Deck 9: Early-Childhood-Cognitive-Development

Question 1

The ability to engage in pretend play is dependent upon

A) the creativity level of the child.
B) the IQ level of the child.
C) a lack of egocentrism.
D) use and recollection of symbols.

Answer 1

D

Question 2

Four-year-olds think dreams are real because of artificialism.

Answer 2

False

Question 3

When does pretend play usually appear?

A) By approximately 6 months of age
B) By around 9 months of age
C) About 12 to 13 months of age
D) At 36 months of age

Answer 3

C

Question 4

Hyperactive children can be taught to use self-directed speech to increase their self-control.

Question 5

The contrast assumption assumes that objects only have one label.

Question 6

Being able to pretend involves all but which of the following?

A) manipulation of symbols
B) cognitive sophistication
C) preoperational thought
D) egocentric thinking

Question 7

In "transductive reasoning," children reason by going from one specific isolated event to another.

Question 8

Preschoolers show better memory for toys in which they're interested.

Question 9

Egocentrism is characterized by one-dimensional thinking.

Question 10

Children should be corrected when they overregularize as it's an indication of falling behind in language development.

Question 11

Answering essay questions is an example of the use of recall.

Question 12

Until age 5, children cannot distinguish between pictures of objects and real objects.

Question 13

Preoperational children are not conservationists.

Question 14

One of the most important symbolic activities in young children is

A) developing gross motor skills.
B) creating friendships with peers.
C) use of language.
D) forming a self-concept.

Question 15

Preschoolers use rehearsal to remember things.

Question 16

Saying "Doggie goed away" instead of "Doggie went away" is a sign that young children understand the rules of grammar.

Question 17

According to Piaget, the preoperational stage of cognitive development lasts from about

A) age 0-2.
B) age 2-7.
C) age 4-6.
D) age 7 until adulthood.

Question 18

Understanding mental representations requires understanding that objects can take many forms in our minds.

Question 19

Three-year-olds believe it is possible to discover a ball's color just by feeling it.

Question 20

Scaffolding is a useful concept for understanding how to teach children.

Question 21

Your 3-year-old daughter, Amelie, has an imaginary friend named Brady. What can be concluded about Amelie?

A) She is lonely.
B) She is a later-born child.
C) She is not unusual, as up to 50% of preschoolers have imaginary friends.
D) She has trouble making friends.

Question 22

While playing outside in the snow, a snowflake falls on Timothy's nose and melts. He exclaims, "The snowflake kissed me!" This is an example of

A) artificialism.
B) animism.
C) egocentrism.
D) preoperations.

Question 23

A child who cannot take someone else's perspective would be characterized as

A) formal operational.
B) concrete operational.
C) immature for their age.
D) egocentric.

Question 24

"The sky is raining because it is sad" is an example of

A) egocentrism.
B) artificialism.
C) animism.
D) conservation.

Question 25

Believing that the sun is a yellow circle that a person painted on the sky is an example of

A) artificialism.
B) animism.
C) egocentrism.
D) preoperations.

Question 26

When asked what the doll sees in Piaget's three-mountain test, what answer do preoperational children typically give?

A) The doll sees the cross on the summit, but not the house on the mountain.
B) The doll sees what the child sees.
C) The doll sees the house on the mountain, but not the cross on the summit.
D) The doll sees the opposite of what the child sees.

Question 27

If you ask a child the question, "Why does the moon rise?" and he responds, "Because I want it to," this child is probably

A) age 2 or younger.
B) approximately 3 years of age.
C) unusually creative.
D) unable to understand reversibility.

Question 28

The ability to play the game of checkers requires

A) hypothetical thinking.
B) animism.
C) flexibility and reversibility.
D) egocentrism.

Question 29

Children with imaginary companions

A) are more aggressive than those without such companions.
B) are less cooperative than those without such companions.
C) have fewer "real" friends than those without such companions.
D) show greater ability to concentrate and more advanced language development.

