Deck 15: Urbanization, Population, and the Environment

Question 1

Today more than __________ of the American population lives in metropolitan areas.

A)95 percent
B)80 percent
C)50 percent
D)10 percent
E)30 percent

Answer 1

B

Question 2

The most populous cities in the world include over 10 million inhabitants,but even more people may live in a cluster of cities and towns forming a continuous network called:

A)a megalopolis
B)a metropolis
C)a conurbation
D)urbanization
E)gentrification

Answer 2

C

Question 3

China is the world's most populous country,with approximately __________ people.

A)2 billion
B)1 billion
C)1.3 billion
D)2 million
E)500,000

Answer 3

C

Question 4

In modern societies,most of the population lives:

A)in cities
B)in rural, agricultural towns
C)in villages
D)in the suburbs
E)on small, isolated farms

Question 5

Manuel Castells emphasized __________,such as the gay community in San Francisco,as an important factor in urban development.

A)counterculture
B)privileged groups
C)revolutionary groups
D)underprivileged groups
E)the collective conscience

Question 6

The global population grew 49 percent from 1900 to 1950,and during the same period urbanization increased:

A)25 percent
B)239 percent
C)105 percent
D)500 percent
E)at the same rate

Question 7

According to Louis Wirth,__________ is an approach that explains how the cultural life of cities comes to dominate areas outside cities as well.

A)urbanism as a way of life
B)the ecological approach
C)the created-environment approach to urban analysis
D)collective consumption
E)the collective conscience

Question 8

According to David Harvey and Manuel Castells,the most important factors that affect cities are:

A)natural growth and development
B)ecological processes
C)government decisions and social movements
D)size and shape
E)all of the above

Question 9

Around what time did the first cities emerge?

A)about 3500 B.C.E.
B)about 1000 B.C.E.
C)about 1860
D)about 1500
E)none of the above

Question 10

According to sociologists who use __________,cities tend to develop in response to advantageous features of the environment-for example,on the shores of rivers,on fertile plains,and at the intersections of trading routes.

A)the collective consumption theory of urban development
B)gentrification analysis
C)the created-environment approach to urban analysis
D)the ecological approach to urban analysis
E)the collective conscience theory of urban development

Question 11

Britain was the first country to undergo industrialization,which generated __________,the movement of population from the countryside into towns and cities.

A)urbanization
B)metropolization
C)megalomania
D)conurbation
E)gentrification

Question 12

According the ecological approach,the development of urban areas can be understood as similar to:

A)the natural world
B)the solar system
C)agricultural development
D)a machine
E)none of the above; urban development is unique

Question 13

China is one of the largest producers of greenhouse gases because it relies on __________ for 70 percent of its energy needs.

A)coal
B)natural gas
C)windmills
D)oil
E)none of the above

Question 14

Sandra lives in the heart of a larger city.Lately,there have been several robberies on several of the streets near where Sandra lives but none on her street.Sandra and her neighbors believe that they have not seen any crime on their street because they know each other,notice when strangers or strange cars are in the neighborhood,and have a mix of older retired couples and young families who use the neighborhood at different times of the day.Jane Jacobs would see this as an example of:

A)gentrification
B)nosy neighbors
C)inner-city life
D)created community
E)eyes and ears on the street

Question 15

The central area of a city that is distinct from the outlying suburban areas is called:

A)midtown
B)the inner city
C)the business district
D)the intra-city
E)none of the above

Question 16

The Chicago School focused on cities as __________; however,most contemporary theory and research in urban sociology focus on cities as __________.

A)natural formations; created environments
B)places of conflict; places of cooperation
C)social constructions; created environments
D)dangerous; safe
E)natural formations; ecological formations

Question 17

In most ancient cities:

A)the elite and ruling class generally lived in the city center
B)the central area was primarily a religious and political district
C)an outer wall offered both military defense and separation from the countryside
D)all of the above
E)none of the above

Question 18

Urban ecology emphasizes the __________ of city areas,whereby the specialized groups on which people depend are located in the city centers.

A)segregation
B)independence
C)interdependence
D)division
E)none of the above

Question 19

Sociologists refer to a "city of cities" as:

A)a mega-urbation
B)a metropolis
C)a megalopolis
D)urbanization
E)gentrification

Question 20

When Jorge first moved to Chicago from his small,rural town in California,he found it hard to meet new people.Back home in his small town,people often said "hello" to each other on the street,and he knew the name of most of the people who lived in his town.However,in Chicago people rarely made eye contact with him on the street.According to Louis Wirth,Jorge was experiencing:

A)the rudeness of urban people
B)the urban interaction problem
C)social isolationism
D)the racism of urban life
E)the collective conscience

Question 21

Suburbanization is the process of:

A)the development of state-subsidized housing
B)the movement of nonwhite populations outside the city
C)the redevelopment of housing in the inner city
D)the massive development and inhabitation of towns surrounding cities
E)all of the above

Question 22

By the year 2050,towns and cities of the developing world will account for __________ of the worldwide population.

