Deck 10: Aggression and Warfare

Question 1

A key function of verbal and physical aggression is to __________.

A) boost one's self-esteem
B) signal one's physical prowess to a mate
C) increase status across contexts
D) inflict costs on same-sex rivals

Answer 1

inflict costs on same-sex rivals

Question 2

Which theory provides the starting point for understanding why most murderers AND murder victims are male?

A) parental investment theory
B) parent-offspring conflict theory
C) multilevel selection theory
D) reciprocal altruism theory

Answer 2

parental investment theory

Question 3

The majority of victims of male perpetrated crimes are __________.

A) high-status men
B) reproductive-aged women
C) post-reproductive-aged women
D) other men

Answer 3

other men

Question 4

Figueredo found that women with ___________ experienced lower levels of ____________.

A) lower densities of kin; aggression towards their children
B) higher mate value; aggression towards their children
C) higher densities of kin; domestic violence
D) low mate value; domestic violence

Question 5

Mechanisms producing aggression should lie dormant unless ____________.

A) access to reproductive age women is greater
B) one lives in a culture that condones violence
C) contexts that trigger aggression are encountered
D) the individual has learned to associate aggression with acquired resources

Question 6

In _______ cultures studied to date, men are overwhelmingly more often the perpetrators of homicide than are women.

A) all
B) most
C) only a few
D) no

Question 7

Women often cite ___________ as a key cause or precipitating context of spousal abuse.

A) male sexual jealousy
B) men "saving face"
C) alcohol consumption
D) loss of status

Question 8

Defending against aggression is hypothesized to __________.

A) prevent potential harm to one's mate and children
B) gain a reputation of submissiveness
C) decrease the reproductive success of the attacker
D) none of the above

Question 9

The discovery of chimpanzees raiding a neighboring territory to assault an enemy led researchers to question __________.

A) the long-held assumption that other primates are peaceful and that only humans kill their own
B) the long-held assumption that other primates only kill others individually rather than in cooperative alliances
C) the motives that led the chimpanzees to commit this act
D) whether the chimpanzees were consciously aware of their goal

Question 10

Of homicides committed in Chicago between 1965 and 1980, _____ percent were committed by men.

A) 34
B) 50
C) 69
D) 86

Question 11

Within primate species, the ___________ effective polygyny, the ___________ sexual dimorphism.

A) greater the; less the
B) greater the; greater the
C) less the; greater the
D) none of the above

Question 12

Campbell argues that selection may operate against women who take great physical risks such as inflicting physical aggression on others because __________.

A) they bear the brunt of parental care
B) the selective history of intersexual competition has not existed for women
C) the selective history of intrasexual competition has not existed for women
D) selection pressures for reciprocal altruism operate more strongly on men than on women

Question 13

Hyde found that the largest sex difference in aggression is manifest in __________.

A) aggressive fantasies
B) verbal aggression
C) physical aggression
D) imitative aggression

Question 14

Victims of female-perpetrated aggression are typically _____________.

A) high-status women
B) reproductive-aged men
C) post-reproductive-aged men
D) other women

Question 15

Nisbett pointed out that failure to aggress when aggressed against in "cultures of honor" can result in __________.

A) loss of status
B) increase in status
C) banishment by other group members
D) greater rates of sexual abuse

Question 16

Spousal battering is most likely to be exhibited by ______________.

A) men who are higher in relative mate value than their wives
B) men who are lower in relative mate value than their wives
C) women who are higher in relative mate value than their husbands
D) women who are lower in relative mate value than their husbands

Question 17

One major cost of aggression is __________.

A) caloric cost
B) retaliatory aggression
C) vulnerability of undefended kin
D) potential of cuckoldry while a perpetrator of aggression is away from his wife

Question 18

Homicide data reveal that men who are _________ and ___________ are most likely to commit homicide.

A) poor; married
B) rich; unmarried
C) poor; unmarried
D) rich; married

Question 19

Buss and Shackelford proposed all of the following EXCEPT __________ as adaptive problems that aggression might solve.

A) co-opting the resources of others
B) defending against attack
C) inflicting costs on intersexual rivals
D) negotiating status and power hierarchies

Question 20

Aggression perpetrated by women is often all of the following EXCEPT __________.

A) less florid
B) premeditated
C) less violent
D) less risky

Question 21

____________ report a greater number of sexual partners over a thirty-day period than do ____________.

A) Yanomamö; !Kung
B) Non-unokais; unokais
C) Male gang members; non-gang-member peers
D) Women; men

Question 22

Burbank's study of an Australian aboriginal tribe revealed that, of all the aggressive episodes involving a dangerous weapon, _________ percent were perpetrated by women.

A) 3
B) 25
C) 75
D) 97

Question 23

Female same-sex verbal derogation occurs most often in ______________.

A) preschool
B) elementary school
C) middle school
D) high school

Question 24

The most common complaint of husbands about their inability to control their wives was __________.

A) her sexual infidelity
B) her drinking
C) his drinking
D) her relationship with her family

Question 25

Young male syndrome is __________.

A) the phenomenon of younger men being the most prone to form cooperative alliances for the purpose of exacting revenge
B) the phenomenon of younger men being the most prone to engaging in risky forms of aggression
C) the tendency of younger males to abuse their partners at higher rates than older males
D) the decreased ability of younger males to withdraw from conflicts

Question 26

Women derogate their rivals more than men on the dimension of __________.

A) physical appearance
B) intelligence
C) social status
D) height

Question 27

How many cultures have been identified so far in which women form coalitions designed to kill other coalitions?

A) zero
B) three
C) eleven
D) thirty-one

Question 28

Fox found that men __________.

