Deck 8: Energy Balance and Body Composition

Question 1

Which of the following represents an indirect measure of the amount of energy released from food?

A)The increase in heat given off when the food is burned
B)Quantity of oxygen consumed when the food is burned
C)Quantity of carbon dioxide consumed when the food is burned
D)The increase in heat retained by the food when it is slowly brought to 100° C

Answer 1

B

Question 2

An emotionally insecure person might overeat for all of the following reasons except

A)to relieve boredom.
B)to ward off depression.
C)in preference to socializing.
D)to satisfy energy needs only.

Answer 2

D

Question 3

Which of the following hormones is most responsible for signaling satiety as well as reducing food intake during a meal?

A)Gastrin
B)Adipokines
C)Neuropeptide Y
D)Cholecystokinin

Answer 3

D

Question 4

The feeling of satisfaction resulting from consumption of a meal is termed

A)satiety.
B)appetite.
C)postabsorptive hunger.
D)resting postabsorptive increment.

Question 5

Which of the following identifies a specific food intake behavior?

A)A physiological need to eat is called satiety
B)A pleasurable desire for food is called hunger
C)An intense feeling of hunger is called insatiable nervosa
D)A desire to eat without feelings of hunger is called appetite

Question 6

When an adult gains an extra 10 pounds of body weight, approximately how much of this weight is fat?

A)5 lbs
B)7.5 lbs
C)9.5 lbs
D)10 lbs

Question 7

Which of the following is not a characteristic of satiety or satiation?

A)Satiety suppresses hunger
B)Satiation signals the cessation of eating
C)Satiation develops as food enters the GI tract
D)Satiety but not hunger may be overridden by stress

Question 8

What would be the approximate weight gain of a person who consumes an excess of 500 kcalories daily for one month?

A)0.5 lb
B)2 lbs
C)3 lbs
D)4 lbs

Question 9

The day after Thanksgiving, you and your sisters are a little hungry and want to eat leftovers before going shopping.Which of the following foods would most readily satisfy the feeling of hunger?

A)Turkey
B)Pecan pie
C)Mashed potatoes
D)Noodle casserole

Question 10

What is the most satiating macronutrient?

A)Fat
B)Water
C)Protein
D)Carbohydrate

Question 11

A person who eats in response to arousal is most likely experiencing

A)stress eating.
B)sensory influences.
C)physiological influences.
D)postabsorptive influences.

Question 12

Approximately what percentage of weight loss during starvation is lean body mass?

A)0
B)20
C)35
D)50

Question 13

A person who exhibits a physiological need to eat is most likely experiencing the sensation of

A)hunger.
B)appetite.
C)stress eating.
D)neuropeptide Y suppression.

Question 14

After consuming a very large meal, the desire to eat a slice of chocolate cake is an example of behavior known as

A)satiety.
B)hunger.
C)appetite.
D)pigging out.

Question 15

What instrument is used to measure the energy content of foods?

A)Energy chamber
B)Exothermic meter
C)Bomb calorimeter
D)Combustion chamber

Question 16

External cues that may cause an obese person to respond to food typically include all of the following except

A)TV commercials.
B)outdoor exercises.
C)availability of food.
D)"time of day" patterns.

Question 17

In an adult who gains 20 pounds of excess body weight, about how much of this is lean tissue?

A)0 lbs
B)2 lbs
C)5 lbs
D)10 lbs

Question 18

Among the following, which has the greatest power to suppress hunger?

A)Apples
B)Peanuts
C)Doughnuts
D)Potato chips

Question 19

About how long does it take for a meal to be completely eliminated from the stomach?

A)30 minutes
B)1.5 hours
C)4 hours
D)8 hours

Question 20

Which of the following describes an association between energy measurement and foods?

A)Indirect calorimetry cannot be used to determine the energy value of alcohol
B)A bomb calorimeter measures the amount of oxygen released when a food is oxidized
C)Direct calorimetry and indirect calorimetry of the same food rarely give similar values
D)The physiological fuel value of a food is almost always lower than the energy value of that food as determined by bomb calorimetry

Question 21

Which of the following describes the process of thermogenesis?

A)Burning of fat
B)Synthesis of fat
C)Generation of heat
D)Generation of water

Question 22

What is the main explanation for the difference in basal metabolic rates between males and females of the same body weight?