A)about 70 percent
B)a little less than 60 percent
C)a little more than 40 percent
D)a little more than 20 percent
E)about 20 percent

Question 23

Jonah grew up in a neighborhood with poor schools,few businesses,and many rundown and abandoned buildings.However,in the last few years,many buildings have been renovated by the city,and tax breaks are encouraging new business to move into the city.This process is called:

A)conurbation
B)metropolization
C)suburbanization
D)urbanization
E)urban renewal or gentrification

Question 24

Most of the people leaving rural areas represent:

A)the younger population
B)the older population
C)the white population
D)the nonwhite population
E)those that are well-educated

Question 25

Data from the 2000 census reveal that both urban and suburban neighborhoods are highly:

A)populated by whites and blacks, while Latinos live in rural areas
B)racially integrated
C)segregated by race
D)populated by nonwhites, while rural areas are mostly white
E)populated by single people, while married couples and families live in rural areas

Question 26

Rural areas account for over 75 percent of America's land mass,but only __________ of its population.

A)2 percent
B)50 percent
C)17 percent
D)25 percent
E)6 percent

Question 27

The decline in jobs in the manufacturing industries in the urban United States corresponded to an increase in jobs in the:

A)low-skill service industry
B)white-collar service industry
C)blue-collar skilled sector, such as plumbing
D)all of the above
E)none, there was no replacement of the jobs lost

Question 28

The areas of housing outside inner cities are called:

A)smaller neighborhoods
B)business districts
C)suburbs
D)conurbations
E)rural areas

Question 29

The inner cities in the United States have decayed in the past fifty years.What reasons do sociologists give for this decay?

A)Businesses, jobs, and middle-class residents have moved to the suburbs.
B)Manufacturing industries have disappeared and taken away many of the blue-collar jobs for which lower-class residents were qualified.
C)Segregation has contributed to the social isolation of the "ghetto poor" and caused an increase in social problems.
D)There is a lack of public transportation to the businesses and jobs in the suburbs.
E)all of the above

Question 30

From 1999 to 2000,16.1 percent of Americans moved,and more than half moved to places within the same county.According to your textbook,why do people go to the trouble of moving,when they basically remain in the same place?

A)They are in search of better career opportunities.
B)They are looking for more diverse communities.
C)Their jobs require them to move.
D)They want to be closer to their parents or children.
E)They want to improve their housing.

Question 31

Urban growth in less developed countries is high because of higher birth rates in these countries as well as:

A)high crime in rural areas
B)high rates of internal migration
C)high rates of migration from other countries
D)government mandates to move people to the city
E)all of the above

Question 32

According to David Harvey,the vast expansion of suburban development outside of cities was most significantly influenced by:

A)racism
B)where firms decide to place their factories
C)tax breaks and loan support provided by the federal government
D)gentrification
E)none of the above

Question 33

Rural areas in the United States have seen their populations decline because of:

A)high poverty rates
B)decline in farming industries
C)lack of government services
D)lack of opportunities for young people
E)all of the above

Question 34

When more affluent groups move back into cities and renovate dilapidated buildings and neighborhoods,the process is called:

A)conurbation
B)metropolization
C)megalomania
D)urbanization
E)gentrification or urban renewal

Question 35

With the support of government programs,the rapid increase of suburbanization in the United States occurred in the:

A)1950s and 1960s
B)1930s and 1940s
C)1920s
D)1980s
E)1990s

Question 36

According to David Harvey,cities as well as suburbs can be understood as __________ established by humans to serve their needs.

A)created environments
B)evolutionary spaces
C)urban ecology
D)collective consumption sites
E)useful tools

Question 37

Which of the following jobs most closely illustrates the informal economy?

A)a used-book vendor on the streets of New York City
B)a secretary at a multinational paper-manufacturing company
C)a sociology professor
D)unionized garbage workers in the northeastern United States
E)Wal-Mart employees

Question 38

In what way has globalization affected the migration patterns of Americans?

