Deck 16: How Different

Question 1

Men and women have moved into each other's traditional domains,

A) but women still fail to understand the pressures of career achievement.
B) but men have less interest in their children than a generation ago.
C) and both see benefits to these changes.
D) both a and b

Answer 1

C

Question 2

Considering the changes to men's and women's gender roles,

A) women already had more gender role flexibility, and the changes have added to that flexibility.
B) men's movement into the world of women and children has created more flexibility for men than for women.
C) the adaptations were easy for women to make but difficult for men.
D) both women and men experience more tension and less satisfaction.

Answer 2

A

Question 3

In considering the reinforcements and pressures related to gender roles,

A) most people do not dispense social reinforcements on the basis of behaviors that relate to gender roles, which makes this aspect of behavior unimportant.
B) women receive more reinforcement for adopting masculine behaviors than men receive for adopting feminine behaviors.
C) behavior that is not gender-typical is more likely to be reinforced than traditional gender role behaviors.
D) pressure and reinforcements may not be an expression of social values, and thus are meaningless.

Answer 3

B

Question 4

One factor in the trend for women to become more like men is

A) that women have moved into situations formerly occupied by men.
B) the pressure from men for women to adopt the male gender role.
C) the pressure from parents for girls to become more competitive.
D) changing social standards that have forced men to become more androgynous in their workplaces.

Question 5

The changes that women would like men to make include

A) accepting women's style as valid.
B) an increase in men's share of household work and childcare.
C) men becoming more expressive.
D) both a and c
E) all of the above

Question 6

Men are unlikely to

A) want an egalitarian relationship with a woman.
B) say that they are feminists but to accept the value of an egalitarian relationship.
C) want a close relationship with their children.
D) say that women should be employed.

Question 7

Over the past 40 years, women have become more like men in _________ and men have become more like women in _________.

A) paid employment . . . . involvement with their children
B) levels of aggression and criminality . . . . declining arrest rates
C) their rate of dieting . . . . concerns about body image
D) rate of heart disease . . . . incidence of accidental death

Question 8

Compared to women, how do men feel about the recent changes in gender roles?

A) Men feel more positively than women do.
B) Men feel less positively than women do, but most still find the changes positive.
C) Men report a variety of feelings, most of which relates to their increased participation in household work.
D) Men do not believe that the changes that have occurred affect them.

Question 9

Women tend to provide emotional support,

A) which reverses some of the negative effects of family stress.
B) which contributes to women's self-concept as submissive.
C) which consists of more passive listening than active problem solving.
D) but they may have no one to provide such support for them.

Question 10

Shared emotional intimacy

A) has become the accepted style for love and friendships.
B) is associated more with women's than men's style of relating.
C) is typical of children's but not adult friendships.
D) both a and b
E) both b and c

Question 11

_______ is a very important factor in whether or not men endorse equality for women.

A) Age
B) Ethnic background
C) Number of female siblings
D) Number of years they have been married

Question 12

Women have become more like men in terms of

A) emotional expression and aggression.
B) health behaviors and life expectancy.
C) education and paid employment.
D) all of the above.

Question 13

Women's level of education has become more like men's,

A) with parallel gains in salary.
B) with women gaining parity in professions of law, medicine, and economics.
C) with women seeking employment in a narrowing range of occupations.
D) but women have not made salary gains proportional to their training.

Question 14

Women's movement into the paid work force

A) has produced as many changes in men's roles as in women's roles.
B) has been a major factor in the increased divorce rate.
C) has produced greater changes in women's than men's roles.
D) has resulted in few changes for men or women.

Question 15

Janet Hyde argued that the small differences in _________ might have larger implications for couples.

A) aggression and age at first intercourse.
B) acceptance in same-gender sexuality and fear of AIDS.
C) masturbation and acceptance of casual sex.
D) all of the above

Question 16

As Henry Higgins wished in My Fair Lady, women have become more like men,

A) and these changes have been what men envisioned.
B) but these changes have added stress to the lives of both.
C) but these changes have not always been in directions that men wanted.
D) and the gender roles are now easier for each to follow.

Question 17

The changes in women's and men's roles have produced

A) increasing similarity, which is called gender convergence.
B) more confrontations and less time for family.
C) higher incomes but less life satisfaction.
D) negative changes for women and positive changes for men.

Question 18

A return to traditional gender roles

A) is a desire for more men than women.
B) is a desire for more women than men.
C) is a desire for a majority of both men and women.
D) is not a desire for either men or women.

Question 19

The stereotype that women are more emotional than men

A) has been confirmed by research that shows women to react to a wider variety of emotion-producing situations than men.
B) has not been confirmed in research using self-reports as measures of emotionality.
C) has been confirmed in infants, demonstrating the biological basis of this gender-related difference.
D) is complicated by the female gender role, allows them a greater expression of emotions than the male gender role allows.

Question 20

Media reports that have focused on women's discontent over their increased career opportunities

A) demonstrate that the changes in women's lives have been more negative than positive.
B) explain why housewives have better health than employed women.
C) reflect the stresses presented by multiple roles.
D) have not been confirmed by surveys on the same topic.

Question 21

Evaluations of women are very positive, but those high evaluations fall

A) when men make the evaluations.
B) when women diverge from their traditional role.
C) when homemakers are the targets of the evaluations.
D) when a wide variety of people are included in those making the evaluations.

Question 22

Men's career choices are limited by the expectation that

A) they will be the breadwinners of the family.
B) they have a great, undeveloped ability to nurture.
C) their emotionality is difficult to control.
D) most men would like close relationships with their wives and children.

