Deck 25: Social Cognition and Behavior

Question 1

A broad field that studies how our thoughts, feelings, perceptions, and behaviors are influenced by interactions with others is called _____.

Answer 1

Psychology is defined as the scientific study of mental process and behavior of an individual and how it is affected by internal and external environment. Psychologists explore and study various fields such as intelligence, emotions, personality, brain functioning, interpersonal relationships and many more to analyze the psychology of a person.
Social psychology, deals with the study of how people behave, think and feel. It explains how one perceives other based on their appearance and situations. For example, how an individual behaves in a room when it is crowded and when it is empty. These kinds of differences are studied in social psychology.
There are various methods to study social psychology: observational methods, experimental methods and correlational methods.
So, given blank can be filled with .

Question 2

Why the Debate over Teen Vaccination?
What if modern medicine could prevent three-quarters of the occurrences of a leading cause of cancer in women and save almost 300,000 lives each year? A major public health breakthrough makes this possible. The first vaccine to protect women against cervical cancer is now available, but it comes with much controversy.
Cervical cancer is caused by HPV (human papillomavirus), the most common sexually transmitted infection in the United States. Cervical cancer usually strikes when a woman is young, often before she has had children, and the treatment may cause infertility. Because cervical cancer is the leading cause of cancer death in women and its treatment has serious risks, prevention is essential.
A vaccine that prevents infection of four types of HPV and comes with minimal side effects is now available. The vaccine is 100% effective in targeting certain causes of cervical cancer that together make up about three-quarters of all cervical cancer cases. Despite its effectiveness and safety, the use of the vaccine has provoked considerable social controversy.
Because many teens contract HPV within only a few years after their first sexual experience, it is recommended that the vaccine be administered to girls during their early teens. Some conservative officials and parents oppose vaccinating teen girls, stating that the vaccine undermines their value of abstinence being the best method to avoid getting HPV. These same opponents fear that vaccinating young teens against a sexually transmitted infection, such as HPV, conveys approval to be sexually promiscuous.
Alan Kaye, the executive director of the National Cervical Cancer Coalition, disagrees with opponents who worry that the vaccination will result in girls becoming sexually promiscuous. He responds to these moral objections by comparing the vaccine to wearing a seat belt: "Just because you wear a seat belt doesn't mean you're seeking out an accident" (R. Stein, 2005b). Others argue the cervical cancer vaccine is no different from routine vaccines that protect children from diseases such as measles, polio, or chicken pox.
Concerns raised about the vaccine that are unrelated to morality include its high cost ($360), uncertainty about how long the vaccine will be effective, and possible side effects. Despite these concerns, about 35% of teenage girls have already received the HPV vaccine. Advocates are optimistic that up to 90% of teenage girls will eventually receive the HPV vaccine.
In addition to the HPV vaccine targeting the major causes of cervical cancer, it protects against the causes of 90% of all genital warts cases and may reduce the risk of oral cancer. Consequently, another social debate is deciding whether boys should be vaccinated as well. As of 2012, the American Academy of Pediatrics recommends the routine administration of the HPV vaccine for boys.
Question
What needs to happen for a parent opposed to vaccinating a teen to change his or her attitude toward teens getting vaccinated?

Answer 2

Conservatism is a mannerism of a certain class of individuals who want to retain the old, traditional beliefs and myths of their culture and are not intended to accept the changes in the society. This may also include avoidance of new medicine practices.
Many parents are not ready to get their kids vaccinated. One of the instances is for HPV (human papilloma virus) vaccination, which is also a cure for cervical cancer. HPV vaccine can prevent infection from genital warts and other infections, which may further lead to cervical cancer. HPV vaccination is supposed to have long-lasting effects.
Many parents are worried about getting their girls vaccinated from HPV. They have the fear that their girls may become sexually promiscuous, if taken the vaccine. As the vaccine helps in protecting females to get infected from genital infections, the little girls may get wary of this and go for unethical doings. The parents do not want their children to go against abstinence. Such kind of unnatural reasoning lead to the thinking of the parents of not getting their teen girls vaccinated.
They also want their teen kids to convince other teenager girls to not to go for vaccination, so that the society can be saved from unethical activities. However, this is all a myth. Medical treatment does not mean that people will go for unethical doings. Alan Kaye also advocated that HPV vaccination will lead to sexual promiscuous activities. Vaccination is a method of prevention from diseases, and should be treated as same.

