Deck 9: Schizophrenia Spectrum and other Psychotic Disorders

Question 1

Devon often sits with one foot behind his head for extended periods of time until a nurse moves it,and then does not move again.This is an example of

A)alogia.
B)echopraxia.
C)catatonic posturing.
D)affective flattening.
E)waxy flexibility.

Answer 1

waxy flexibility.

Question 2

An important and basic fact about schizophrenia is its.

A)homogeneity
B)heterogeneity
C)relationship to dissociative identity disorder
D)simplicity
E)universality

Answer 2

heterogeneity

Question 3

The erroneous belief that one control the weather would be an example of a

A)somatic delusion
B)paranoid delusion
C)delusion of persecution
D)delusion of grandeur
E)referential delusion

Answer 3

delusion of grandeur

Question 4

Dimitri has been diagnosed with schizophrenia.Unless his mother carefully monitors his personal hygiene habits,he tends to ignore them.This is an example of

A)anhedonia.
B)alogia.
C)avolition.
D)antilistlessness.

Question 5

Positive symptoms of schizophrenia are those that involve

A)lack of emotion.
B)loss of motivation.
C)less serious symptoms.
D)speech and language.
E)extravagant versions of normal behaviour.

Question 6

The likelihood of developing schizophrenia in North America is about percent.

A)2)5
B)10
C)5
D)1
E)0)5

Question 7

Shandra believes that the weatherman on Cable 10 is delivering messages from outer space to Earth.This is an example of

A)a negative symptom.
B)a logia.
C)a tangential thought.
D)a hallucination.
E)a delusion.

Question 8

A person with schizophrenia displaying flattened affect

A)withdraws socially.
B)does not express emotion.
C)does not experience physiological arousal.
D)laughs at inappropriate moments.

Question 9

All of the following are types of delusions EXCEPT

A)delusions of persecution.
B)somatic delusions.
C)delusions of emancipation.
D)delusions of reference.
E)delusions of grandeur.

Question 10

When asked how she was feeling,Mona answered "I am fine,just like a bottle of wine ...that wine was so smooth ...and I used to drink it with ...pickles,which I grew in my garden ...and I had to weed so often." This response is an example of

A)neologisms.
B)lack of abstractness.
C)tangentiality.
D)derailment.
E)loosening of associations.

Question 11

The feeling that bugs are crawling around under your skin is

A)an example of a delusion of grandeur.
B)generally experienced by certain religious tribes.
C)indicative of problems in brain functioning.
D)only experienced by those on a bad acid trip.
E)an example of a somatic delusion.

Question 12

The best description of anhedonia is

A)poor concentration for an extended period of time.
B)the inability to experience pleasure.
C)impoverished emotional expression.
D)lack of drive or initiative.

Question 13

Negative symptoms of schizophrenia include

A)flowery speech.
B)hallucinations and delusions.
C)catatonic behaviour.
D)auditory hallucinations only.
E)lack of ability to communicate.

Question 14

A false belief that is strongly held,held even when there is evidence to prove otherwise,is called a

A)waxy flexibility.
B)delusion.
C)hallucinatory concept.
D)tangential focus.
E)firm conviction.

Question 15

Bleuler,in his early descriptions of schizophrenia,gave great emphasis on

A)disorganized speech and thought disorder.
B)visual hallucinations.
C)delusions.
D)hallucinations.
E)delusions of grandeur.

Question 16

One remaining puzzle concerning schizophrenia is

A)how long it has been around.
B)why there has been a lack of research on the disorder.
C)why it only tends to be found in European and Asian countries.
D)the cost of the disorder to society.
E)how it relates to multiple personality disorder.

Question 17

The most common type of hallucinations are.

A)tactile
B)visual
C)multi-sensory
D)auditory
E)olfactory

Question 18

All of the following are examples of negative and emotional symptoms of schizophrenia EXCEPT:

A)alogia.
B)anhedonia.
C)associative loosening.
D)affective flattening.
E)avolition.

Question 19

Which of the following are classified as positive symptoms?

A)Social withdrawal and lack of interest in activities
B)Spare speech and language
C)Lack of coping abilities
D)Hallucinations
E)Inability to feel pleasure

Question 20

The belief that one's neighbours are plotting against you is an example of a
Delusion.