A)Males are usually taller than females
B)Females have lower levels of thyroid hormones
C)Males have a higher percentage of lean body mass
D)Females have a lower percentage of adipose tissue

Question 23

Which of the following may be used to calculate the amount of energy expended by the body?

A)Oxygen consumed
B)Total air exchanged
C)Intestinal gas expelled
D)Carbon dioxide consumed

Question 24

Which of the following diets promotes the greatest loss of body heat?

A)High fat, low protein
B)High protein, low fat
C)High carbohydrate, low fat
D)Balanced protein, fat, and carbohydrate

Question 25

What fraction of the day's energy expenditure of the average person is represented by the basal metabolism?

A)About 1/10
B)Up to 1/2
C)About 2/3
D)Over 9/10

Question 26

If a normal 30-year-old woman has a daily energy expenditure of 2200 kcalories, what would be her expected output when she reaches 60 years of age?

A)1210 kcal
B)1450 kcal
C)1885 kcal
D)2275 kcal

Question 27

Among the following groups, which has the highest metabolic rate?

A)Females
B)Older individuals
C)Younger individuals
D)People with smaller surface areas

Question 28

For every decade beyond the age of 30, what is the percentage decrease in the need for total kcalories?

A)2
B)5
C)10
D)15

Question 29

The brain chemical neuropeptide Y is known to specifically enhance the craving for

A)fat.
B)salt.
C)protein.
D)carbohydrate.

Question 30

Why might the measurement of the resting metabolic rate in a person be somewhat higher than her basal metabolic rate?

A)She was mildly malnourished
B)She slept through the procedure
C)She was wearing shorts and a tank top
D)She ate right before the measurement was done

Question 31

What method is used to measure the amount of heat given off by the body?

A)Bomb calorimetry
B)Basal calorimetry
C)Direct calorimetry
D)Indirect calorimetry

Question 32

What is the approximate daily basal metabolism of a 110-pound woman?

A)500 kcal
B)1000 kcal
C)1500 kcal
D)2000 kcal

Question 33

Which of the following is a feature of the basal metabolic rate (BMR)?

A)Fever decreases the BMR
B)Fasting increases the BMR
C)Pregnancy increases the BMR
D)Females have a higher BMR than males on a body weight basis

Question 34

What is the primary reason for not including the value for adaptive thermogenesis when calculating energy requirements?

A)It is too costly to measure
B)It is too variable to measure
C)The value is too low to be meaningful
D)The value is highly influenced by the dietary ratio of protein, fat, and carbohydrate

Question 35

Which of the following factors has the most influence on the body's metabolic rate?

A)Age
B)Gender
C)Amount of fat tissue
D)Amount of lean body tissue

Question 36

What term describes the increase in energy expenditure that occurs in a person who fractures a leg?

A)Febrile hyperthermia
B)Physical hyperthermia
C)Specific thermogenesis
D)Adaptive thermogenesis

Question 37

What is the approximate value for the thermic effect of a 2500-kcalorie diet?

A)25 kcal
B)250 kcal
C)400 kcal
D)500 kcal

Question 38

If a dancer and a typist are the same height and have the exact same body build, the dancer will be heavier because she has

A)more body fat.
B)stronger bones.
C)stronger muscles.
D)more muscle mass.

Question 39

All of the following are characteristics related to the fat content in food except

A)high-fat foods are energy dense.
B)fat has a weak effect on satiation.
C)eating high-fat foods typically leads to underconsumption of kcalories.
D)in the small intestine fat triggers release of a hormone that inhibits food intake.

Question 40

All of the following are characteristics of neuropeptide Y except

A)it stimulates appetite.
B)it reduces fat storage.
C)it is synthesized in the brain.
D)it increases carbohydrate cravings.

Question 41

Which of the following can be used to gauge the amount of a person's abdominal fat?

A)BMI
B)Essential body fat
C)Hydrodensitometry
D)Waist circumference

Question 42

To estimate the energy requirements of individuals, which of the following is used in the equations?

A)Weight
B)Fat intake
C)Surface area
D)Fatfold thickness

Question 43

What is the weight classification assigned both to young women with 30% body fat and young men with 20% body fat?

A)Obese
B)Normal
C)Mildly overweight
D)Slightly underweight

Question 44

An index of a person's weight in relation to height is called

A)body mass index.
B)height to weight index.
C)ideal body weight index.
D)desirable body weight index.