Question 3

A collection of two or more people who interact and share some common attribute or attributes is called a (a) _____. Togetherness, which is determined by how much group members perceive that they share common attributes, is called group (b) _____.

Answer 3

A branch of social psychology is group psychology. There is an incredible power experienced by the individual when they are in a group. Being in group can have both positive and negative effects. Group's helps in decision making, in activities, destroy creativity, to slack off and many more.
Collection of two or more individual is called as group. There are different kinds of group that sustain us, constrain us, and guide us. Different characteristics of a group include goal, interactions, structure, interdependence and unity. Groups are of two types which are as follows:
Primary group is a small group, which mainly involves members sharing lasting and personal relationships.
Secondary group, are larger group, in contrast to primary. This group involves institutional and formal relationships.
Social glue which binds a group together is called as group cohesion. It is the sum of factors, which causes a group to bind together. When the group goals and norms are high, a positive relationship exists within a group.
So, the blank (a) can be filled with and blank (b) can be filled with .

Question 4

Why the Debate over Teen Vaccination?
What if modern medicine could prevent three-quarters of the occurrences of a leading cause of cancer in women and save almost 300,000 lives each year? A major public health breakthrough makes this possible. The first vaccine to protect women against cervical cancer is now available, but it comes with much controversy.
Cervical cancer is caused by HPV (human papillomavirus), the most common sexually transmitted infection in the United States. Cervical cancer usually strikes when a woman is young, often before she has had children, and the treatment may cause infertility. Because cervical cancer is the leading cause of cancer death in women and its treatment has serious risks, prevention is essential.
A vaccine that prevents infection of four types of HPV and comes with minimal side effects is now available. The vaccine is 100% effective in targeting certain causes of cervical cancer that together make up about three-quarters of all cervical cancer cases. Despite its effectiveness and safety, the use of the vaccine has provoked considerable social controversy.
Because many teens contract HPV within only a few years after their first sexual experience, it is recommended that the vaccine be administered to girls during their early teens. Some conservative officials and parents oppose vaccinating teen girls, stating that the vaccine undermines their value of abstinence being the best method to avoid getting HPV. These same opponents fear that vaccinating young teens against a sexually transmitted infection, such as HPV, conveys approval to be sexually promiscuous.
Alan Kaye, the executive director of the National Cervical Cancer Coalition, disagrees with opponents who worry that the vaccination will result in girls becoming sexually promiscuous. He responds to these moral objections by comparing the vaccine to wearing a seat belt: "Just because you wear a seat belt doesn't mean you're seeking out an accident" (R. Stein, 2005b). Others argue the cervical cancer vaccine is no different from routine vaccines that protect children from diseases such as measles, polio, or chicken pox.
Concerns raised about the vaccine that are unrelated to morality include its high cost ($360), uncertainty about how long the vaccine will be effective, and possible side effects. Despite these concerns, about 35% of teenage girls have already received the HPV vaccine. Advocates are optimistic that up to 90% of teenage girls will eventually receive the HPV vaccine.
In addition to the HPV vaccine targeting the major causes of cervical cancer, it protects against the causes of 90% of all genital warts cases and may reduce the risk of oral cancer. Consequently, another social debate is deciding whether boys should be vaccinated as well. As of 2012, the American Academy of Pediatrics recommends the routine administration of the HPV vaccine for boys.
Question
What role does brain development play in adolescents' likelihood of having safe sex to reduce the chances of getting infected with HPV?

Question 5

Harold Kelley proposed that in deciding between personal and situational explanations, we should look for factors that change along with the behavior we are trying to explain; this is called the _____ model. To decide between personal and situational explanations, we should look for consensus, consistency, and distinctiveness.

Question 6

Any behavior that benefits others or has positive social consequences is called (a) _____ behavior. A form of helping that involves doing something, often at a cost, for reasons other than the expectation of a material or social reward is called (b) _____.

Question 7

How our thoughts, feelings, perceptions, and behaviors are influenced by interactions with others is studied in the field of _____ psychology.

Question 8

Beliefs or opinions that include a positive or negative evaluation of some target (object, person, or event) and that predispose us to act in a certain way toward the target are called _____.

Question 9

The phenomenon by which group discussion reinforces the majority's point of view and shifts that view to a more extreme position is called group (a) _____. If a group makes bad decisions because it is more concerned about reaching an agreement and sticking together than gathering the relevant information and considering all the alternatives, it is referred to as (b) _____.

Question 10

Making judgments about the traits of others through social interactions and gaining knowledge from our social perceptions are called _____.

