Deck 7: Conceptual Development

Question 1

Concepts:

A)help us understand the world.
B)tell us how to emotionally react to new experiences.
C)are used to group together objects that are similar in some way.
D)do all of the above.

Answer 1

do all of the above.

Question 2

Which of the following lists is an example of a category hierarchy?

A)people/grown-ups/Mommy
B)men/Daddy/Grandpa
C)people/plants/animals
D)grown-ups/parents/siblings
•people/Daddy/firemen

Answer 2

people/grown-ups/Mommy

Question 3

General ideas or understandings that can be used to group together objects are referred to as:

A)concepts.
B)perceptions.
C)theories.
D)beliefs.

Answer 3

concepts.

Question 4

Which of the following statements would be considered evidence that an infant has formed the category "furniture"?

A)The infant habituates after repeatedly being shown pictures of tables.
B)After repeatedly being shown pictures of tables, the infant dishabituates to a picture of a sofa.
C)After repeatedly being shown pictures of tables, chairs, sofas, dressers, and grandfather clocks, the infant dishabituates to a picture of a car.
D)After repeatedly being shown pictures of tables, chairs, sofas, dressers, and grandfather clocks, the infant does NOT dishabituate to a picture of a car.
E)All of the statements would be considered evidence.

Question 5

Which of the following categories do children generally not form first?

A)people
B)plants
C)living things
D)inanimate objects

Question 6

Which level of category hierarchies is the most specific?

A)basic
B)subordinate
C)superordinate
D)supersubordinate

Question 7

Grouping together objects that have similar appearances is referred to as:

A)perceptual categorization.
B)manifestation categorization.
C)picture categorization.
D)observation categorization.

Question 8

Nativists differ from empiricists in that nativists believe that children are born with:

A)the ability to remember.
B)a sense of the concept of time.
C)the ability to form associations.
D)a sense of the concept of vehicle.

Question 9

Children's early categories correspond most closely to the categories that adults consider:

A)superordinate.
B)basic.
C)subordinate, but children also sometimes form their own superordinate categories.
D)basic, but children also sometimes form their own basic categories.

Question 10

A plate and a clock would be put into the same category if the categorization were based on:

A)a causal association.
B)a superordinate-subordinate relationship.
C)cross-class correspondence.
D)perceptual similarities.
•functional similarities.

Question 11

Which level of category hierarchies do children usually learn first?

A)basic
B)subordinate
C)superordinate
D)supersubordinate

Question 12

Which of the following would be considered by researchers to be a child-created basic category that is likely to disappear as the child matures?

A)objects with wheels
B)food
C)objects that make you cool
D)places we go

Question 13

Which of the following statements about the development of children's ability to categorize objects based on appearance is true?

A)The ability to categorize objects by shape develops at approximately 12 months old.
B)Twelve-month-olds often categorize objects largely by specific parts of an object rather than on the object as a whole.
C)The ability to categorize objects based on overall shape develops at approximately 3 years of age.
D)All of the statements are true.
E)None of the statements is true.

Question 14

Which of the following pairs would Iris, a 6-month-old infant, be MOST likely to consider to comprise members of the same category?

A)elephant and fish
B)chandelier and chair
C)towel and rug
D)baby and caterpillar

Question 15

The debate between nativists and empiricists reflects a fundamental, unresolved question about human nature:

A)Do children shape their own concepts, or are they passive recipients of the concepts taught to them by others?
B)Do children form all concepts through the same mechanisms, or do they possess special mechanisms for forming a few particularly important concepts?
C)In what ways is concept development continuous, and in what ways is it discontinuous?
D)Do all children learn concepts in the same manner, or does the sociocultural context matter?

Question 16

By the end of the first year, infants are able to categorize objects based on:

A)size.
B)size and color.
C)size, color, and movement.
D)size, color, movement, and function.

Question 17

Which of the following groups lists the three objects in subordinate/basic/superordinate order?

A)flower/daisy/plant
B)hammer/screwdriver/tool
C)sedan/car/vehicle
D)food/fruit/apple

Question 18

Trains, boats, and buses are members of the same:

A)causal category.
B)subordinate category.
C)superordinate category.
D)perceptual category.

Question 19

Which of the following groups is made up of members of the same perceptual category?