A)persecutory
B)somatic
C)religious
D)grandiose
E)referential

Question 21

Recent evidence shows that exposure to the flu virus during themonth of pregnancy is associated with an increased risk of schizophrenia later in life.

A)first
B)second
C)third
D)fourth
E)fifth

Question 22

In Meehl's theory of schizophrenia,"hypokrisia" refers to the component of the theory.

A)diathesis
B)emotional
C)social
D)stress
E)cognitive

Question 23

Penetrance refers to

A)the degree to which a gene associated with a condition will be expressed in offspring.
B)the degree to which a gene will penetrate the chromosome during meiosis.
C)the frequency with which a gene associated with a condition will become dominant.
D)the degree to which the presence of a dominant gene will show its effects.
E)the frequency by which a gene associated with a condition will be passed on.

Question 24

A proportion of children at risk for schizophrenia show all of the following early behavioural abnormalities EXCEPT

A)unusual preoccupation with imaginative companions.
B)early signs of impaired movement.
C)more withdrawn and socially reclusive,or more antisocial and aggressive than other children.
D)cognitive limitations not shared by other children.
E)early signs of impaired fine motor skills.

Question 25

For a diagnosis,a bizarre delusion must be judged.

A)possible
B)impossible
C)plausible
D)conceivable
E)harmless

Question 26

Recent research shows that by age 16,nearly a third of individuals who go on to develop psychotic disorder haveand.

A)motor difficulties; at least one positive symptoms reported by teacher
B)speech and language delays; at least one positive symptom self-reported
C)motor difficulties; deficient IQ
D)family interaction problems ; deficient IQ
E)speech and language difficulties ; at least one positive symptom parent-reported

Question 27

The vulnerability-stress perspective purports that

A)individuals who undergo a lot of stress and difficulty become more vulnerable to developing schizophrenia.
B)individuals with poor coping skills tend to react negatively to stress.
C)certain people are vulnerable to schizophrenia,and symptoms generally develop after exposure to stress.
D)individuals who are genetically susceptible to schizophrenia are better able to handle severe stress.
E)people with schizophrenia are more vulnerable to life stressor than others.

Question 28

Research examining the eye movements of people with schizophrenia has found

A)eye movements that mirror visual hallucinations.
B)they generally tend to stare vacantly at most objects.
C)their eye movements tend to be more erratic.
D)they are able to keep slow moving targets in focus,but are unable to rapidly shift their eyes.
E)few differences between the eye movements of people with schizophrenia compared to those without the disorder.

Question 29

The endophenotype for schizophrenia refers to the.

A)presence of one or more vulnerability markers (biological,behavioral,subjective symptomatic)for schizophrenia
B)a person who will develop schizophrenia but has not yet demonstrated outward manifestations of the disorder
C)a person who has internal but not outward manifestations of schizophrenia
D)the presence of reliable genetic markers in asymptomatic persons
E)the presence of reliable bio-behavioral markers in asymptomatic persons

Question 30

For Carl Jung,there was a universal connection between schizophrenia and the.

A)collective preconscious
B)unconscious
C)collective unconscious
D)subconscious
E)collective consciousness

Question 31

In Meehl's theory of schizophrenia,"hypokrisia" refers to.

A)an abnormally high number of schizotypal genes
B)atypical neuronal connectivity
C)abnormally low neuronal reactivity to stimulation
D)abnormally high inter-neuronal connectivity
E)abnormally high neuronal reactivity to stimulation

Question 32

schizophrenogenic mother has been described as

A)rejecting.
B)depressed.
C)overly involved with the child.
D)manic and unpredictable.
E)a carrier of the schizogene.

Question 33

The most commonly accepted theory of schizophrenia today is the

A)rejecting mother model.
B)schizogenetic theory.
C)diathesis-stress theory.
D)social drift theory.
E)collective unconscious theory.

Question 34

Specificity of a disease marker refers to the proportion offor the marker,whereas sensitivity refers to the proportion offor the marker.

A)true positives; true negatives
B)true negatives; true positives
C)false positives; false negatives
D)false negatives; false positives
E)true negatives; false negatives

Question 35

Digit span recall

A)is higher in schizophrenia patients than in the normal population.
B)is considered to be a potential biological marker of schizophrenia.
C)is not sensitive enough to detect a large majority of schizophrenia patients.
D)has been shown to be a reliable marker of schizophrenia.
E)is deficient in about 50 percent of patients diagnosed with schizophrenia.