Question 30

Violent pretend play is associated with

A) lower levels of empathy and increased antisocial behavior later on.
B) high levels of creativity.
C) having an imaginary playmate.
D) poor language skills.

Question 31

Engaging in elaborate pretend play is associated with

A) behavioral problems.
B) loneliness.
C) increased creativity and ability to relate to peers.
D) being a second- or later-born child.

Question 32

Three-year-old Molly is watching her mailbox. She tells her mother that the mail carrier will soon come because it is now daytime. This type of thinking is called

A) egocentrism.
B) transductive reasoning.
C) artificialism.
D) formal operational thought.

Question 33

The typical 4-year-old believes

A) that dreams are real.
B) that words are symbolic.
C) that people view the world differently.
D) that the moon sits on the sun every night when the sky turns dark.

Question 34

What test did Piaget use to show that egocentrism prevents young children from taking the perspectives of others?

A) The three mountains test
B) The five mountains test
C) Conservation tasks
D) The checkerboard test

Question 35

Operations include

A) transitivities.
B) seriations.
C) heuristics.
D) schemes.

Question 36

In transductive reasoning, a child assumes that

A) separate events have cause-effect relationships.
B) others see the world in the same way the child does.
C) when objects disappear, they no longer exist.
D) environmental features, like rain and thunder, are made by people.

Question 37

If you ask a child the question, "Why does the sun rise?" and she responds, "So I can see to go outside and play," this child

A) is most likely in the sensorimotor stage.
B) is demonstrating precausal thinking.
C) is demonstrating conservation.
D) has broken free of egocentric thinking.

Question 38

Mental acts in which objects are changed or transformed and then can be returned to their original states are called

A) operations.
B) mental flexibility acts.
C) precausal thinking.
D) transductive reasoning.

Question 39

A classic experiment using the three mountains task with 5- and 6-year-old children shows that they

A) can take the perspective of the doll.
B) cannot take the perspective of the doll.
C) take the perspective of the experimenter.
D) cannot complete the three mountain task because they are too young to understand the instructions

Question 40

When 3-year-old Caitlin is asked what she did at preschool that day, she says "You know. You were there." This type of one-dimensional thinking is called

A) transductive reasoning.
B) egocentrism.
C) artificialism.
D) cognitive flexibility.

Question 41

Which of the following represents the concept of class inclusion?

A) Understanding that "animal" includes subclasses such as "dogs" and "cats"
B) Being able to engage in addition and subtraction
C) Being able to recite the multiplication tables
D) Being able to place objects in order according to some characteristic

Question 42

To most 4-year-olds, dreams are like

A) games.
B) make believe.
C) books.
D) movies.

Question 43

Pouring water from a short wide glass into a tall thin glass is a test used to assess children's

A) intelligence.
B) empathy.
C) conservation.
D) fine motor skills.

Question 44

Five-year-old Nathan pours juice from a tall glass into a shorter one. He then gives the short glass to Vince. Three- year-old Vince is upset because he now believes he has less juice than when it was in the tall glass. This aspect of preoperational thought is called

A) egocentrism.
B) precausal thinking.
C) transductive reasoning.
D) irreversibility.

Question 45

Which of the following is TRUE?

A) Lack of centration enables one to have the ability of conservation.
B) Centration causes one to have the ability of conservation.
C) Centration and conservation are unrelated.
D) Conservation causes centration.

Question 46

Four-year-old Jenna is looking at a drawing of her family tree. Her father tells her she has three aunts and two grandmothers. Her father then asks her if she has more grandmothers or more relatives. What will she say?

A) More grandmothers
B) More aunts
C) More relatives
D) Neither

Question 47

What is scaffolding?