A)lizard, kangaroo, salmon
B)mat, hat, cat
C)sofa, grandfather clock, table
D)cup, computer, camera
E)door, picture frame, book

Question 20

Parents are LEAST likely to directly teach their children which type of category?

A)superordinate
B)subordinate
C)basic
D)None of the answers is correct; parents rarely teach their children about any type of category.

Question 21

When 12-month-olds saw an experimenter look at and demonstrate an interest in one of two toy stuffed kittens, they:

A)were surprised when the experimenter then held the other kitten.
B)were not surprised when the experimenter then held the other kitten.
C)were surprised when the experimenter held that kitten.
D)responded similarly no matter which kitten the experimenter held.

Question 22

The desire to behave in a particular way is referred to as a(n):

A)perception.
B)belief.
C)intention.
D)action.

Question 23

The development of a theory of mind is severely impaired for:

A)only and oldest children.
B)children with autism.
C)children with imaginary friends.
D)All of the answers are correct.

Question 24

The research of Krascum and Andrews on children's ability to learn about wugs and gillies demonstrated that giving children the_____ was particularly important.

A)subordinate and superordinate categories of the objects
B)shapes and colors of the objects
C)functions of the objects' features
D)way in which the objects move

Question 25

Harry, a 3-year-old, is shown a raisin box and then is shown that the box contains pennies. If asked what he had thought the box contained before being shown its true contents, Harry will most probably say he had thought it contained:

A)raisins.
B)pennies.
C)popcorn.
D)quarters.

Question 26

Amelia, a 5-year-old, is told a story about a girl
named Brenda. Brenda is looking for her favorite doll. Although Brenda thinks the doll is under the bed, it really is in the kitchen cabinet. When Amelia is asked where Brenda will look for her doll, Amelia will most probably predict that Brenda will look in which location?

A)under the bed
B)in the kitchen cabinet
C)in the garage
D)Amelia's prediction will be entirely random.

Question 27

A commonsense understanding of oneself and other people is referred to as:

A)naive psychology.
B)basic psychology.
C)clinical psychology.
D)developmental psychology.

Question 28

Sheira, a 2-year-old, is told a story about a girl named Brenda. Brenda is looking for her favorite doll.
Although Brenda thinks the doll is under the bed, it really is in the kitchen cabinet. When Sheira is asked where Brenda will look for her doll, Sheira will most probably predict that Brenda will look in which location?

A)under the bed
B)in the kitchen cabinet
C)in the garage
D)Sheira's prediction will be entirely random.

Question 29

Children who fail at false-belief problems do not understand:

A)the relation between beliefs and actions.
B)how other people's desires can be different from their own.
C)the difference between what is true and what is false.
D)that others can hold an belief when they themselves know the truth.

Question 30

Tina, a 3-year-old, is shown a Cheerios box and then shown that it contains marbles. If asked what her friend Mark will think on seeing the box for the first time, Tina will most probably say that Marc will think it contains:

A)Cheerios.
B)marbles.
C)raisin bran.
D)beads.

Question 31

Which of the following questions would a preschooler be LEAST likely to ask about a tractor trailer?

A)What are trucks for?
B)What do trucks like to eat?
C)How much stuff can fit in that truck?
D)Why are trucks so big?

Question 32

On false-belief problems, children who do not yet have a complete understanding of the relation between their own beliefs and others' beliefs:

A)have difficulty understanding that other people could have false beliefs when they themselves know the truth.
B)have difficulty understanding that other people could know the truth when they themselves have false beliefs.
C)believe that others will not be convinced of the truth.
D)believe that others will be difficult to fool.

Question 33

Trevor, a 3-year-old who loves the color red, is told a story about a boy named Andy. In the story, Andy loves the color blue. When Trevor is asked which color crayon Andy is likely to choose when drawing a picture, Trevor will MOST likely predict that Andy will choose a crayon of which color?

A)red, because it is Trevor's favorite color
B)blue, because it is Andy's favorite color
C)yellow, because Trevor will not know whether Andy would choose red or blue
D)Trevor's selection of red or blue will be entirely random.

Question 34

The basic understanding of desires, beliefs, perceptions, and emotions is referred to as a theory of:

A)mind.
B)behavior.
C)thought.
D)people.

Question 35

Which of the following phrases is NOT a characteristic of naive psychological concepts?