Question 23

Men's choices about health-related behaviors

A) put them at heightened risk for the leading causes of death.
B) lower their risk for chronic diseases but raise their risk for acute illnesses.
C) are similar to women's choices except for eating, an area in which men make healthier choices than women.
D) are similar to women's choices about smoking and drinking but differ with respect to drug use.

Question 24

Social rewards for men who attempt to become more like women are

A) present for men who attend men's groups but not for other men.
B) oriented toward positive femininity rather than all femininity.
C) an increasing part of corporate culture as well as married life.
D) lacking.

Question 25

Maximalist theories ________, and essentialist theories _______.

A) hold that the differences between men and women have a biological basis . . . extend this concept to include a genetic basis.
B) hold that the differences between men and women have a social basis. . . extend this concept to social learning theory
C) hold that the differences between men and women are large. . . extend this concept to include a biological basis
D) ignore the biological differences between women and men . . . emphasize the biological differences between women and men

Question 26

Men who want to become more involved in family life

A) often leave the breadwinner role to their wives.
B) have few models or social support for this involvement.
C) tend to have antifeminist attitudes.
D) become dissatisfied with the inequity of the situation and revert to more traditional role behavior.

Question 27

In order to free women from restrictive gender roles,

A) not only women must change but men must change as well.
B) additional laws must be passed to allow for workplace equality.
C) children must be raised in single-parent families headed by women.
D) women must be more united in their goals and act against men who do not share these goals.

Question 28

Theorists who look at research evidence and see support for their theories demonstrate

A) the interpretive and constructed nature of theory.
B) the objectivity that theorists must have to build valid theories.
C) the retrospective nature of theory.
D) the reversal of quantitative and qualitative evidence.

Question 29

Research on couples that have achieved equitable (peer) relationships indicates that

A) women sacrifice their career goals to attain happiness in the relationship.
B) men sacrifice their family relationships to attain career success.
C) neither men nor women tend to be in high prestige careers so they can devote time to relationship and family.
D) so few couples attained this type of relationship that researchers could determine no patterns.

Question 30

Women's choice about style of friendship

A) provides them with emotionally intimate friendships.
B) fails to provide them with close friends but provides a variety of friends.
C) is a choice that men can also make.
D) both a and b
E) both a and c

Question 31

Research indicates that the benefits of employment

A) are less than the risks for women but greater than the stresses for men.
B) are greater than the stresses for white-collar employees but not for blue-collar workers.
C) are small compared to the benefits of being a homemaker.
D) are greater than the stresses for both women and men.

Question 32

Fulfilling multiple roles

A) has advantages for health and happiness.
B) is more stressful for women than men.
C) is positively related to health but not to happiness.
D) can be dangerous to the health of men.

Question 33

In considering mental abilities, gender is a better predictor than education for

A) verbal ability.
B) spatial ability.
C) mathematical ability.
D) all of the above
E) none of the above

Question 34

Maximalist theories

A) hold that the differences between men and women have a biological basis.
B) hold that the differences between men and women have a social basis.
C) hold that the differences between men and women are large.
D) both a and c

Question 35

What effects do occupying multiple roles have for women and men?

A) Multiple roles enhance women's but not men's health.
B) Multiple roles have harmful mental health effects for both men and women.
C) Multiple roles have benefits for both men and women.
D) Multiple roles are not as important as family income for mental and physical health.

Question 36

Intimate relationships in which men and women share equal power is a goal for

A) women but not for men.
B) men but not for women.
C) both men and women.
D) neither men nor women.

Question 37

Women who pursue careers in corporate, academic, or scientific fields

A) usually add the employee role to that of wife and mother.
B) often choose to remain single rather than marry.
C) often choose to remain childless.
D) both b and c

Question 38

In what type of situations do men and women tend to behave in similar ways?

A) in sexual situations
B) in educational settings
C) in laboratory situations
D) in familiar social settings
E) in unfamiliar social situations

Question 39

How do gender differences in physical strength relate to the wage gap between men and women?

A) Men use strength requirements as a rationalization for their higher salaries.
B) Women accept that physical strength is a valid reason for men earning higher salaries.
C) Physical strength was once the basis for the wage gap, but now educational attainments provide that basis.
D) There is no relationship because the wage gap disappeared during the mid-1990s.

Question 40

Gender-related differences in ability are largest for

A) older adults.
B) intelligence.
C) physical strength.
D) verbal abilities.

Question 41

Making cross-gender choices

A) is still not a free choice.
B) has become mandatory in a growing number of situations.
C) is more acceptable for men than for women.
D) is acceptable in domains other than sexual behavior.

Question 42

Traditionally, men have had privileges denied to women. The erosion of these privileges

A) relieves men of some responsibilities, which may allow their life expectancy to increase.
B) puts burdens on women to soothe men, which adds to women's nurturance burden and may decrease their life expectancy.
C) has increased men's level of hostility.
D) has not occurred, but media publicity has led to that belief.

Question 43

A peace plan in the gender wars

A) has become even less likely than 25 years ago.
B) is becoming a more common goal for women and men.
C) is unlikely on a personal but possible on a societal level.
D) is not a goal for either women or men.

Question 44

Gender-related differences in the rates of diagnosed psychopathology

A) are probably due to biological and hormonal differences between women and men.
B) are less important than age-related differences.
C) may be due to different choices in dealing with negative feelings.
D) show little relationships to gender roles.

Question 45

The experience of emotion in men and women

A) is dissimilar, as shown by statistics on psychopathology.
B) is similar, although the expression of emotion may vary.
C) is behaviorally similar but physiologically different.
D) can be indexed by studying facial expressions, which are similar in both genders and in all cultures.