A) Temporary support provided to a child while learning to perform a task
B) A method of testing a child's conservation skills
C) An achievement test sometimes given to young children
D) A test of gross motor skills

Question 48

A 4-year-old child is shown pictures of four cats and six dogs. When asked if there are more dogs or more animals, she will most likely say that

A) there are more dogs.
B) there are more animals.
C) only the cats are animals.
D) she cannot understand the question.

Question 49

Children who lack conservation skills would assume that a sandwich cut into twohalves would result in

A) more sandwich.
B) less sandwich.
C) the same amount of sandwich.
D) an unknowable amount of sandwich.

Question 50

What is centration?

A) Reversibility in thinking
B) Focusing only on one aspect of a problem
C) Loss of egocentrism
D) The same concept as conservation

Question 51

Miller (2010) indicated that children's difficulty with the three-mountain task may be due more to than to ____.

A) the demands of the task; egocentrism
B) egocentrism; the demands of the task
C) irreversibility; egocentrism
D) being in a laboratory environment; egocentrism

Question 52

A preoperational child would assume

A) that tall glasses hold more liquid than short glasses.
B) that objects that are out of sight have ceased to exist.
C) that subtraction is easier than addition.
D) that problems that have not yet been solved will, in the future, be solved.

Question 53

Caleb is 4 years old. He is likely to believe that

A) others have different likes and dislikes.
B) his dreams are visible to others.
C) dreams are just imagination.
D) other people do not think the same way he does.

Question 54

Preoperational children fail to show conservation skills because of a characteristic known as

A) egocentrism.
B) precausal thinking.
C) transductive reasoning.
D) irreversibility.

Question 55

Recent research evaluating Piaget's theory suggests that

A) children can take the perspective of others at an earlier age than Piaget believed.
B) children cannot take the perspective of others until approximately age 7.
C) Piaget's age ranges were very much on target.
D) practice can influence when children can take the perspective of others.

Question 56

In the conservation task, asking children whether both beakers have the same amount of water and to watch the pouring carefully may result in

A) children becoming confused by the task.
B) children understanding conservation before they are 7 years old.
C) children expecting a change in the amounts.
D) an increased number of incorrect answers to the task.

Question 57

Why might class inclusion tasks be difficult for the preoperational child?

A) Because these tasks require the ability of seriation
B) Because these tasks require the child to focus on two or more details simultaneously
C) Because the preoperational child is not emotionally ready for the tasks
D) Because the preoperational child's thinking is too linear

Question 58

Recent studies indicate that children's understanding of causality is more sophisticated than Piaget believed. However, this depends upon

A) how the task is presented.
B) whether the child is male or female.
C) whether the researcher is male or female.
D) whether the task is presented in a laboratory or in the child's home.

Question 59

Conservation requires

A) the ability to reverse one's thinking.
B) the ability to focus on one aspect of a situation at a time.
C) formaloperational thinking.
D) centrated thinking.

Question 60

Conservation requires an understanding that

A) properties of objects remain the same, even if you change their shape or arrangement.
B) dreams are real.
C) one's perspective is the same as other people's.
D) environmental features, such as mountains and thunder, have been designed and created by people.

Question 61

Do preschool programs for economically disadvantaged children facilitate cognitive development?

A) No.
B) Yes, but they place undue pressure on young children.
C) No, but they do improve social skills.
D) Yes, because they provide environmental enrichment.

Question 62

Which of the following is TRUE of preschool programs for economically disadvantaged children?

A) The early effects are often very minimal.
B) Many studies show that the positive effects are only shortterm.
C) These children have been compared to children of similar backgrounds that did not complete such programs.
D) They fail to help children avoid delinquent behaviors such as drug and alcohol abuse in adolescence.

Question 63

The Head Start program not only enhances the cognitive development and academic skills of children but also provides

A) healthcare to children and social services to their families.
B) intensive behavioral therapy for the children.
C) financial assistance for later college expenses.
D) in-home academic instruction for children.

Question 64

Nilo attends a preschool in which her teachers take her and her classmates step by step through their learning of numbers, letters, shapes, and colors. Nilo attends which type of preschool?

