays
B)is necessary to avoid disturbed mothering patterns
C)helps mothers form a strong bond to their infants
D)neither a nor b

Question 14

Birds and other infrahuman animals develop a preference for the person or object to which they are first exposed during a brief, critical period after birth. This is referred to as:

A)attachment
B)secure base
C)object permanence
D)imprinting

Question 15

This theory of attachment development describes the mother as a secondary drive because she is associated with the relief of hunger:

A)psychoanalytic
B)learning
C)cognitive
D)ethological

Question 16

This theory of attachment development highlights instinctual responses that are important for the protection and survival of the species:

A)psychoanalytic
B)learning
C)cognitive
D)ethological

Question 17

Which theorist is noted for the ethological approach to attachment?

A)Klaus
B)Freud
C)Bowlby
D)Kagan

Question 18

Cognitive developmental theory:

A)emphasizes infants' ability to distinguish between familiar and unfamiliar people
B)emphasizes infants' awareness that people continue to exist even when they cannot be seen
C)helps account for the gradual shift in the way attachment is expressed
D)all of the above

Question 19

The psychoanalytic explanation for attachment is incorrect because:

A)infants form attachments to people who never feed them
B)infants have no id, ego, or superego
C)both a and b
D)neither a nor b

Question 20

This theory of attachment development highlights the ability to differentiate between familiar and unfamiliar people:

A)psychoanalytic
B)learning
C)cognitive
D)ethological

Question 21

Babies who turn away, increase distance, or pay her no attention to their primary caregivers when she returns after a brief separation in the Strange Situation Procedure, have:

A)an insecure-ambivalent attachment
B)an insecure-avoidant attachment
C)an insecure-disorganized attachment
D)a secure attachment

Question 22

An infant's attachment to one special person, usually the mother, emerges by:

A)6 months
B)7-9 months
C)12-18 months
D)36 months

Question 23

The phase of attachment that is characterized by children understanding parents' needs is referred to as:

A)goal-corrected partnership
B)attachment in the making
C)clear-cut attachment
D)preattachment

Question 24

Babies who are able to explore novel environments and whose separation distress is effectively and efficiently comforted by their parents after a brief separation have a:

A)parental bond
B)secure base
C)secure attachment
D)positive attachment

Question 25

Which alternative to the Strange Situation provides as output the same four-category classification of secure, insecure-ambivalent, insecure-avoidant, and insecure-disorganized:

A)the Attachment Q Set
B)the California Attachment Procedure
C)The Adult Attachment Interview
D)The McArthur Story Completion Test

Question 26

An infant's distress reaction to being separated from the attachment object, usually the mother, which typically peaks at about 15 months of age is called:

A)insecure-ambivalent attachment
B)insecure-avoidant attachment
C)insecure-disorganized attachment
D)separation distress or protest

Question 27

The phase of attachment that is characterized by recognition of familiar people is referred to as:

A)goal-corrected partnership
B)attachment in the making
C)clear-cut attachment
D)preattachment

Question 28

A study of infant attachment among 60 two-parent working-class families in Scotland found that the number of infants who formed a secondary attachment to their father during the first 18 months of life was:

A)over 90%
B)75%
C)60%
D)none of the above

Question 29

A scenario in which parent and child are separated and reunited so that investigators can assess the nature and quality of the parent infant attachment relationship is called:

A)Attachment Q-set
B)California Attachment Procedure
C)Standardized Attachment Assessment
D)Strange Situation

Question 30

Fathers on average:

A)spend 4 to 5 more times playing with their infants than caring for them
B)engage in more verbally stimulating games than mothers
C)engage in equal amount of diaper changing as mothers
D)engage in less arousing play than mothers

Question 31

Babies who look dazed, freeze in the middle of their movements, or engage in repetitive behaviors when reunited with the mothers after a brief separation during the Strange Situation Procedure have:

A)an insecure-ambivalent attachment
B)an insecure-avoidant attachment
C)an insecure-disorganized attachment
D)a secure attachment

Question 32

Children from which countries were, on average, classified as more avoidant than U.S. children in the Strange Situation:

A)Germany, Sweden, Great Britain
B)Puerto Rico, Japan, Uganda
C)Great Britain, Sweden, Japan
D)Germany, Puerto Rico, Uganda

Question 33

The phase of attachment that is characterized by separation protest and intentional communication is referred to as:

A)goal-corrected partnership
B)attachment in the making
C)clear-cut attachment
D)preattachment

Question 34

A study of infant attachment among 60 two-parent working-class families in Scotland found that the number of infants who formed a specific attachment to their mother during the first year of life was:

A)over 90%
B)75%
C)60%
D)none of the above

Question 35

Children from which countries were, on average, classified as less avoidant than U.S. children in the Strange Situation:

A)Germany, Sweden, Great Britain
B)Puerto Rico, Japan, Uganda
C)Great Britain, Sweden, Japan
D)Germany, Puerto Rico, Uganda