A)Global technology and improvements in transportation mean that more people are immigrating to the cities in the United States, which encourages white Americans to move to the suburbs and rural areas.
B)Global technology has made it possible for people to move wherever they want and work from home.
C)Urbanization has become less of an issue thanks to the availability of a wide variety of products from around the world virtually anywhere.
D)Global technology has facilitated the movement of capital to places, both abroad and in the United States, where costs of business are lower and the potential for profits is higher.
E)all of the above

Question 39

According to William Julius Wilson,the growth of an urban underclass is largely due to:

A)whites leaving urban areas for the suburbs
B)blue-collar manufacturing industries moving out of urban areas
C)lower educational levels among urban minorities
D)a lack of amenities in urban areas
E)none of the above

Question 40

Although more racial and ethnic minorities are moving to the suburbs,the suburbs remain largely white.Only __________ of the suburban population was nonwhite in 2000.

A)25 percent
B)40 percent
C)10 percent
D)5 percent
E)30 percent

Question 41

Mike Davis noted what he calls a "conscious hardening of the city surface against the poor" in his study of Los Angeles.Examples of this process are:

A)gated communities that keep the poor out
B)limited access to public spaces
C)benches at bus stops that are barrel shaped or short so people cannot sleep on them
D)neighborhoods and streets that are guarded by electronic surveillance
E)all of the above

Question 42

The number of deaths per thousand of population per year is known as:

A)the rate of population decline
B)the death rate
C)anti-fertility
D)the crude death rate
E)the infant mortality rate

Question 43

One of the key factors responsible for the global population explosion has been:

A)the decline in the infant mortality rate
B)an increase in the fertility rate
C)an increase in fecundity
D)decreased use of birth control
E)an increase in the use of fertility technology

Question 44

The average number of live-born children that the average woman has is known as:

A)the crude birth rate
B)fertility
C)fecundity
D)the crude fertility rate
E)the rate of population growth

Question 45

Although most countries today have crude death rates similar to that of the United States,countries such as Sierra Leone have very a high crude death rate-twenty-two per thousand-due to factors such as:

A)HIV/AIDS
B)warfare
C)high infant mortality rate
D)all of the above
E)none of the above

Question 46

In Mexico City,nearly 95 percent of the land has buildings on it making it:

A)one of the most polluted cities in the world
B)one of the strongest economic centers
C)one of the most beautiful cities in the world
D)one of the cheapest places to live in the world
E)none of the above

Question 47

The number of years an average person can expect to live is called:

A)crude longevity
B)fertility
C)fecundity
D)life expectancy
E)life span

Question 48

Fertility rates are often much lower than fecundity rates because:

A)social and cultural practices limit the number of children women have
B)modern fertility technology is not as advanced as it should be
C)women are more likely to be sterile today because of environmental pollution
D)none of the above
E)all of the above

Question 49

Demography is:

A)the study of population
B)the study of ecology
C)the study of politics
D)rule by the people
E)the study of cities

Question 50

The increase in life expectancy has been most significantly influenced by:

A)crude longevity
B)declining fertility rates
C)increased fecundity
D)declining infant death rates
E)life span growth

Question 51

According to your textbook,which of the following is NOT one of the most acute problems faced by global cities around the world?

A)hunger
B)lack of affluent inhabitants
C)lack of adequate housing
D)unsafe water supplies
E)lack of formal work

Question 52

The number of deaths per thousand of population per year is known as crude death rate or:

A)the rate of population decline
B)mortality rate
C)anti-fertility
D)anti-fecundity
E)population decline

Question 53

The __________ is the number of live births per year per thousand of the population.

A)crude death rate
B)fertility
C)fecundity
D)crude birth rate
E)rate of population growth or decline

Question 54

In October of 2011,the world population reached:

A)7 billion
B)2 billion
C)9 million
D)4 billion
E)10 billion

Question 55

Which of the following countries has a higher crude birth rate than the United States?

A)Russia
B)India
C)Germany
D)Italy
E)All of the above

Question 56

Places such as New York and Tokyo are called __________ because they are the organizing centers of the new global economy.

A)conurbations
B)global cities
C)megalomania
D)urban ghettos
E)suburban zones

Question 57

What is it meant by a geography of "centrality and marginality" in global cities?

A)Enormous affluence and acute poverty reside side by side with minimal interaction.
B)Central business districts reside in global cities.
C)There are central zones and zones that are deemed marginal.
D)Some global cities are central to the global economy, and others are marginal.
E)Gentrification and urban renewal are taking place in global cities.

Question 58

Demographers study population patterns.If a demographer were going to study the population changes in a country such as China,which of the following would he or she examine?

A)births
B)deaths
C)migration
D)all the above
E)none of the above

Question 59

The number of babies per thousand of population who die in any year before reaching one year of age is called the:

A)infant mortality rate
B)fertility-death ratio
C)fecundity
D)crude death rate
E)death-birth ratio

Question 60

The number of children women are biologically able to produce is known as:

A)the crude birth rate
B)fertility
C)fecundity
D)the crude fertility rate
E)the rate of population growth

Question 61

Using China as an example,explain some of the issues that countries face today regarding population growth,economic growth,and environmental issues.How are these issues intertwined?