Question 36

The concordance rate for schizophrenia for monozygotic twins is

A)100%.
B)25%.
C)67%.
D)10%.
E)48%.

Question 37

One criticism of the DSM-5 with respect to diagnosing schizophrenia is

A)it does not rely on the person's presenting symptoms and history as the main indications of illness.
B)none of the subtypes have received any research support as valid distinctions.
C)clinicians tend not to agree with each other's diagnoses.
D)clinicians rarely use structured interviews in making a diagnosis.
E)the lack of objective criteria for the disorder.

Question 38

Currently,there is evidence for up to"risk" genes in developing schizophrenia.

A)2
B)3
C)5
D)9
E)12

Question 39

If schizophrenia were purely genetic,the concordance rate for monozygotic twins would be about

A)50%.
B)45%.
C)25%.
D)80%.
E)100%.

Question 40

If a person describes or presents withhallucinations,no other symptoms are needed for the diagnosis of schizophrenia.

A)olfactory
B)gustatory
C)tactile
D)visual
E)auditory

Question 41

An early treatment for schizophrenia might have involved which of the following?

A)insulin coma
B)hypnosis
C)psychoanalysis
D)psychotherapy
E)chlorpromazine

Question 42

Cognitive remediation for schizophrenia targetsand research thus far shows.

A)thinking skills like memory and attention; small effects upon cognition,symptoms and academic functioning
B)cognitive appraisals of threat; medium effects on cognition and significant effects upon symptoms and functioning
C)day-to-day problem solving; medium effects upon cognition and adaptive functioning
D)thinking skills like memory and attention; medium effects upon cognition and significant effects upon symptoms and functioning
E)cognitive appraisals of threat; normalized symptoms and functioning

Question 43

Lifetime prevalence for schizophrenia in North America and Europe has been found to be about 1%.

Question 44

Research on expressed emotion indicates that people with schizophrenia are most likely to suffer a relapse if

A)family members are critical and overinvolved.
B)family members ignore them and fail to provide support.
C)society labels them and rejects them.
D)family and peers are unable to see past their illness.
E)family members are critical and uninvolved.

Question 45

In summarizing the research on the frontal lobe deficiency,one could interpret the research of Lara Davidson (2003)as suggesting that

A)frontal brain impairment probably affects some patients with schizophrenia,but the impairment is not a necessary part of the syndrome.
B)frontal brain impairment probably affects very few patients with schizophrenia,but is not a necessary part of the syndrome.
C)frontal brain impairment probably affects all patients with schizophrenia,and is a necessary part of the syndrome.
D)an abnormally working frontal brain does not appear to be related at all to the symptoms presented by patients with schizophrenia.
E)only the positive symptoms of the illness reflect an abnormally working frontal brain.

Question 46

Apart from the frontal lobes,one of the most researched regions of the brain and its relationship to schizophrenia is the

A)left parietal lobe.
B)left temporal lobe.
C)right temporal lobe.
D)left occipital lobe.
E)right parietal lobe.

Question 47

The main drawback of anti-psychotic medication in treating schizophrenia is

A)its relative ineffectiveness in dealing with the cognitive impairment suffered by schizophrenia patients.
B)that the use of medication often requires longer hospital stays.
C)its relative lack of effectiveness.
D)the occurrence of more frequent relapses of illness.
E)its inability to alleviate the frequency and severity of hallucinations and delusions.

Question 48

A recent meta-analysis of 22 studies finds that social skills training for schizophrenia

A)has moderate effects on symptoms,functioning and relapse rates.
B)has small effects on social functioning only.
C)has moderate effects on social and psychosocial functioning,living skills and negative symptoms.
D)has small effects on paranoid symptoms,but not withdrawal symptoms.
E)has moderate effects on positive symptoms but does not appear to improve functioning.

Question 49

The positive and negative symptoms of schizophrenia refer to the "good" and "bad" symptoms.

Question 50

Auditory hallucinations were extremely common prior to 1700.

Question 51

Schizophrenia is characterized by its complexity.

Question 52

Overall,the inconsistent research findings regarding environmental factors in the etiology of schizophrenia support a(n)model,which asserts that.