A) Free play
B) Child centered
C) Academically oriented
D) Montessori

Question 65

Scaffolding is a term associated with

A) Piaget's concept of conservation.
B) Freud's concept of intrapsychic conflict.
C) Vygotsky's zone of proximal development.
D) Erikson's concept of psychosocial development.

Question 66

Which of the following is a preschool program designed to enhance the cognitive development and academic skills of economically disadvantaged children?

A) Jump Start
B) HOME
C) Focus School
D) Head Start

Question 67

Teenage girls who attended preschool intervention programs became pregnant at the same rates as other girls, but were more likely to

A) finish high school before becoming pregnant.
B) be married.
C) delay having a second child.
D) return to school after giving birth.

Question 68

What enhances the effectiveness of preschool programs for economically disadvantaged children?

A) If they are started no later than age 1
B) If they focus on teaching the value of education
C) If they encourage parental involvement in the program
D) If they are targeted towards girls

Question 69

Clarke-Stewart and Beck (1999) found that the quality of stories retold by children was related to

A) the age of the child.
B) the sex of the child.
C) the scaffolding strategies used by their mothers.
D) how many books the child had in their home.

Question 70

Which of the following represents a child's "zone of proximal development?"

A) The gap between what is within and what is beyond a child's capabilities
B) The degree of difference between the child's current ability and future potential
C) What younger children can do in comparison to what older children can do
D) What a young child can do in comparison to her peers

Question 71

Why might preschool programs for economically disadvantaged children be needed?

A) Because of a faulty assumption; they are not actually needed
B) Because these children generally perform less well on standardized intelligence tests
C) Because these children usually have fewer social skills and more emotional problems
D) Because the programs help make up for poor prenatal nutrition, which affects intelligence

Question 72

Molfese and her colleagues (1997) found that was the single most important predictor of scores on IQ tests for children ages 3 to 8.

A) the mother's IQ
B) access to high-quality preschool programs
C) the home environment
D) maternal prenatal nutrition

Question 73

The concept of scaffolding can be attributed to which theorist?

A) Piaget
B) Freud
C) Vygotsky
D) Lorenz

Question 74

A parent who demonstrates to a child how to tie his/her shoes, and then gradually turns over the responsibility for the task over to the child, is exhibiting

A) the zone of proximal development.
B) scaffolding.
C) attachment.
D) conservation.

Question 75

Preschools that are more "child centered"

A) encourage children to choose the activities that interest them the most.
B) focus on structured activities, such as the use of workbooks and timed tests.
C) have teachers who structure the learning experience.
D) use parents to teach the classes.

Question 76

As described in the textbook, HOME is an acronym for

A) Home Observation for Measurement of the Environment.
B) Helping Our Memories Effectively.
C) Health Openness and Mental Efficiency scale.
D) Human Optimal Memory Exchange.

Question 77

Research indicates that using scaffolding within a zone of proximal development

A) increases a child's attachment to their caregiver.
B) reduces aggression in young children.
C) promotes children's learning and memory.
D) slows children's language development.

Question 78

In a longitudinal study, Haden and her colleagues (2001) found that children's recollections of performance on tasks were better when the children

A) observed the task, rather than performed it themselves.
B) worked on the task, but did not discuss it with their mothers.
C) watched their mothers perform the task.
D) performed the task and discussed it with their mothers.

Question 79

Can preschool intervention programs have long-term positive outcomes?

A) No, the IQ gains always fade.
B) No, in fact, they result in even poorer performance in high school and college.
C) Yes, the IQ gains are proven to last, but only for girls.
D) Yes, the children are more likely to go on to college and earn higher incomes.

Question 80

Which of the following is associated with higher IQ scores by age 3?

A) Emotionally responsive parenting
B) Parenting that involves gender-specific play
C) Repetitive daily experiences for young children
D) Removing televisions from the home when young children live there