Question 62

Discuss urban ecology and urbanism- the two approaches to understanding urban life that were developed by the Chicago School.How have contributions by new researchers,such as Jane Jacobs,David Harvey,and Manuel Castells,added to or replaced these earlier ideas?

Question 63

According to demographic transition theory,in which stage do birth rates and death rates remain high?

A)Stage 1 (preindustrial, traditional)
B)Stage 2 (partial industrialization)
C)Stage 3 (full industrialization)
D)Stage 4 (postindustrial)
E)Stage 5 (cosmic exploration)

Question 64

The maximum number of years that an individual could possibly live is called:

A)crude death rate
B)fertility
C)fecundity
D)life span
E)life expectancy

Question 65

As of 2011,the United States had refused to ratify the Kyoto treaty to reduce greenhouse gas emissions,even though the United States is the second-largest contributor of greenhouse gases.Which county contributes the most?

A)Russia
B)Italy
C)Japan
D)China
E)Germany

Question 66

Which of the following is NOT a major problem with the Kyoto treaty to reduce greenhouse gas emissions?

A)Although many newly industrialized countries, such as China, India, and Russia, have now ratified the treaty, the terms of the agreement largely exempt them from making emissions reductions.
B)The treaty was poorly written and has too many loopholes.
C)The Kyoto treaty, which must be ratified by the legislative bodies of all the signatory countries, faces stiff political opposition.
D)Many environmentalists warn that the reduction in greenhouse gases agreed to at Kyoto is only enough to slow global warming, not to reverse it.
E)All of the above are problems.

Question 67

Population growth rates are:

A)usually negative
B)exponential
C)linear
D)all of the above
E)none of the above

Question 68

Countries whose populations have access to good healthcare and adequate nutrition generally have populations with:

A)longer life expectancies
B)higher rates of fertility
C)higher rates of fecundity
D)higher rates of mortality
E)none of the above

Question 69

The concern with preserving the physical environment in the face of modern industry and technology is called:

A)environmental ecology
B)ecology
C)social environment
D)technological environmentalism
E)social technology

Question 70

Thomas Malthus was one of the original writers to show concern for population growth.Demographers,economists,politicians,sociologists,and others have continued to debate his ideas for more than two hundred years,but many do not share his concern for the natural limits to population growth.Which of the following challenged Malthus's predictions?

A)increases in food production due to new technologies such as machinery and genetics
B)decreases in the rate of population growth in developed countries
C)worries about population decline in countries such as the United States
D)all of the above
E)none of the above

Question 71

The solution to the environmental crises created by population growth,industrialization,and urbanization will require:

A)social changes
B)technological changes
C)global cooperation
D)political changes
E)all of the above

Question 72

Most of the environmental concerns today originate from:

A)natural causes
B)biological processes
C)human behavior
D)evolutionary factors
E)all of the above

Question 73

Compare and contrast the ways in which industrialization and globalization have affected the process of urbanization in societies.

Question 74

Malthusianism is the belief that population growth tends to outstrip expansion of food production and that population growth can only be controlled by:

A)natural curbs on population such as famine and war
B)birth control
C)prostitution
D)government policies
E)all of the above

Question 75

Populations do not grow arithmetically,but geometrically.This is referred to as:

A)crude birth rate
B)fertility
C)fecundity
D)exponential growth
E)rate of population growth or decline

Question 76

The formula used to calculate the period of time it takes a population to double is 70 divided by:

A)crude birth rate
B)current rate of growth
C)fertility
D)crude death rate
E)rate of population decline

Question 77

Natasha worked for an organization that worked with companies to design projects that would generate profit but also have minimal impact on the environment,focus on recycling physical resources,and keep pollution to a minimum.Her company focused on:

A)development
B)sustainable development
C)modernization
D)postmodernization
E)the knowledge economy

Question 78

Developed countries that have already undergone the demographic transition are going to experience a growth in the number of older people relative to younger people.This is called the:

A)generation ratio
B)dependent-worker ratio
C)birth-death ratio
D)young-old ratio
E)dependency ratio

Question 79

According to the Web site Global Footprint,if everyone on the planet were to consume at the same level as the average American,how many planets would be needed?

A)two
B)seven
C)twenty
D)three
E)ten

Question 80

Reducing population growth around the world faces which of the following challenges?

A)Many people still see a large family as desirable.
B)Some religions still forbid the use of contraception.
C)Contraception is still not widely available around the world.
D)Some religions still advocate large families.
E)All of the above are true.