A)refer to invisible mental states
B)develop early
C)linked to each other in cause-effect relations
D)involved in understanding only the self

Question 36

Which of the following statements about 1-year-olds' understanding of emotions is true?

A)It is impossible to examine 1-year-olds' understanding of emotions.
B)A variety of evidence suggests that 1-year-olds have an understanding of emotions.
C)A variety of evidence suggests that 1-year-olds do not have an understanding of emotions.
D)It appears that 1-year-olds understand their own emotions but not the emotions of others.

Question 37

By age 2, the connection between people's actions and______ is firmly established.

A)beliefs
B)desires
C)mental capacity
D)All of the answers are correct.
E)None of the answers is correct.

Question 38

Which of the following best characterizes the findings of cross-cultural research on children's understanding of false beliefs?

A)The pattern of development is very consistent across cultures.
B)Children in Western cultures develop the understanding earlier than do children in Eastern cultures.
C)Children in Western cultures develop the understanding later than do children in Eastern cultures.
D)Children in developed countries develop the understanding earlier than do children in developing countries.

Question 39

The parents of Elizabeth, a 2-year-old, are trying to teach her what hammers are. Which of the following actions would be MOST likely to help her learn this new category?

A)describing what hammers look like
B)showing her a hammer
C)demonstrating what hammers do
D)None of the answers is correct; children need to learn categories on their own.

Question 40

________is NOT among the psychological concepts that emerge at the end of the first year and the beginning of the second.

A)Understanding of intention
B)Social referencing
C)Joint attention
D)Intersubjectivity

Question 41

A study by Taylor demonstrated that, compared to children who do not have imaginary companions, children who do have imaginary companions:

A)are more intelligent.
B)are more likely to be depressed or anxious.
C)watch more television.
D)have more advanced theories of mind.

Question 42

Kathryn, a 4-year-old child, is told a story about a baby turtle who is raised by a mommy and a daddy giraffe. When asked what the turtle will grow up to be, Kathryn is MOST likely to say a:

A)grown-up giraffe.
B)grown-up turtle.
C)very tall turtle with a long neck.
D)baby turtle.

Question 43

When 7-year-old Jacob is asked why giraffes came to exist, he is MOST likely to use_____ in his explanation.

A)a physical process
B)a biological process
C)a purpose
D)magic

Question 44

Which of the following activities is an example of an object substitution?

A)using a scale model of a room to show where a toy is hidden in a larger room
B)using a toy dump truck rather than a toy backhoe to haul blocks
C)using a play stove to cook pretend broccoli cheese soup
D)using a bowl as a magician's hat

Question 45

On the subject of growth, preschoolers believe that:

A)living things can only grow larger.
B)living things can grow both larger and smaller.
C)animals but not plants can grow larger.
D)inanimate things can grow in the same manner as living things.

Question 46

Autistic children do not have trouble:

A)showing concern for people when they are distressed.
B)interacting with other people.
C)establishing joint attention.
D)spending time by themselves.

Question 47

Research has suggested that pretend play and sociodramatic play:

A)cause children to experience setbacks in psychological understanding.
B)reflect children's most basic level of psychological understanding.
C)contribute to advancements in children's psychological understanding.
D)increase children's egocentrism.

Question 48

Preschoolers believe that the essence of a living thing:

A)can change as it grows up.
B)comes from its parents.
C)depends on the environment in which it grows up.
D)is a result of DNA.

Question 49

Telling children that ____is likely to influence the age at which children understand that plants are alive?

A)plants move toward sunlight
B)plants drink water
C)animals eat plants
D)plants grow

Question 50

Which of the following statements about pretend play is true?

A)Pretend play is a type of object substitution.
B)Pretend play is a type of sociodramatic play.
C)Object substitution is a type of sociodramatic play.
D)Sociodramatic play is a type of pretend play.

Question 51

The development of a theory of mind is MOST
severely impaired for:

A)mentally retarded children.
B)children with autism.
C)deaf children who learned to sign late.
D)typical children.

Question 52

When asked which two categories, out of the categories people, caterpillars, and chimpanzees, are most similar, 3-year-old children would be MOST likely to choose:

A)people and caterpillars.
B)people and chimpanzees.
C)caterpillars and chimpanzees.
D)All of the answers are equally likely.