A) Assess their fighting ability more frequently than do women
B) Are more likely to go to war
C) Have psychological mechanisms to enforce the risk contact
D) Have been selected to be exposed to some risk of death at rates higher than women

Question 29

Among the Yanomamö, what is the most common reason for the initial fighting amongst tribes?

A) derogation
B) land
C) money
D) women

Question 30

Men in their _________ are most likely to be the victim of a homicide; they are ____ times more likely than women to become homicide victims at this age.

A) teens; two
B) teens; six
C) mid-twenties; two
D) mid-twenties; six

Question 31

Compared to women, the rates at which men slap, spit on, and hit their intimate partners are __________.

A) higher
B) lower
C) roughly the same
D) not assessable

Question 32

Within the Yanomamö, men are distinguished as either unokais (those who have killed) or non-unokais (those who have not killed). In their early twenties, unokais already had ___ times more ______ than non-unokais.

A) four; surplus meat
B) two; surplus meat
C) four; wives
D) two; wives

Question 33

Males of many species have to impress the females with their physical prowess in order to gain sexual access. What attribute makes humans different such that men experience young male syndrome?

A) IQ
B) reputation
C) earlier menstruation
D) intrasexual competition

Question 34

Which of the following is NOT an essential condition that must be met for adaptations to evolve for initiating coalitional aggression?

A) The average long-term gain in reproductive resources must be sufficiently large to outweigh the reproductive costs of engaging in warfare over evolutionary time.
B) Members of coalitions must believe that their group will emerge victorious.
C) The risk that each member takes and the importance of each member's contribution to the success must translate into an inequitable share of the benefits.
D) Men who go into battle must be cloaked in a "veil of ignorance" about who will live or die.

Question 35

Male victims of bullies were more often _____________ while female victims were more often ___________.

A) stolen from; physically hurt
B) the object of nasty rumors; called nasty names
C) physically hurt; the object of nasty rumors
D) called nasty names; stolen from

Question 36

Women tend to engage in mostly ____________, while men tend to engage in mostly ___________.

A) same-sex aggression; opposite-sex aggression
B) opposite-sex aggression; same-sex aggression
C) indirect aggression; direct aggression
D) direct aggression; indirect aggression

Question 37

____________wives and girlfriends are more likely to be killed by their intimate partner than _____________.

A) Nonaggressive; aggressive wives and girlfriends
B) Older; younger husbands and boyfriends
C) Older; younger wives and girlfriends
D) Younger; older wives and girlfriends

Question 38

Patton found that "warriorship" and status are ______________ correlated.

A) slightly negatively
B) slightly positively
C) strongly negatively
D) strongly positively

Question 39

Of all the same-sex killings involving "love triangles," what percent were male-male killings?

A) 24 percent
B) 61 percent
C) 92 percent
D) 100 percent

Question 40

Autonomy-limiting behaviors are __________ correlated with violence perpetrated by husbands against their wives.

A) negatively
B) positively
C) not
D) moderately

Question 41

After being primed with ________ cues, ________ report higher desires to react with direct aggression to an insult.

A) status; women
B) status; men
C) kinship; men
D) kinship; women

Question 42

Which of the following, if documented, would support the recalibration theory?

A) Individuals with more nearby kin are more anger-prone than individuals lacking nearby kin.
B) Individuals viewing angry faces are more likely to behave altruistically in subsequent economic games.
C) High-status men and women are more anger-prone than low-status men and women.
D) all of the above

Question 43

Which of the following traits was associated with more anger-proneness among men but not women?

A) strength
B) age
C) attractiveness
D) intelligence

Question 44

The recalibration theory of anger __________.

A) does not apply to mating contexts
B) explains situations in which anger occurs in the absence of precipitating factors
C) proposes that anger functions to increase a target's valuation of one's welfare
D) all of the above

Question 45

The theory that humans-especially men-have evolved specific psychological mechanisms that predispose them to kill under certain circumstances is called:

A) homicide adaptation theory
B) slip-up hypothesis
C) autonomous aggression hypothesis
D) Kenrick-Sheets hypothesis

Question 46

In traditional cultures, men's mortality rate due to warfare and homicide is quite high, sometimes even as high as 36 percent. This implies that __________.

A) there was likely recurrently high selective pressure on men to evolve anti-homicide mechanisms
B) men with aggressive tendencies would rarely reproduce
C) children exposed to this contingency between men's aggression and early death would exhibit less aggression in adulthood
D) the heritability of aggressive traits is low

Question 47

Men who were bullied when in school end up having fewer sex partners than men who were not bullied. What does this imply about the modern environment?

A) Status loss still results in fitness-relevant consequences among men.
B) Physically aggressive men are preferred by women as mates.
C) Submissive men are preferred by women as mates.
D) none of the above

Question 48

Which of the following individuals should be MOST anger-prone, according to the recalibration theory of anger?

A) an elderly woman
B) a low-status man
C) a short, weak man
D) a young, beautiful woman

Question 49

Men's tendency to derogate out-group members as sub-human or animalistic likely functions to __________.

A) decrease the probability of inter-breeding with out-group women
B) help convince in-group women to support warfare efforts
C) devalue out-group goods during intergroup social exchange
D) lower inhibitions to kill out-group members

Question 50

Duntley conducted a survey in which men and women were asked to rate how likely they would be to kill an intrasexual rival in various situations if the crime would never be discovered. Which of the following represents the condition in which women indicated a higher likelihood of killing the rival than men?

A) The rival had sex with your mate.
B) The rival was attractive.
C) The rival beat you up.
D) The rival humiliated you.

Question 51

Sell and colleagues have documented men's ability to accurately estimate __________.

A) a man's lower-body strength from facial photographs
B) a man's upper-body strength from facial photographs
C) a woman's lower-body strength from facial photographs
D) a woman's upper-body strength from facial photographs