Question 36

The phase of attachment that is characterized by indiscriminate social responsiveness is referred to as:

A)goal-corrected partnership
B)attachment in the making
C)clear-cut attachment
D)preattachment

Question 37

The two theoretical dimensions used to assess attachment in addition to the four attachment types are:

A)proximity seeking versus avoidance and anger/resistance
B)contact maintenance and secure base
C)secure base and anxiety reduction
D)physical proximity and emotional resistance

Question 38

Differences between fathers and mothers include:

A)across cultures mothers are usually the primary caregivers
B)fathers hold and kiss their children less than mothers do
C)fathers talk to their children less than mothers do
D)fathers play with their children less than mothers do

Question 39

A study of infant attachment among 60 two-parent working-class families in Scotland found that the number of infants who formed a secondary attachment to a grandparent during the first 18 months of life was:

A)over 75%
B)75%
C)60%
D)none of the above

Question 40

Reasons the Strange Situation reveals cultural differences in the proportion of children exhibiting a secure attachment include the following:

A)the degree to which the Strange Situation stresses infants varies across cultures
B)the degree to which attachment exists varies across cultures
C)the definition of a secure attachment varies across cultures
D)all of the above

Question 41

Over 80 percent of abused children form _______ to their caregiver(s):

A)an insecure-avoidant attachment
B)an insecure-ambivalent attachment
C)an insecure-disorganized attachment
D)a secure attachment

Question 42

Aspects of maternal behavior that promote a child's development of a secure attachment include:

A)sensitivity and responsiveness
B)adaptation to the child's current state
C)physical and psychological availability
D)all of the above

Question 43

In the largest available studies, the stability of attachment security from infancy to adulthood is characterized as

A)highly stable
B)weakly stable
C)moderately stable
D)impossible to predict how stable attachment is over time

Question 44

Which of the following is not usually a barrier for attachment formation when the mother is in prison:

A)geographic distance
B)visitation rules
C)mother's lack of interest
D)changes in both mother and infant caused by their respective environments

Question 45

Which of the following best describes the relation between infants' temperament characteristics and attachment relationships?

A)infants' temperament directly relates to attachment relationships
B)infants' temperament is very weakly related to the quality of attachment
C)infants' temperament is especially related to avoidant attachment relationships
D)no research has yet examined the link between infants' temperament characteristics and attachment relationships

Question 46

In a study in Bucharest, orphanage children who were adopted later formed secure attachments ______ of the time, whereas those who remained in the orphanage formed secure attachments ______ of the time:

A)half; one quarter
B)two thirds; one quarter
C)half; less than one quarter
D)two thirds; less than one quarter

Question 47

Infants who are classified as insecurely attached:

A)show relatively more brain activity in the left temporal lobe
B)show relatively less brain activity in the left temporal lobe
C)show relatively less brain activity in the left prefrontal cortex
D)show relatively more brain activity in the left prefrontal cortex

Question 48

Which of the following is true regarding mothers' biological preparedness for parenting:

A)hormonal changes before and during childbirth make them sensitive to infant cries and primed for the tasks of motherhood
B)show relatively less brain activity in the left temporal lobe
C)show relatively less brain activity in the left prefrontal cortex
D)show relatively more brain activity in the left prefrontal cortex

Question 49

People's mental representations of themselves in childhood, their parents, and the nature of their interactions with their parents are referred to as:

A)intergenerational representation
B)an internal working model
C)both a and b
D)neither a nor b

Question 50

Children who form insecure-avoidant attachments more often have parents whose attachment type is:

A)preoccupied
B)dismissing
C)authoritative
D)none of the above

Question 51

If you were observing institutionalized young children living in poor quality orphanages, about how many would you expect to be securely attached?

A)more than 85 percent
B)more than 65 percent
C)more than 55 percent
D)none of the above

Question 52

Children who form secure attachments often have parents whose attachment type as measured by the Adult Attachment Interview is described as:

A)preoccupied
B)dismissing
C)authoritative
D)none of the above

Question 53

The established link between parent sensitivity and secure attachment is true:

A)only for mothers
B)only among North American samples
C)only for fathers
D)none of the above

Question 54

Israeli children who live in communal villages called kibbutzim, especially if they regularly sleep there overnight, are less likely to show:

A)insecure-ambivalent attachment
B)insecure-avoidant attachment
C)insecure-disorganized attachment
D)secure attachment

Question 55

Children who form insecure-avoidant attachments:

A)direct their attention to toys
B)avoid seeking contact with their parents post-separation
C)both a and b
D)neither a nor b

Question 56

The hormone that increases when an infant experiences warm physical contact with a familiar person is called the "cuddle hormone" or:

A)vasopressin
B)oxytocin
C)prolactin
D)serotonin

Question 57

When 4-year olds who lived their first year in an orphanage before being adopted were compared with 4-year-olds who had been raised at home:

A)the adopted children were less socially responsive
B)their level of oxytocin did not increase when interacting physically with their adopted mothers
C)their level of vasopressin was lower than the home-reared children
D)all of the above

Question 58

The hormone that increases when an infant recognizes a familiar person:

A)vasopressin
B)oxytocin
C)prolactin
D)serotonin

Question 59

Contextual variables that make it more likely that a child will develop a secure attachment to mother include the following:

A)the parents have a happy marriage
B)the family lives in an unsafe neighborhood
C)the mother is depressed
D)the family lives in a rural rather than an urban setting

Question 60

According to attachment theory, children with an insecure-ambivalent (resistant) attachments do not leave their mother during the Strange Situation Procedure because:

A)they are using her as a secure base
B)they enjoy being close to her more than children of other attachment types
C)they are less interested in exploring their surroundings
D)they don't know if she will be available and are consequently hesitant to leave her side

Question 61

The NICHD Study of Early Child Care and Youth Development found support for the:

A)"extreme early effects" hypothesis
B)"mediating effects" hypothesis
C)both a and b
D)neither a nor b

Question 62

Adults who find it difficult to trust their romantic partners are likely to have relationships that are:

A)secure
B)ambivalent
C)avoidant
D)diffuse

Question 63

The NICHD Study of Early Child Care and Youth Development found that:

A)changes in later parenting mattered more for securely attached children
B)changes in later parenting mattered more for insecurely attached children
C)changes in later parenting were equally linked to child outcomes regardless of attachment type
D)none of the above

Question 64

Adults who constantly worry about being abandoned are likely to have relationships that are:

A)secure
B)ambivalent
C)avoidant
D)diffuse

Question 65

The theory that children's attachment histories modify how they perceive and react to changes in their family environment is:

A)the "extreme early effects" hypothesis
B)the "mediating effects" hypothesis
C)the "dynamic interaction process"
D)critical period hypothesis

Question 66

Newborn monkeys who are isolated from all social contact during their first year:

A)withdraw from other monkeys at first, but eventually fully recover
B)are unable to have normal sexual relations for the next few years before reintegrating into the social group
C)show timid and withdrawn behavior interactions patterns
D)recover well if properly fathered after isolation

Question 67

As Bowlby argued, the links between early attachment and social outcomes are mediated by:

A)imprinting
B)self-esteem
C)parent sensitivity
D)children's internal working models

Question 68

Secure attachments to parents:

A)facilitates mastery of the social world
B)increases the child's trust in other social relationships
C)facilitates the development of mature affectional relationship with peers
D)all of the above

Question 69

Which of the following accurately describes the relation between internal working models and social behaviors:

A)social behaviors predict changes in internal working models
B)internal working models predict changes in social behaviors
C)both a and b
D)neither a nor b 119-

Question 70

Factors that can shift a secure attachment to an insecure attachment include the following:

A)declines in the quality of parent-child communication
B)increases in hostility or conflict
C)exposure to stressful life events
D)all of the above

Question 71

Factors associated with a secure attachment include:

A)higher levels of later academic skills
B)being rated as more attentive in the classroom
C)lower levels of frustration, crying, and whining
D)all of the above

Question 72

Researchers have found that at age 19 adolescents with a history of secure attachments are more likely to have:

A)long-term friendships
B)higher-paying jobs
C)more early adulthood depression
D)children of their own

Question 73

Children who have formed a/an _______ attachment view themselves negatively, whereas children who have formed a/an _______ attachment view themselves as perfect:

A)insecure-avoidant; secure
B)insecure-avoidant; insecure-disorganized
C)insecure-disorganized; insecure avoidant
D)insecure- avoidant; insecure ambivalent

Question 74

The infant's attachment to the parent is a trait like weight or intelligence

Question 75

The theory that children's attachment histories matter less than the continuity or discontinuity of the child's experiences and relationships with parents is:

A)the "extreme early effects" hypothesis
B)the "mediating effects" hypothesis
C)the "dynamic interaction process"
D)the sensitive period hypothesis

Question 76

The ideas of "extreme early effects" and "mediating effects" are alternatives for explaining:

A)patterns seen in the attachment formation of adoptees
B)the association between attachment quality and later development
C)the role of internal working models in attachment formation
D)none of the above

Question 77

The number of attachments a child can form is unlimited

Question 78

Securely attached children are, in part, protected from changes in parenting quality

Question 79

Rank the types of attachment relationships observed among U.S. infants from most frequent to least frequent:

A)secure, ambivalent, avoidant
B)secure, avoidant, ambivalent
C)ambivalent, secure, avoidant
D)avoidant, secure, ambivalent

Question 80

When 1-year-old children are assessed in terms of their attachment to both their mothers and fathers and are then presented with a friendly clown:

A)children respond well as long as they are securely attached to their mother
B)children respond well as long as they are securely attached to one parent
C)children respond best when securely attached to both parents
D)degree of attachment to their parents did not matter