Question 53

Which of the following statements is an example of sociodramatic play?

A)Alvaro is playing school with his brother, and Alvaro is the teacher.
B)Fiona is holding a play phone to her ear and saying, "Hello?"
C)Sander is dressed up as a ghost for Halloween.
D)Beatrice is putting a plate on her head and saying, "See my hat?"

Question 54

Jane, an 18-month-old, is pretending to put on makeup using a small block as her lipstick. Jane is:

A)demonstrating a false belief.
B)engaging in object substitution.
C)demonstrating her undeveloped theory of mind.
D)engaging in sociodramatic play.

Question 55

The finding that babies smile less at rabbits than they do at people indicates that they:

A)can distinguish between animals and inanimate objects.
B)can differentiate between people and other animals.
C)know that animals and humans both belong to the category of living things.
D)All of the answers are correct.

Question 56

Compared to other children, those who engage in greater-than-average levels of pretend play tend to be:

A)more popular with their peers.
B)more socially anxious.
C)less academically talented.
D)more prone to autism.

Question 57

The belief that living things have a core nature that makes them who they are is referred to as:

A)naturism.
B)essentialism.
C)nativism.
D)spiritism.

Question 58

Which of the following influences considerably affects the development of preschoolers' theory of mind from age 3 to age 5?

A)increasing experience with other people
B)improved information-processing capacity
C)brain maturation
D)All of the answers are correct.

Question 59

Which of the following statements regarding children's understanding of animals and artifacts is true?

A)Preschoolers have particular trouble differentiating between small animals and small artifacts.
B)By age 5, children's understandings of animals and artifacts is fully mature.
C)Children's disinterest in nonhuman animals interferes with the development of their beliefs about animals but not with the development of their beliefs
about artifacts.
D)Children's responses to "why" questions about animals and artifacts reflect less mature reasoning than do their own questions.

Question 60

Which of the following statements supports the claim that children are born with a "theory of mind module"?

A)Children with autism appear to be missing a band of tissue in the brain stem.
B)Preschoolers with older siblings do better on false- belief tasks than those without older siblings.
C)General information-processing skills are essential for understanding that other people might have different knowledge than they themselves possess.
D)All of the statements support the claim.

Question 61

Cases where adults who were born blind and have surgery to restore sight have provided evidence that:

A)self-locomotion, even without visual input, is sufficient for perfect development of the ability to mentally represent space.
B)the stream of visual information that accompanies self-locomotion is important for individual's current sense of space only.
C)early visual experience is important for the development of the ability to mentally represent space.
D)individuals who are blind are better able to mentally represent space than those with normal vision.

Question 62

On the subject of healing, preschoolers believe that:

A)only people, not plants or animals, can heal.
B)living things, not inanimate objects, can heal.
C)living things and inanimate objects can both heal.
D)inanimate objects, not living things, can heal.

Question 63

Which of the following statements best expresses Piaget's beliefs about infants' spatial representations?

A)Self-locomotion is key to the development of spatial coding.
B)Landmarks are necessary for infants' spatial coding.
C)Infants are able to code space correctly only if they remain in a single location.
D)Infants' ability to reach for objects precedes their development of spatial coding.

Question 64

Spatial thinking is located in which part of the brain?

A)left hemisphere
B)right hemisphere
C)both left and right hemispheres
D)The location of spatial thinking is different for each individual.

Question 65

The study that compared the spatial skills of aboriginal children growing up in the Australian desert with those of their Caucasian peers growing up in Australian cities demonstrated that:

A)the lack of pressure exerted by parents of Caucasian children to develop spatial skills enabled children to gain greater insight into spatial orientations.
B)the lack of human-made landmarks, such as street signs, in the desert resulted in poor spatial ability in aboriginal children.
C)familiarity of context, not the importance of spatial ability in everyday life, was associated with the memory for spatial location.
D)the importance of spatial ability in aboriginal culture resulted in better memory for spatial location in aboriginal children regardless of context.

Question 66

Infants are first able to code space relative to:

A)their own immediate position.
B)prominent landmarks.
C)the intersection of a ceiling and a wall or two walls.
D)other nearby people.

Question 67

Which of the following research findings would be most consistent with a nativist perspective on children's development of the understanding of space?