Question 11

An error that we make by attributing the cause of a behavior to a person's disposition and overlooking the demands of the environment or situation is the (a) _____ attribution error. If we attribute our own behavior to situational factors but others' behaviors to their dispositions, we fall prey to the (b) _____ effect. If we attribute success to our disposition and failure to the situation, we use the (c) _____ bias.

Question 12

A collection of two or more people who interact and share some common attribute or attributes is called a (a) _____. How much group members perceive that they share common attributes determines group (b) _____. The formal or informal rules about how group members should behave are called group (c) _____. According to Leon Festinger's (d) _____ theory, we compare ourselves to others who are similar to us so that we can measure the correctness of our attitudes and beliefs.

Question 13

Why the Debate over Teen Vaccination?
What if modern medicine could prevent three-quarters of the occurrences of a leading cause of cancer in women and save almost 300,000 lives each year? A major public health breakthrough makes this possible. The first vaccine to protect women against cervical cancer is now available, but it comes with much controversy.
Cervical cancer is caused by HPV (human papillomavirus), the most common sexually transmitted infection in the United States. Cervical cancer usually strikes when a woman is young, often before she has had children, and the treatment may cause infertility. Because cervical cancer is the leading cause of cancer death in women and its treatment has serious risks, prevention is essential.
A vaccine that prevents infection of four types of HPV and comes with minimal side effects is now available. The vaccine is 100% effective in targeting certain causes of cervical cancer that together make up about three-quarters of all cervical cancer cases. Despite its effectiveness and safety, the use of the vaccine has provoked considerable social controversy.
Because many teens contract HPV within only a few years after their first sexual experience, it is recommended that the vaccine be administered to girls during their early teens. Some conservative officials and parents oppose vaccinating teen girls, stating that the vaccine undermines their value of abstinence being the best method to avoid getting HPV. These same opponents fear that vaccinating young teens against a sexually transmitted infection, such as HPV, conveys approval to be sexually promiscuous.
Alan Kaye, the executive director of the National Cervical Cancer Coalition, disagrees with opponents who worry that the vaccination will result in girls becoming sexually promiscuous. He responds to these moral objections by comparing the vaccine to wearing a seat belt: "Just because you wear a seat belt doesn't mean you're seeking out an accident" (R. Stein, 2005b). Others argue the cervical cancer vaccine is no different from routine vaccines that protect children from diseases such as measles, polio, or chicken pox.
Concerns raised about the vaccine that are unrelated to morality include its high cost ($360), uncertainty about how long the vaccine will be effective, and possible side effects. Despite these concerns, about 35% of teenage girls have already received the HPV vaccine. Advocates are optimistic that up to 90% of teenage girls will eventually receive the HPV vaccine.
In addition to the HPV vaccine targeting the major causes of cervical cancer, it protects against the causes of 90% of all genital warts cases and may reduce the risk of oral cancer. Consequently, another social debate is deciding whether boys should be vaccinated as well. As of 2012, the American Academy of Pediatrics recommends the routine administration of the HPV vaccine for boys.
Question
How do the three components of attitude apply to the conservatives' position?

Question 14

There are two different theories about why we change our attitudes. One theory says that experiencing cognitive inconsistencies produces psychological tension that we try to reduce by making our beliefs more consistent. This is called (a) _____ theory. If we take a public position that is counter to our private attitude, we are engaging in (b) _____ behavior.

Question 15

If the presence of a crowd increases performance, it is called social (a) _____; if it decreases performance, it is called social (b) _____. If people in a crowd take on anti-social roles because they cannot be identified easily, it is called (c) _____. If an individual in a crowd is inhibited from helping someone in need, it is called the (d) _____ effect.

Question 16

Making judgments about the traits of others through social interactions and gaining knowledge from our social perceptions are part of person (a) _____. This process is aided by a wealth of social information that is stored in our memories. However, some memories can bias our perceptions. Widely held beliefs that people have certain traits because they belong to a particular group are called (b) _____. Negative beliefs that are often accompanied by an unfair, biased, or intolerant attitude toward another group of people are called (c) _____. Specific unfair behaviors exhibited toward members of a group are called (d) _____.

Question 17

Researchers found that freshmen: who were encouraged to attribute their academic problems to _____ conditions, such as poor study habits, showed a significant improvement in grade point average and were less likely to drop out than were students who continued to attribute their poor performance to permanent factors.

Question 18

The effect in which a group discussion reinforces the majority's point of view and shifts that view to a more extreme position is called (a) _____. If a group makes a bad decision because it emphasizes sticking together over gathering data and considering all the alternatives, that is called (b) _____.