Question 45

Why does use of the BMI overestimate the prevalence of obesity in the African-American population?

A)Blacks have a higher average height than whites
B)Blacks have denser bones and higher body protein concentrations than whites
C)Blacks tend to have different proportions of brown and white adipose tissue than whites
D)The fat pads in blacks are situated primarily around the hips, whereas in whites the pads are primarily abdominal

Question 46

Research in obese people seems to show that there is less susceptibility to health problems provided that the excess body fat is distributed around the

A)stomach.
B)arms and chest.
C)hips and thighs.
D)neck and shoulders.

Question 47

For almost all people who use the equations for calculating Estimated Energy Requirements, the actual values fall within a range of plus or minus

A)50-100 kcal.
B)125-200 kcal.
C)320-400 kcal.
D)500-750 kcal.

Question 48

Jenny is 34 years old and has a BMI of 28.Her body type could be described as "pear-like." John is 55 years old with a BMI of 28, and a body type that is "apple-like." Why is John more likely than Jenny to be at risk for degenerative diseases?

A)He is male
B)He is older
C)He weighs more
D)He has central obesity

Question 49

Intra-abdominal fat is the same as

A)waist fat.
B)visceral fat.
C)lipid profile fat.
D)subcutaneous fat.

Question 50

Since year 2000, what has been the trend of the BMI of Miss America contest winners?

A)It has remained steady at 19.0
B)It has increased into the normal range
C)It has continued a decline first recognized in 1975
D)It has decreased slightly into the borderline-low range

Question 51

Waist circumference can best be used to assess

A)BMI.
B)total body water.
C)abdominal fat stores.
D)subcutaneous fat stores.

Question 52

Which of the following is a characteristic of excess intra-abdominal fat?

A)It is more common in women than men
B)It is not as good an indicator of degenerative diseases as the BMI
C)It is found in smokers more often than nonsmokers even though smokers have a lower BMI
D)It is associated with increased risk for heart disease and diabetes in men but not in women

Question 53

Which of the following defines central obesity?

A)Accumulation of fat during the mid-years of life
B)Storage of excess fat around the trunk of the body
C)Overfatness due to a large number of interacting behavioral problems
D)Overfatness due to reliance on high-fat foods as a central part of the diet

Question 54

A person is at high risk for signs of illness and diminished work capacity when the BMI first drops below

A)12
B)14
C)17
D)18.5

Question 55

Jacki, who has a sedentary lifestyle, is 5'5" tall and weighs 165 lbs.She calculated her BMI to be 27.5.She recognizes that her body weight is unhealthy and vows to improve her eating habits and begin a regular program of physical fitness.Her goal is to achieve a BMI of 22.Approximately how much weight (lbs) must she lose?

A)21
B)27
C)33
D)41

Question 56

What is the range of body fat content for normal-weight women?

A)9-17%
B)23-31%
C)33-37%
D)38-44%

Question 57

Jim is a 45 year old who eats fast food at least 3 times a week and smokes a pack of cigarettes each day.He just had a physical examination and was told that his body mass index is 24.In what category would Jim's BMI be classified?

A)Obesity
B)Overweight
C)Underweight
D)Healthy weight

Question 58

The weight of the body less the fat content is known as the

A)cherubic index.
B)lean body mass.
C)body mass index.
D)ideal body weight.

Question 59

All of the following are features of using weight measures for the assessment of disease risk except

A)they are easy to administer.
B)they are inexpensive to obtain.
C)they reveal the location of excess body fat.
D)they are predictive of risk of degenerative diseases.

Question 60

Which of the following is not a known side effect of having insufficient fat stores?

A)Infertility
B)Clinical depression
C)Elevated body temperature
D)Abnormal hunger regulation

Question 61

There is a high risk of obesity-related health problems when a man's waist circumference begins to exceed

A)40 inches.
B)45.5 inches.
C)50 inches.
D)52.5 inches.

Question 62

Which of the following is a characteristic of chronic inflammation?

A)It increases the risk for obesity by 50%
B)It promotes the development of metabolic syndrome
C)It is commonly found in people with a BMI less than 24
D)It enhances insulin sensitivity leading to periodic bouts of hypoglycemia

Question 63

The risks for dying prematurely are doubled when the body mass index first rises above

A)27.
B)30.
C)32.
D)35.