A)high-risk; certain factors almost always produce schizophrenia in vulnerable persons
B)cumulative; various environmental stressors accumulate to increase risk
C)expressed emotion; various negative family interaction patterns play a role
D)biological environmental; pre- and peri-natal factors interact with genetic factors to increase risk
E)neuropsychological; various test scores combine to indicate etiology for schizophrenia

Question 53

Recent research on the effectiveness of cognitive-behavioral therapy for schizophrenia finds.The next step for research will be.

A)moderate benefits for positive and negative symptoms that are sustained over time; examining the impact upon functioning
B)moderate benefits for positive and negative symptoms,sustained over time,and with positive impact on functioning ; examining predictors of response to treatment
C)moderate benefits for positive symptoms ; examining impact on negative symptoms
D)moderate benefits for negative symptoms ; examining impact on positive symptoms
E)moderate benefits for positive and negative symptoms ; whether benefits are sustained over time

Question 54

Heterogeneity in schizophrenia makes it easier to predict the course for affected individuals.

Question 55

Hippocrates is credited with the first scientific descriptions of schizophrenia in about 300 BC.

Question 56

The one form of psychotherapy found to be helpful in treating schizophrenia is

A)humanistic therapy.
B)interpersonal psychotherapy.
C)behavioural therapy.
D)cognitive-behaviour therapy.
E)psychoanalysis.

Question 57

Negative symptoms of schizophrenia refer to exaggerated,distorted adaptations of normal behaviour.

Question 58

Addington's work on early identification and intervention in schizophrenia finds

A)the prodromal phase often includes becoming withdrawn and suspicious.
B)there are no reliable methods to identify individuals at high risk.
C)early intervention normalizes symptoms,functioning,and quality of life.
D)most high risk individuals who do not convert to psychosis have normal functioning.
E)early intervention has no impact on symptoms,but normalizes functioning.

Question 59

One of the first brain regions that interested researchers in linking the brain to schizophrenia was/were the.

A)occipital lobes
B)temporal lobes
C)frontal lobes
D)parietal lobes
E)posterior cortex

Question 60

According to findings of combined meta-analyses,the number one ranked brain and behavioral abnormality in schizophrenia is

A)impaired general intellectual ability.
B)increased neurotransmitter receptors in post-modern brain tissue.
C)irregular eye movements when following a point of light.
D)slowness in writing symbols paired with numbers (processing speed).
E)impaired learning and recall of words and stories.

Question 61

Family intervention studies have shown similar outcomes when comparing the effectiveness of family therapy,social skills training,and medication treatments.

Question 62

Dopamine receptors in the brains of people with schizophrenia are either too low or not overly sensitive.

Question 63

Identify the best practice in terms of treatment of schizophrenia.In your answer,choose three of the following treatment components: pharmacotherapy; CBT,cognitive remediation; social skills training; family therapy; early intervention.Back up your recommendations using research findings on the effectiveness and what aspects of the disorder are improved.

Question 64

Modern research shows that inadequate parenting by fathers plays an equally important causal role as does that of mothers in the development of schizophrenia.

Question 65

Digit span performance has been studied as a cognitive marker of schizophrenia.

Question 66

Visual hallucinations tend to be the most common form in schizophrenia.

Question 67

It is difficult to determine whether neurological abnormalities are a cause or consequence of schizophrenic symptoms.

Question 68

The diathesis-stress model has been proposed as a method of explaining the development of schizophrenia.Choose three factors that play a role in vulnerability to schizophrenia and describe the research findings.

Question 69

Positive symptoms are objectively observed and apparent to the clinician.

Question 70

Abnormal functioning of the temporal lobes has been associated with the hallucinations and delusions experienced by people with schizophrenia.

Question 71

Differentiate between the positive and negative symptoms of schizophrenia by providing a brief description of the types of symptoms under each category.

Question 72

Dancing down the street is an example of grossly disorganized behaviour.

Question 73

Stress plays a major role,both in the development of schizophrenia and in the severity of symptoms.Briefly describe different areas of stress that have been shown to affect schizophrenia (family,culture,social status).

Question 74

Sluggish schizophrenia is one subtype of schizophrenia found in the DSM-5 system for the classification of mental disorders.

Question 75

The research shows that the symptom-based subtypes shift over time and do not have much use in terms of prognosis.

Question 76

Negative symptoms tend to become more prominent after an individual has suffered from schizophrenia for several years.