Question 19

Widely held beliefs that people have certain traits because they belong to a particular group are known as (a) _____. An unfair, biased, or intolerant attitude toward another group of people is called (b) _____. Specific unfair behaviors exhibited toward members of a group are known as (c) _____.

Question 20

Another theory of attitude change says that we first observe our own behaviors, which in turn causes us to change our attitudes. This is called _____ theory.

Question 21

Social neuroscience refers to a research area that examines social | behavior, such as perceiving others, by combining _____ approaches.

Question 22

Why the Debate over Teen Vaccination?
What if modern medicine could prevent three-quarters of the occurrences of a leading cause of cancer in women and save almost 300,000 lives each year? A major public health breakthrough makes this possible. The first vaccine to protect women against cervical cancer is now available, but it comes with much controversy.
Cervical cancer is caused by HPV (human papillomavirus), the most common sexually transmitted infection in the United States. Cervical cancer usually strikes when a woman is young, often before she has had children, and the treatment may cause infertility. Because cervical cancer is the leading cause of cancer death in women and its treatment has serious risks, prevention is essential.
A vaccine that prevents infection of four types of HPV and comes with minimal side effects is now available. The vaccine is 100% effective in targeting certain causes of cervical cancer that together make up about three-quarters of all cervical cancer cases. Despite its effectiveness and safety, the use of the vaccine has provoked considerable social controversy.
Because many teens contract HPV within only a few years after their first sexual experience, it is recommended that the vaccine be administered to girls during their early teens. Some conservative officials and parents oppose vaccinating teen girls, stating that the vaccine undermines their value of abstinence being the best method to avoid getting HPV. These same opponents fear that vaccinating young teens against a sexually transmitted infection, such as HPV, conveys approval to be sexually promiscuous.
Alan Kaye, the executive director of the National Cervical Cancer Coalition, disagrees with opponents who worry that the vaccination will result in girls becoming sexually promiscuous. He responds to these moral objections by comparing the vaccine to wearing a seat belt: "Just because you wear a seat belt doesn't mean you're seeking out an accident" (R. Stein, 2005b). Others argue the cervical cancer vaccine is no different from routine vaccines that protect children from diseases such as measles, polio, or chicken pox.
Concerns raised about the vaccine that are unrelated to morality include its high cost ($360), uncertainty about how long the vaccine will be effective, and possible side effects. Despite these concerns, about 35% of teenage girls have already received the HPV vaccine. Advocates are optimistic that up to 90% of teenage girls will eventually receive the HPV vaccine.
In addition to the HPV vaccine targeting the major causes of cervical cancer, it protects against the causes of 90% of all genital warts cases and may reduce the risk of oral cancer. Consequently, another social debate is deciding whether boys should be vaccinated as well. As of 2012, the American Academy of Pediatrics recommends the routine administration of the HPV vaccine for boys.
Question
Why has preaching abstinence not been more successful in preventing girls from getting HPV?

Question 23

Beliefs or opinions that include a positive or negative evaluation of an object, person, or event and that predispose us to act in a certain way are called (a) _____. General attitudes are convenient guidelines for interpreting and categorizing objects and events and deciding whether to approach or avoid them. Attitudes have three components: beliefs and ideas make up the (b) _____ component; emotions and feelings make up the (c) _____ component; and predispositions make up the (d) _____ component.

Question 24

Brain cells responsible for human empathy are called _____.

Question 25

Cognitive structures that represent an organized collection of knowledge about people, events, and concepts are called _____. They help us select and interpret relevant information from a tremendous amount of incoming social information and provide guidelines for how we should behave in different situations.

Question 26

If a politician tries to get votes by presenting information with strong arguments, analyses, facts, and logic, he or she is using the (a) _____ route of persuasion. If a politician seeks votes by emphasizing emotional appeals, focusing on personal accomplishments, and generating positive feelings, he or she is using the (b) _____ route of persuasion.

Question 27

The findings that identical twins are more alike in aggression and that not all abused children become aggressive are evidence for (a) _____ influences on aggression. The finding that people can learn aggressive behavior through observation, imitation, and self-reinforcement supports the influence of (b) _____ factors. The finding that frustration may lead to or trigger aggression supports the influence of (c) _____ factors. Unlike humans, aggression in animals is primarily influenced by (d) _____ factors.