Question 64

What term best describes a failure of the body's cells to respond to secretion of insulin?

A)Central obesity
B)Insulin resistance
C)Thyroid insufficiency
D)Hypothalamic impedance

Question 65

Which of the following describes an association between body weight and mortality?

A)Obesity is the fourth leading cause of premature death
B)Overweight men who are physically fit have a lower mortality risk than normal-weight, unfit men
C)Normal-weight men who are physically unfit have a similar mortality risk versus normal-weight fit men
D)The amount of weight gain in adulthood that is not associated with increased mortality is 20 pounds or less

Question 66

All of the following are an association between type 2 diabetes and body fat except

A)people with the disease often have central obesity rather than lower-body obesity. b a woman who has gained 12 pounds since age 18 has doubled her risk of developing the disease.
C)an obese person is 3 times more likely to develop the disease than is a nonobese individual.
D)overweight people with the disease who lose weight show no improvement in glucose tolerance and insulin resistance.

Question 67

A high risk of weight-related health problems is seen in women whose waist circumference begins to exceed

A)24 inches.
B)28 inches.
C)35 inches.
D)42 inches.

Question 68

The known health risks for being underweight include all of the following except

A)diabetes.
B)infertility in women.
C)giving birth to unhealthy infants.
D)increased cancer-induced wasting.

Question 69

Which of the following is a characteristic of excess body fat that is distributed primarily around the abdomen?

A)It is related directly to exercise
B)Its presence lowers the risk for diabetes
C)It is less common in women past menopause
D)It is associated with increased mortality for both sexes

Question 70

In what region of the body is the storage of excess body fat associated with the highest risks for cardiovascular disease and diabetes?

A)Neck
B)Abdomen
C)Hips and thighs
D)Arms and shoulders

Question 71

Inflammation is characterized by an increase in

A)adipocytes.
B)stress eating.
C)immune cells.
D)subcutaneous fat stores.

Question 72

All of the following are features of the health risks associated with excessive body fat except

A)obesity is classified as a disease.
B)obese women have elevated levels of estrogen.
C)the risks are higher in black women than in white women.
D)people with a BMI higher than 35 have twice the risk of dying prematurely.

Question 73

The yearly death toll in the United States from obesity-related diseases is estimated at

A)300,000.
B)1 million.
C)10 million.
D)20 million.

Question 74

The major cause of insulin resistance is related to

A)low-protein diets.
B)high-protein diets.
C)excess body weight.
D)prolonged excess carbohydrate intake.

Question 75

Which of the following may best explain the relationship between excess body fat and higher risk for cancers of the female reproductive system?

A)Obese women are more sedentary, which promotes cancer development
B)The higher levels of body fat act as a reservoir of carcinogenic substances
C)Excess body fat produces more estrogen, which may promote tumor development
D)The greater food consumption of obese women provides a higher intake of naturally-occurring carcinogens

Question 76

Which of the following is a property of specific methods used to assess body fat content?

A)Weighing people underwater to assess body density is called flotation mass index
B)Bombardment of the body with x-rays can differentiate between fat mass and lean body mass
C)Bioelectric impedance cannot be used in subjects under 18 years old due to the risk of nerve damage
D)Sitting inside a chamber to displace the air within the chamber as a means of determining body composition is a discredited technique

Question 77

A graph of the relationship between mortality (left axis) and body mass index is shaped like a(n)

A)J.
B)S.
C)backslash.
D)inverted U.

Question 78

Which of the following is a characteristic associated with using weight measures to assess risk of disease?

A)They are expensive to perform
B)They are complicated to perform
C)They are able to quantitate total body fat
D)They cannot reveal fat distribution and central obesity

Question 79

Ben is worried that his family history of heart disease and his BMI of 28 are putting him at very high risk for developing cardiovascular disease.What would a clinician advise Ben to help lower his risk?

A)Take steps to raise the LDL and lower the HDL
B)Consider liposuction surgery for removing extra abdominal fat
C)Lose weight as it can lower both blood cholesterol and blood pressure
D)Obtain genetic testing to determine the exact percent chance of developing cardiovascular disease

Question 80

What term is given to the condition of a female athlete who has an eating disorder and develops amenorrhea and osteoporosis?

A)Female athlete triad
B)Triathlete medical disorder
C)High stress tertiary disorder
D)Nonadaptable training syndrome