A)Spatial information is processed in a part of the brain that is separate from the parts of the brain that process other information.
B)Arm movement is necessary for infants' initial concepts of space.
C)Language shapes spatial development.
D)Infants exposed to different cultural practices develop spatial understanding at different rates.

Question 68

The study that compared the spatial skills of aboriginal children growing up in the Australian desert with those of their Caucasian peers growing up in cities demonstrated the importance of:

A)the active child.
B)nature.
C)the sociocultural context.
D)discontinuous development.

Question 69

Emily, a 7-month-old infant, is sitting on the floor in a nearly empty room. On each side of her is a television screen. Every 10 seconds, an interesting picture appears on the screen on her left. The screen on her right remains blank. Emily is then rotated so that the screen that has been showing the interesting pictures
is now on her right. Where will Emily look in anticipation of the interesting picture?

A)directly in front of her
B)to her left
C)to her right
D)behind her

Question 70

The spatial thought of 3-month-old infants can be based on:

A)vision.
B)hearing.
C)either vision or hearing.
D)neither vision nor hearing.

Question 71

Which of the following statements about the development of the understanding of time is NOT true?

A)Children can reason about the future before they can reason about the present.
B)Children can reason about the past before they can reason about the future.
C)Children can reason about the present before they can reason about the past.
D)Children can reason about recent past events before they can reason about events that occurred far in the past.

Question 72

_______appears to be a major factor in infants' development of a sense of space independent of their own location.

A)Direct instruction from adults
B)Experience being carried around complex rooms
C)Self-locomotion
D)The ability to sit up

Question 73

Researcher Barnes is interested in infants' ability to retrieve a hidden toy after relocating to the opposite side of the hiding place. The first group of infants is carried to the opposite side, and the second group is encouraged to crawl to the opposite side. Which of the following results would you expect?

A)Infants who are carried to the opposite side and those who crawl there will both do very well on the task.
B)Infants who are carried to the opposite side will be more successful than those who crawl there.
C)Infants who crawl to the opposite side will be more successful than those who are carried there.
D)Most infants will fail at this task, regardless of whether they are carried to the opposite side or crawl there themselves.

Question 74

In the domain of spatial representation and learning, nativists and empiricist agree on which of the following statements?

A)Certain parts of the brain are specialized for coding particular types of spatial information.
B)Children possess an innate module that is specialized for representing and learning about space.
C)Children's experience with vision is essential to development of spatial representations.
D)General information-processing skills are the key to spatial representation.

Question 75

Six-month-old infants are NOT able to:

A)discriminate between longer and shorter durations, when their ratio is 2:1.
B)sense the approximate durations of events.
C)remember the order of events for a substantial period.
D)detect repetitive sequences of events.

Question 76

The most basic sense of time is:

A)timing of future events.
B)temporal order.
C)event duration.
D)ratio of duration of events.

Question 77

The study that examined kindergartners' ability to point to various locations in their classroom while imagining a walk from their seat to the teacher's chair demonstrated that:

A)kindergarten children are essentially unable to imagine spatial arrangements.
B)kindergarten children have poor recall of their classroom arrangements.
C)imagining spatial arrangements while standing stationary is easy for kindergartners.
D)kindergartners' mental representations of space are improved with self-generated motion.

Question 78

Which of the following statements does NOT support the claim of nativists that children are born with a "biology module"?

A)Across cultures, children are fascinated by plants and animals.
B)Japanese 5-year-olds are more likely than their Israeli peers to believe that inanimate objects can feel pain.
C)Children throughout the world organize information about living things in very similar manners.
D)Children learn about animals and learn about them much more quickly than about many other aspects of the environment.

Question 79

Which of the following statements about the ability of 6-month-old infants to use landmarks to code the locations of hidden objects is true?

A)Infants 6 months old are unable to use landmarks to code the locations of hidden objects.
B)Infants 6 months old are able to use landmarks to code the locations of hidden objects when there is only a single landmark and it is very close to the hidden object.
C)Infants 6 months old are able to use landmarks when there are many possible landmarks but when one landmark is located right next to the hidden object.
D)Infants 6 months old are able to use landmarks regardless of the number of landmarks and proximity to the hidden object.

Question 80

The coding of spatial locations relative to one's own body is referred to as:

A)dead reckoning.
B)egocentric representation.
C)egotistic representation.
D)external environment representation.