Question 28

Cognitive structures that represent an organized collection of knowledge about people, events, and concepts are called _____. They influence what we perceive and remember and how we behave.

Question 29

A state of unpleasant psychological tension that motivates us to reduce our inconsistencies and return to a more consistent state is called (a) _____. To reduce this tension and return to a more consistent state, we may add or change (b) _____ or take a public position that is counter to our private attitude, which is called engaging in (c) _____ behavior. According to Daryl Bem's theory, we first observe or perceive our own behavior and then infer attitudes from that behavior; this is called (d) _____ theory.

Question 30

The primary motivation for rape is not sexual but a combination of _____, _____, and _____.

Question 31

Why the Debate over Teen Vaccination?
What if modern medicine could prevent three-quarters of the occurrences of a leading cause of cancer in women and save almost 300,000 lives each year? A major public health breakthrough makes this possible. The first vaccine to protect women against cervical cancer is now available, but it comes with much controversy.
Cervical cancer is caused by HPV (human papillomavirus), the most common sexually transmitted infection in the United States. Cervical cancer usually strikes when a woman is young, often before she has had children, and the treatment may cause infertility. Because cervical cancer is the leading cause of cancer death in women and its treatment has serious risks, prevention is essential.
A vaccine that prevents infection of four types of HPV and comes with minimal side effects is now available. The vaccine is 100% effective in targeting certain causes of cervical cancer that together make up about three-quarters of all cervical cancer cases. Despite its effectiveness and safety, the use of the vaccine has provoked considerable social controversy.
Because many teens contract HPV within only a few years after their first sexual experience, it is recommended that the vaccine be administered to girls during their early teens. Some conservative officials and parents oppose vaccinating teen girls, stating that the vaccine undermines their value of abstinence being the best method to avoid getting HPV. These same opponents fear that vaccinating young teens against a sexually transmitted infection, such as HPV, conveys approval to be sexually promiscuous.
Alan Kaye, the executive director of the National Cervical Cancer Coalition, disagrees with opponents who worry that the vaccination will result in girls becoming sexually promiscuous. He responds to these moral objections by comparing the vaccine to wearing a seat belt: "Just because you wear a seat belt doesn't mean you're seeking out an accident" (R. Stein, 2005b). Others argue the cervical cancer vaccine is no different from routine vaccines that protect children from diseases such as measles, polio, or chicken pox.
Concerns raised about the vaccine that are unrelated to morality include its high cost ($360), uncertainty about how long the vaccine will be effective, and possible side effects. Despite these concerns, about 35% of teenage girls have already received the HPV vaccine. Advocates are optimistic that up to 90% of teenage girls will eventually receive the HPV vaccine.
In addition to the HPV vaccine targeting the major causes of cervical cancer, it protects against the causes of 90% of all genital warts cases and may reduce the risk of oral cancer. Consequently, another social debate is deciding whether boys should be vaccinated as well. As of 2012, the American Academy of Pediatrics recommends the routine administration of the HPV vaccine for boys.
Question
Which group attitudes or norms do the members of the conservative side share? How does a group benefit by sharing norms?

Question 32

Persuasion involves at least three elements: We are likely to believe a (a) _____ who appears honest and trustworthy; if we disagree with the message, it is better if the persuader presents a (b) _____ message; if the (c) _____ is less interested in issues, the peripheral route is more effective.

Question 33

An aggressive child perceives and reacts to a world that appears more hostile than normal because this child has a number of (a) _____ deficits. Children can learn to control their aggressive behavior by being reinforced for obeying certain (b) _____. Freud believed that adults should release frustration by acting out, which reduces anger and is called (c) _____. Freud's idea is not supported by modern research. A successful anger management program for adults is called the (d) _____ program.

Question 34

There are different kinds of schemas: Those that include our judgments about the traits that we and others possess are called (a) _____ schemas; those that are based on the jobs people perform or the social positions they hold are called (b) _____ schemas; those that contain behaviors that we associate with familiar activities, events, or procedures are called (c) _____ schemas, or scripts.

Question 35

One method of persuasion presents information with strong arguments, analyses, facts, and logic; this is the (a) _____ route, which works primarily on the cognitive component of our attitudes. Another route emphasizes emotional appeal, focuses on personal traits, and generates positive feelings; this is called the (b) _____ route and works primarily on the affective or feeling component. Three factors to consider in persuasion are the source, (c) _____, and (d) _____

Question 36

The process by which we look for causes to explain a person's behavior is known as (a) _____. If we attribute behavior to the internal characteristics of a person, we are attributing the behavior to the person's (b) _____. If we attribute behavior to the external circumstances or context of that behavior, we are attributing the behavior to the (c) _____.

