Deck 16: Interpretation of the Data

Question 1

In interpretation of the data, the term "highly significant effect" is a misnomer because:

A) Significance testing is all or none, as a matter of design, and highly is not appropriate
B) There is no standard meaning this term has
C) The term implies that the effect was strong, but significance testing does not measure magnitude of effect
D) All of the above

Answer 1

All of the above

Question 2

What do negative results imply?

A) The study was correctly conducted
B) The null hypothesis was rejected
C) Enough subjects participated in the investigation
D) The independent variable was weak

Answer 2

The independent variable was weak

Question 3

When are replications particularly important?

A) When they repeat the original experiment exactly
B) When conducted by the original researchers
C) At the beginning of a program of research
D) When the results differ from those of the original study

Answer 3

At the beginning of a program of research

Question 4

In data analysis and interpretation, "prediction" can be used to mean that one variable:

A) Is statistically associated with another, whether or not it actually comes before really predicts) another
B) Is a moderator for another variable
C) Is statistic ally significant and produces a strong magnitude of effect effect size)
D) May play a causal role in the outcome or other variable

Question 5

What is an interaction?

A) An overall effect of an independent varia ble
B) Showing an effect on one dependent variable but not on another dependent variable
C) The effect of one independent variable depending on the conditions of the other variables
D) Showing an effect on one dependent variable but a different effect on another dependent variable

Question 6

When are negative results important?

A) When questions are raised about the ethics of an investigation
B) When questions are raised about the use of costly treatments
C) When questions are raised about the importance of a treatment
D) When questions are raised about the generality of findings

Question 7

Which of the following is a type of replication?

A) Positive replication
B) Negative replication
C) Direct replication
D) Statistical replication

Question 8

Which of the following is a characteristic of systematic replication?

A) Allowing only the time period and the subjects to vary systematically in the replication
B) Allowing no features from the initial experiment to vary systematically in the replication
C) Allowing many features from the initial experiment to vary systematically in the replication
D) Allowing few features from the initial experiment to vary systematically in the replication

Question 9

Why is replication important?

A) It increases the magnitude of the effect
B) It increases the importance of a finding across studies
C) It enhances evaluation of the reliability of a finding across studies
D) It increases the internal validity of the investigation

Question 10

Repeated failure to replicate findings of a particular study means that:

A) The original results were wrong
B) The original results were due to chance
C) The original results may be restricted to very specific circumstances
D) All of the above

Question 11

From the alternatives below, what should the value of an investigation be based on?

A) The number of subjects run
B) The strength of the methodology
C) The results that were found
D) The magnitude of the effect

Question 12

Which of the following may be an explanation for negative results?

A) The opposite relation exists
B) Low within-subject variability
C) The rela tionship between the independent variable and the dependent variable was not linear
D) The dependent variable is highly sensitive

Question 13

What are negative results?

A) Finding no predicted results
B) Finding no significant results
C) Finding no clinically significant results
D) Finding results in the direction opposite of that predicted

Question 14

When are negative results interpretable?

A) When negative results are replicated across investigators
B) When negative results are found in a single study
C) When negative results are found in all conditions
D) When negative results are found on all measures

Question 15

Which of the following is true of replication?

A) Very common
B) Tests the generality of findings
C) Primarily important for theoretical issues
D) Rewarded by the scientific community