Question 37

Any behavior we perform because of social influences or group pressure, even if that pressure involves no direct requests, is called (a) _____. A kind of conformity in which we give in to social pressure in our public responses but do not change our private beliefs is called (b) _____. Any behavior performed in response to an order given by someone in a position of authority is called (c) _____.

Question 38

Why the Debate over Teen Vaccination?
What if modern medicine could prevent three-quarters of the occurrences of a leading cause of cancer in women and save almost 300,000 lives each year? A major public health breakthrough makes this possible. The first vaccine to protect women against cervical cancer is now available, but it comes with much controversy.
Cervical cancer is caused by HPV (human papillomavirus), the most common sexually transmitted infection in the United States. Cervical cancer usually strikes when a woman is young, often before she has had children, and the treatment may cause infertility. Because cervical cancer is the leading cause of cancer death in women and its treatment has serious risks, prevention is essential.
A vaccine that prevents infection of four types of HPV and comes with minimal side effects is now available. The vaccine is 100% effective in targeting certain causes of cervical cancer that together make up about three-quarters of all cervical cancer cases. Despite its effectiveness and safety, the use of the vaccine has provoked considerable social controversy.
Because many teens contract HPV within only a few years after their first sexual experience, it is recommended that the vaccine be administered to girls during their early teens. Some conservative officials and parents oppose vaccinating teen girls, stating that the vaccine undermines their value of abstinence being the best method to avoid getting HPV. These same opponents fear that vaccinating young teens against a sexually transmitted infection, such as HPV, conveys approval to be sexually promiscuous.
Alan Kaye, the executive director of the National Cervical Cancer Coalition, disagrees with opponents who worry that the vaccination will result in girls becoming sexually promiscuous. He responds to these moral objections by comparing the vaccine to wearing a seat belt: "Just because you wear a seat belt doesn't mean you're seeking out an accident" (R. Stein, 2005b). Others argue the cervical cancer vaccine is no different from routine vaccines that protect children from diseases such as measles, polio, or chicken pox.
Concerns raised about the vaccine that are unrelated to morality include its high cost ($360), uncertainty about how long the vaccine will be effective, and possible side effects. Despite these concerns, about 35% of teenage girls have already received the HPV vaccine. Advocates are optimistic that up to 90% of teenage girls will eventually receive the HPV vaccine.
In addition to the HPV vaccine targeting the major causes of cervical cancer, it protects against the causes of 90% of all genital warts cases and may reduce the risk of oral cancer. Consequently, another social debate is deciding whether boys should be vaccinated as well. As of 2012, the American Academy of Pediatrics recommends the routine administration of the HPV vaccine for boys.
Question
What type of persuasion are advocates of the vaccine mostly using to pass legislation?

Question 39

National attitudes are important because they predispose citizens to (a) _____ in certain ways. For example, compared to the West, traditional Nigerian attitudes are for a woman to become beautiful by (b) _____ a lot. One reason Egyptian women are having such difficulty changing (c) _____ toward them is that these discriminatory policies are backed by social, political, and religious forces.

Question 40

The factors or events that we point to as causes or explanations for people's behavior are called (a) _____. If we attribute behavior to the internal characteristics of the person performing the behavior, we are using (b) _____ explanations; if we attribute behavior to the circumstances or context of that behavior, we are using (c) _____ explanations.

Question 41

An increase in performance in the presence of a crowd is called social (a) _____; a decrease in performance in the presence of a crowd is called social (b) _____. An increased tendency for individuals to behave irrationally or perform antisocial behaviors if there is less chance of being personally identified is called (c) _____. Being socially inhibited to take some action, such as helping, because of the presence of others is called the (d) _____ effect.

Question 42

If we attribute the cause of a behavior to a person's disposition and overlook the demands of the environment or situation, we are committing the (a) _____ error. If we attribute our own behavior to situational factors but the behaviors of others to their disposition, we are committing the (b) _____ effect. If we attribute success to our disposition and failure to the situation, we are using the (c) _____ bias.

Question 43

If you perform a behavior because of group pressure, you are exhibiting (a) _____. Giving in to social pressure in your public responses but not changing your private beliefs is called (b) _____ A sales technique that relies on the increased probability of getting a second request if you obtain compliance with a small first request is called the (c) _____ technique. Performing a behavior in response to an order given by someone in authority is called (d) _____.